土木工程專業(yè)英語(yǔ)(第二版-段兵延)第11課

Lesson

11

HighwayEngineering

公路工程N(yùn)ewwordsandphrases:abuttingspecdlativetraversebenefitrecreationallogicallygradationexpresswaycompactaccommodatefrequencycalicheoysterbituminouscatchbasinadverseprecipitationphotogrammetricoutletbarrierpneunatic-tiredroller汽胎壓路機(jī)publicutilities公共設(shè)施calciumchloride氯化鈣guardrail護(hù)欄，護(hù)軌1Words1.abutting毗連的，鄰接的如：abuttingbuilding毗連建筑物

abuttingjoint對(duì)接,毗連接頭

abuttinglot相鄰地段10.accommodate供應(yīng)，提供，容納，適應(yīng)如：accommodateoneselfto使自己適應(yīng)于

accommodateoneselftonewconditions適應(yīng)新的情況

accommodatesb.with向某人提供16.adverse相反的，不利的，敵對(duì)的，逆的如：adversealtitude(跳傘)不利高度

adversecircumstances逆境

adverseconditions不利條件，有害狀態(tài)

adversecurrent逆流2HighwayEngineeringHighwayengineeringincludeshighwayplanning,location,design,andmaintenance.

公路工程包括公路規(guī)劃、定位、設(shè)計(jì)和維修。Beforethedesignandconstructionofanewhighwayorhighwayimprovementcanbeundertaken,theremustbegeneralplanningandconsiderationoffinancing.在著手做一條新建公路或改建公路的設(shè)計(jì)和施工之前，必須做總體規(guī)劃和資金考慮。

Aspartofgeneralplanning,itisdecidedwhatthetrafficneedsoftheareawillbeforaconsiderableperiod,generally20years,andwhatconstructionwillmeetthoseneeds.作為總體規(guī)劃的一部分，要決定：在相當(dāng)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)期內(nèi)，通常是20年，該區(qū)域的交通需要；以及哪種施工可以滿足這些需要。3HighwayEngineeringToassesstrafficneedsthehighwayengineercollectsandanalyzesinformationaboutthephysicalfeaturesofexistingfacilities,thevolume,distribution,andcharacterofpresenttraffic,andthechangestobeexpectedinthesefactors.

為了確定交通需要，公路工程師收集和分析關(guān)于已有設(shè)施的物理特征，當(dāng)前的交通量、交通分布和交通特性，以及在這些因素上要做的變化等信息。Thehighwayengineermustdeterminethemostsuitablelocation,layout,andcapacityofthenewroutesandstructures.

公路工程師必須確定最合適的位置、布局和新線新結(jié)構(gòu)的通行能力。Frequently,apreliminaryline,orlocation,andseveralalternateroutesarestudied.

通常，要仔細(xì)考慮初步的線形，或定位，以及幾條可選擇的路線。4HighwayEngineeringThedetaileddesignisnormallybegunonlywhenthepreferredlocationhasbeenchosen.按慣例，只有當(dāng)更好的線位被選擇以后，才開(kāi)始詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)。Inselectingthebestroute,carefulconsiderationisgiventothetrafficrequirements,terraintobetraversed,valueoflandneededfortheright-of-way,andestimatedcostofconstructionforthevariousplans.

在選擇最佳線路時(shí)，要仔細(xì)考慮交通需求、要經(jīng)過(guò)的地形、道路用地所需土地的價(jià)值、以及不同方案的預(yù)估施工造價(jià)。Thephotogrammetricmethod,whichmakesuseofaerialphotographs,isusedextensivelytoindicatethecharacteroftheterrainonlargeprojects,whereitismosteconomical.利用航空拍攝技術(shù)的攝影制圖方法被廣泛地利用起來(lái)顯示大型工程的地形特征，在大型工程中采用這種方法是最經(jīng)濟(jì)的。

5HighwayEngineeringOnsmallprojects,ground-mappingmethodsarepreferred.對(duì)于小型工程，就寧可選擇地面制圖方法。Financingconsiderationsdeterminewhethertheprojectcanbecarriedoutatonetimeorwhetherconstructionmustbeinstages,witheachstageinitiatedasfundsbecomeavailable.資金方面的考慮決定著工程是否能一次實(shí)施或者必須分階段施工，每個(gè)階段都只有當(dāng)可以獲得資金的時(shí)候才開(kāi)工。Indecidingthebestmethodoffinancingthework,theengineermakesananalysisofwhomitwillbenefit.在確定為工程集資的最好的方法的過(guò)程中，工程師要分析工程將對(duì)誰(shuí)有利。Importanthighwaysandstreetsbenefit,invaryingdegrees,threegroups:users,ownersofadjacentproperty,andthegeneralpublic.重要的公路和街道在不同程度上對(duì)三組人群有利：使用者、鄰近房產(chǎn)的所有者、以及全體公眾。6HighwayEngineeringUsersofimprovedhighwaysbenefitfromdecreasedcostoftransportation,greatertravelcomfort,increasedsafety,andsavingoftime.改善了的公路的使用者從減少的運(yùn)輸成本、更舒適的旅行、增加的安全感、和節(jié)約時(shí)間中得到好處。Theyalsoobtainrecreationalandeducationalbenefits.

他們還可以獲得消遣和教育的好處。Ownersofabuttingoradjacentpropertymaybenefitfrombetteraccess,increasedpropertyvalue,moreeffectivepoliceandfireprotection,improvedstreetparking,greaterpedestriantrafficsafety,andtheuseofthestreetright-of-wayforthelocationofpublicutilities,suchaswaterlinesandsewers.

鄰近房產(chǎn)的所有者可以從更好的接近機(jī)會(huì)、增加的房?jī)r(jià)、更高效的治安和防火、改善的街道草坪、更安全的行人交通、和公眾設(shè)施位置街道優(yōu)先權(quán)的使用，比如水管和污水管這些方面獲得利益。7HighwayEngineeringEvaluationofvariousbenefitsfromhighwayconstructionisoftendifficultbutisamostimportantphaseofhighwayengineering.

從公路建設(shè)中獲取不同利益的評(píng)價(jià)通常是公路工程中很難但又是最重要的一個(gè)階段。Somebenefitscanbemeasuredwithaccuracy,buttheevaluationofothersismorespeculative.一些利益能夠精確地推測(cè)出來(lái)，而另一些就顯得更投機(jī)了。Asaresultnumerousmethodsareusedtofinanceconstruction,andmuchengineeringworkmaybeinvolvedinselectingthebestprocedure.

結(jié)果，許多的方法就被用來(lái)為建設(shè)集資，很多的工程項(xiàng)目可能就牽涉到選擇最佳做法。8Environmentalevaluation環(huán)境評(píng)價(jià)Theenvironmentalimpactofconstructinghighwayshasreceivedincreasedattentionandimportance.

修建公路對(duì)環(huán)境的影響已經(jīng)受到了越來(lái)越多的注意和重視。Manyprojectshavebeendelayedandnumerousotherscanceledbecauseofenvironmentalproblems.

許多工程已經(jīng)被推遲，其他的很多已經(jīng)被取消，就是因?yàn)榄h(huán)境問(wèn)題。Theenvironmentalstudyorreportcoversmanyfactors,includingnoisegeneration,airpollution,disturbanceofareastraversed,destructionofexistinghousing,andpossiblealternateroutes.

環(huán)境研究或報(bào)告包括了許多因素：噪音的產(chǎn)生、空氣污染、對(duì)被穿過(guò)區(qū)域的干擾、原有房屋的毀壞、和可能供選擇的線路。9Right-of-wayacquisition道路用地的獲得Highwayengineersmustalsoassistintheacquisitionofright-of-wayneededfornewhighwayfacilities.公路工程師還必須協(xié)助新的公路設(shè)施所需的道路用地的獲得。Acquisitionofthelandrequiredforconstructionofexpresswaysleadingintothecentralbusinessareasofcitieshasprovedextremelydifficult；實(shí)踐證明，要取得建設(shè)通向城市商業(yè)區(qū)高速公路所需的土地非常困難；thepublicisdemandingthattrafficengineersworkcloselywithcityplanners,architects,sociologists,andallgroupsinterestedinbeautificationandimprovementofcitiestoassurethatexpresswaysextendingthroughmetropolitanareasbebuiltonlyaftercoordinatedevaluationofallmajorquestions,includingthefollowing：公眾現(xiàn)在要求交通工程師與城市規(guī)劃師、建筑師、社會(huì)學(xué)家、及一切對(duì)城市環(huán)境的美化和改善有興趣的團(tuán)體密切合作，以保證通過(guò)市區(qū)的高速公路是在對(duì)所有主要問(wèn)題都進(jìn)行過(guò)同樣的考核之后建造的，這些問(wèn)題包括：10Right-of-wayacquisition道路用地的獲得(1)Issufficientattentionbeingpaidtobeautificationoftheexpresswayitself?高速公路自身的美化受到足夠的重視了嗎？(2)Wouldachangeinlocationpreservemajornaturalbeautiesofthecity?在線位處的變化將保持城市主要的自然美嗎？(3)Couldadepresseddesignbelogicallysubstitutedforthosesectionswhereanelevatedexpresswayisproposed?理論上一個(gè)降低的設(shè)計(jì)能代替抬高的高速公路斷面嗎？(4)Canthegeneraldesignbeimprovedtoreducethenoisecreatedbylargevolumesoftraffic?為了減少由大交通量產(chǎn)生的噪音，能改進(jìn)總體設(shè)計(jì)嗎？(5)Aresomesectionsofthecitybeingisolatedbytheproposedlocation?城市的一些區(qū)域正在被那些推薦的線位隔離開(kāi)嗎？11Detaileddesign詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)Detaileddesignofahighwayprojectincludespreparationofdrawingsorblueprintstobeusedforconstruction.

公路工程的詳細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)包括對(duì)用來(lái)施工的圖紙或藍(lán)圖的準(zhǔn)備。Theseplansshow,forexample,thelocation,thedimensionsofsuchelementsasroadwaywidth,thefinalprofilefortheroad,thelocationandtypeofdrainagefacilities,andthequantitiesofworkinvolved,includingearthworkandsurfacing.比如，這些圖紙表明了位置，一些元素如道路寬度的尺寸，道路最終的斷面圖，排水設(shè)施的位置和類型，以及涉及到包括土方工程和路面工程等工程的數(shù)量。12Soilstudies土壤研究Inplanningthegradingoperationsthedesignengineerconsidersthetypeofmaterialtobeencounteredinexcavatingorincuttingawaythehighpointsalongtheprojectandhowthematerialremovedcanbestbeutilizedforfillorforconstructingembankmentsacrosslowareaselsewhereontheproject.

在設(shè)計(jì)土地平整工序時(shí)，負(fù)責(zé)設(shè)計(jì)的工程師要考慮開(kāi)挖工程沿線高地時(shí)會(huì)遇到的土層材料類型和怎樣在穿過(guò)工程其他地方低地時(shí)最好利用這些被挖出的材料作為填土或建造路基。Forthistheengineermustanalyzethegradationandphysicalpropertiesofthesoil,determinehowtheembankmentscanbestbecompacted,andcalculatethevolumeofearthworktobedone.

因?yàn)檫@，工程師必須分析土壤的層次和物理特征，確定怎樣才能最好地壓實(shí)路堤，計(jì)算將要處理的土方工程量。13Soilstudies土壤研究Electroniccalculatingproceduresarenowsometimesusedforthelaststep.Electronicequipmenthasalsospeededupmanyotherhighwayengineeringcalculations.現(xiàn)在，電子計(jì)算程序有時(shí)被用在最后一個(gè)步驟。電子設(shè)備也已經(jīng)加速了許多其他公路工程的計(jì)算。Powerfulandhighlymobileearth-movingmachineshavebeendevelopedtopermitrapidandeconomicaloperations.

大功率的、高度機(jī)動(dòng)的運(yùn)土機(jī)械已經(jīng)被設(shè)計(jì)出來(lái)，于是操作也就越快越經(jīng)濟(jì)。14Surfacing鋪面Selectionofthetypeandthicknessofroadwaysurfacingtobeconstructedisanimportantpartofdesign.新建道路路面類型和厚度的選擇是設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)重要部分。Thetypechosendependsuponthemaximumloadstobeaccommodated,thefrequencyoftheseloads,andotherfactors.

類型的選擇取決于將承擔(dān)的最大荷載，這些荷載的頻率，以及其他因素。Forsomeroutes,trafficvolumemaybesolowthatnosurfacingiseconomicallyjustifiedandnaturalsoilservesastheroadway.

對(duì)于一些線路，交通量可能會(huì)很低以至于不用路面在經(jīng)濟(jì)上都是合理的，天然的土壤就可以直接為道路服務(wù)。Astrafficincreases,asurfacingofsandyclay,crushedslag,crushedstone,caliche,crushedoystershells,oracombinationofthesemaybeapplied.

隨著交通量的增加，就可能會(huì)用到沙粘土，碎礦渣，碎石頭，生硝，碎牡蠣殼，或這些的混合物做成的路面。15Surfacing鋪面Ifgravelisused,itusuallycontainssufficientclayandfinematerialtohelpstabilizethesurfacing.如果用了礫石，通常它包含了足夠的粘土和細(xì)密的材料以幫助路面的穩(wěn)定。Gravelsurfacesmaybefurtherstabilizedbyapplicationofcalciumchloride,whichalsoaidsincontrollingdust.

加了氯化鈣的礫石路面可能更加穩(wěn)定，氯化鈣在控制灰塵方面也有幫助。AnothersurfacingiscomposedofPortlandcementandwatermixedintotheupperfewinchesofthesubgradeandcompactedwithrollers.

另一種路面是由波特蘭水泥和水組成的，它們?cè)诼坊纳厦鎺子⒊呋旌?，然后用滾筒碾壓。16Surfacing鋪面Thisprocedureformsasoil-cementbasethatcanbesurfacedwithbituminousmaterials.

這種方法形成了一種土壤－水泥基礎(chǔ)，上面可以用瀝青材料鋪面。Roadwaystocarrylargevolumesofheavyvehiclesmustbecarefullydesignedandmadeofconsiderablethickness.要運(yùn)行大量的重型汽車的道路必須仔細(xì)設(shè)計(jì)，必須做得有足夠的厚度。17Surfacing18Drainagestructures排水結(jié)構(gòu)Muchofhighwayengineeringisdevotedtotheplanningandconstructionoffacilitiestodrainthehighwayorstreetandtocarrystreamsacrossthehighwayright-of-way.許多公路工程都要作一些設(shè)施（為公路或街道排水的設(shè)施，供穿過(guò)公路用地的溪流通過(guò)的設(shè)施）的規(guī)劃和建設(shè)。Removalofsurfacewaterfromtheroadorstreetisknownassurfacedrainage.從道路或街道排除表面水被稱為地表排水。Itisaccomplishedbyconstructingtheroadsothatithasacrownandbyslopingtheshouldersandadjacentareassoastocontroltheflowofwatereithertowardexistingnaturaldrainage,suchasopenditches,orintoastormdrainagesystemofcatchbasinsandundergroundpipes.它是這樣被實(shí)現(xiàn)的：通過(guò)修建道路以便于它有一個(gè)頂峰并把肩部和附近區(qū)域向外傾斜以便控制水流向已有的天然排水構(gòu)造，比如開(kāi)放的壕溝，或流進(jìn)雨水井的雨水系統(tǒng)和地下管道。19Drainagestructures排水結(jié)構(gòu)Ifastormdrainagesystemisused,asitwouldbewithcitystreets,thedesignengineermustgiveconsiderationtotheto