語(yǔ)言學(xué)111教學(xué)講解課件

Discourseanalysis語(yǔ)言學(xué)第二小組

Discourseanalysis語(yǔ)言學(xué)第二小組1PragmaticsBasicconceptsTheoriescontextreferencedeixisanaphorapresuppositionspeechactspolitenessPragmaticsBasicconceptsTheori2AskforhelpAskforhelp3Canyoudomeafavor,handmethatcup.Canyoudomeafavor,handme4“XX，你能幫我遞一下杯子嗎？”“XX，你能幫我遞一下杯子嗎？”5Couldyoudomeafavor…Yeah?What?Couldyoudomeafavor…Yeah?6“XX，你現(xiàn)在有空嗎？”“有啊。怎么了？”“你能幫我寫個(gè)論文嗎？”“。。。。”“XX，你現(xiàn)在有空嗎？”7Smallfavor,smallpause.Bigfavor,bigpause.Smallfavor,smallpause.8Whatisdiscourseanalysis?Whatisdiscourseanalysis?9Whatisdiscourseanalysis?approachestostudylanguageLanguageassystemlanguageas

activitymeaningsoundingwordingreal-life

communication

and

social

interactionWhatisdiscourseanalysis?app10Languageasactivityinsocialinteraction:discourseLanguageasactivityinsocial11Thelinguisticform(orrecord)ofdiscourseiscalledtext.Thesametextmayfunctionasdifferentdiscoursesindifferentsituations.E.g.“whataniceday”onasunnyspringdayandsayingsoonabitterlycoldwinterdayaredifferentdiscourses,yettheyhavethesametextThelinguisticform(orrecord12Whatisdiscourse？

Languageabovethesentenceacontinuousstretchofspokenlanguagelargerthanasentence,oftenconstitutingacoherentunit.astretchoflanguageperceivedtobemeaningfulunifiedandpurposivethelargerunitsoflanguagesuchasparagraphs,conversations,andinterviews.Whatisdiscourse？Languageab13Discourseanalysis

andpragmaticsDiscourseanalysisandpragmaticssharetheinterestinlanguageuse,yettheyhavedifferentconcerns.Pragmaticsstudies“intendedspeakermeaning”.Discourseanalysisandpragmat14whatis

pragmatics?A:Ihaveafourteen-year-oldson.B:Well,that’sallright.A:Ialsohaveadog.B:Oh,I’msorry.whatispragmatics?A:Ihavea15whatis

pragmatics?tenant:Ihaveafourteen-year-oldson.landlord:Well,that’sallright.tenant:Ialsohaveadog.landlord:Oh,I’msorry.whatispragmatics?tenant:Ih16whatis

pragmatics?A<tenant>makesarequest,whichB<landlord>accepts;thenAmakesanotherrequest,whichBdeclines.whatispragmatics?A<tenant>17whatisdiscourseanalysis？Ifwechangetheconversationintothis:A:Ihaveafourteen-year-oldson.B:Niceday,isn’tit?A:Ialsohaveadog.B:I’mfine.whatisdiscourseanalysis？If18InterpretingdiscourseSpeecheventsBackgroundknowledgeSummaryInterpretingdiscourseSpeeche19whatisdiscourseanalysisInterpretingDiscoursewhatisdiscourseanalysisInte20InterpretingDiscourseTRAINSCOLLIDE,TWODIEInterpretingDiscourseTRAINSC21NOPARKINGItmeansyoucan'tparkhere!NOPARKINGItmeansyoucan't22Soourquestionmaybeformulatedlikethis:whenyoulistentoorparticipateinaconversation,orwhenyoureadsthwritten(beitaroadsign,astory,aletter,orapieceofnews,)howdoyou“makesenseof”whatyouhearorread，howdoyoutellicoherentdiscoursefromdisjointedgibberish(亂語(yǔ))?toanswerquestionslikethis---athrivingbranchoflinguistics:discourseanalysis.語(yǔ)言學(xué)111教學(xué)講解課件23whatisdiscourseanalysisHow

it

is

that

we,as

language-users,make

sense

of

what

we

read

in

texts,

understand

what

speakers

mean

despite

what

they

say

.recognize

concerned

as

opposed

to

jumbled

or

incoherent

discourse,and

successfully

take

part

in

that

complex

activity

called

conversation,what

is

known

as

discourse

analysis

definitionP139whatisdiscourseanalysisHow

24InterpretingDiscourse“沒吃飯中午我家”InterpretingDiscourse“沒吃飯中午我家25whatisdiscourseanalysiscohesionandcoherencewhatisdiscourseanalysiscohe26Cohesion

Fromthechapteronsyntaxwelearnthatcomponentsthatmakeupasentencemustbeconnectedaccordingtosyntacticalrules.Similarly,therearecertainrulesthatgovernthewaysentencesareconnectedinatext.Theserulesarestudiedintermsofcohesion.CohesionFromthechapterons27CohesionCohesionconcernsthesurfacestructureofatext.Itcanbedefinedasthenetworkoflexical,grammaticalandotherrelationsthatlinkvariouspartsofatext.CohesionCohesionconcernsthe28CohesionMyfatheronceboughtaLincolnconvertible.Hediditbysavingeverypennyhecould.Thatcarwouldbeworthafortunenowadays.However,hesoldittohelppayformycollegeeducation.SometimesIthinkI'dratherhavetheconvertible.CohesionMyfatheroncebought29CohesionMyfather

once

boughtaLincolnconvertible.Hediditbysavingeverypennyhecould.Thatcarwouldbeworthafortune

nowadays.However,hesoldittohelppay

formy

collegeeducation.Sometimes

I

thinkI'dratherhavetheconvertible.CohesionMyfatheroncebought30coherenceHer:Thatisthetelephone.Him:I’minthebath.Her:Ok.Shemakesarequestofhimtoperformaction.Hestatesreasonwhyhecannotcomplywithrequest.Sheundertakestoperformaction.coherenceHer:Thatisthetel31

SpeechEvents

Definition:Aspeecheventisaparticularinstancewhenpeopleexchangespeechsuchasanexchangeofgreeting,aenquiry(詢問),aconversation.SpeechEventsDefinition:32

SpeechEvents

Mom,whereismybook?Bottomdrawerinyourbedroom.Right,I’llhavealook.SpeechEventsMom,whereis33

SpeechEvents

Honey,Iloveyou.SpeechEventsHoney,Ilove34

SpeechEvents

Itistypicalforpeoplewhoengageinconversationtotaketurnsatspeaking.Usuallyonlyonepersonspeaksatatime;whenmorethanonepersonwantstotalkatthesame,oneofthemusuallystopsuntiltheotherperson(s)has/havefinished.ConversationalInteractionSpeechEventsItis35

SpeechEvents

Youarestupid.Goout！SpeechEventsYouarestupi36

SpeechEvents

Turn:inconversation,theunitoftalkbyonespeaker,endedbythebeginningofthenextspeaker’sunitoftalk.A:Didn’tyouknowwh-

B:Buthemust’vebeentherebytwoA:YesbutyouknewwherehewasgoingSpeechEventsTurn:inconve37

SpeechEvents

Completionpoint:inconversation,theendofaturn,usuallymarkedbya

pauseattheendofaphraseorsentence.2SpeechEventsCompletionpoi38

SpeechEvents

.Turn-taking:thewayinwhicheachspeakertakesaturninconversationRudenessShyness3SpeechEvents.Turn-taking:39SpeechEvents$123Filledpause(有聲停頓/填補(bǔ)停頓）:

abreakintheflowofspeech,usingsoundssuchasemander4SpeechEvents$123Filledpaus40

SpeechEvents

Filledpause(有聲停頓/填補(bǔ)停頓）

:

abreakintheflowofspeech,usingsoundssuchasemanderSpeechEventsFilledpause(有41

SpeechEvents

A:that’stheirfavoriterestaurantbecause

they…

enjoyFrenchfoodandwhenthey

were…

inFrenchtheycouldn'tbelieveit

that…

youknowthattheyhad…that

theyhadhadbettermealsbackhomeForexample:SpeechEventsForexample:42

SpeechEvents

.ForexampleX:wellthatfilmreallywas…wasn'twhathewasgoodat

Y:whendi-X：Imeanhisother…emhislaterfilmsweremuchmore…erreally

moreintheromanticstyleandthatwasmorewhatwhathewas…

youknow…embestatdoingY:sowhendidhemakethatoneSpeechEvents.ForexampleX43Theco-operativeprinciplewasfirstsetoutbyGrice(1975),itisstatedinthefollowingway“Makeyourconversationalcontribution,suchasisrequired,atthestageatwhichitoccurs,bytheacceptedpurposeordirectionofthetalkexchangeinwhichyouareengaged”Theco-operativeprinciplewas44QuantityQualityRelationMannerThefourmaxims01020304QuantityQualityRelationManne45

AsfarasIknow...,Now,correctmeifI'mwrong,but...

46QuantityMakeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequired,butnotmore,orless,thanisrequired.QuantityMakeyourcontribution47Well,

to

make

a

long

story

short

and

I

won't

bore

you

with

all

the

details.Well,

to

make

a

long

story48QualityDonotsaythatwhichyoubelievetobefalseorforwhichyoulackadequateevidenceQualityDonotsaythatwhic49RelationBeRelevantMannerBeclear,briefandorderlyRelationBeRelevantMannerBecl50Backgroundknowledge

Johnwasonthewaytoschool.Hewasreallywarriedabout