英美文學(xué)簡(jiǎn)史課件

EnglishRenaissance(I)

(14thcentury-mid17thcentury)Instructor:GuoXinEnglishRenaissance(I)

(14th1HistoricalBackgroundEnglishHistory

afterChaucer’sDeathIntellectual&CulturalBackgroundReligiousBackground

Renaissance&Humanism（人文主義）EnglishLanguage:

KingJamesBible&PrintingEconomic&DiplomaticBackgroundHistoricalEnglishHistoryInte2GeoffreyChaucerRepresentativeofMedievalEnglishLiteratureFatherofEnglishPoetry——praisefromJohnDrydenProphetforEnglishRenaissance—humanistOneoftheearlyrealistHedominatedliteraryworksofhistimes(15thcentury)Literarylegacy:EdmundSpencerandWilliamShakespeareGeoffreyChaucerRepresentativ3Chaucer’sMasterpiece:

TheCanterburyTalesChaucer’sMasterpiece:

TheCa4GeneralPrologueGatheringPlace:TabardInninSouthwark,asuburbofLondonCharacters:32pilgrims(representativesofvariouswalksoflifeandsocialgroups)Purpose:ontheirwaytotheshrineofSt.ThomasaBecketatCanterburyReasonfortellingtales——theinnkeeper’ssuggestionfortellingtales——onepilgrimtellstwostoryonthewaytoCanterburyandonthewaybackGeneralPrologue5Chaucer’sLiteraryContributionHeintroducedfromItalyandFrancetherhymedstanzaofvarioustypes:octosyllabiccouplet,heroiccouplet(therhymedcoupletofiambicpentameter)HelaidthefoundationforthelaterdevelopmentofotherliterarygenresHefirstwroteinEnglishlanguage:MiddleEnglish.HemadetheLondondialectthefoundationformodernEnglishlanguage.Chaucer’sLiteraryContributio61.EnglishHistory(1400—)TheWarofRoses(1455-1485)Self-DestructionofNobilityThereignofTudorsHenryVII’sreignHenryVIII’sreignEdwardVI’sreignQueenMary’sreignQueenElizabeth’sreign

HouseofYorkHouseofTudorHouseofLancaster1.EnglishHistory(1400—)TheW72.IntellectualBackground:

2.1RenaissanceTimeSpan:the14th—mid-17thcenturiesPlace:Italy(painting,sculpture&literature)——therestofEuropeMeaning:rebirthorrevivalFeatures:ThirstingCuriosityfortheClassicalLiterature:DissatisfactionwiththeCatholic&FeudalIdeasKeenInterestintheActivitiesofHumanity2.IntellectualBackground:

2.82.1Renaissance:

AttemptsofEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsGettingridofCatholic&FeudalideasinmedievalEuropeIntroducingnewbourgeoisieideas

KeynoteofRenaissance:HumanismRestorationofreverenceforantiqueauthorsinGreek&Romancivilization——manisthemeasureofallthings.(人是萬(wàn)物的尺度)2.1Renaissance:

Attemptsof9Against&ForAgainstCatholic&FeudalistIdeas:Individuals:subordinationtofeudalistrulewithoutfreedomEmphasisonafterlifeForNewBourgeoisieIdeasHumanbeings:gloriouscreaturescapableofself-development&personalperfectionEmphasisonearthlylife:enjoythebeautyofthisliferatherthantheafterlifeAgainst&ForAgainstCatholic102.2EnglishHumanismBeginning:DutchScholarDesidus

Erasmus’teachinginEnglandOxfordReformers:IntroductionoftheclassicalliteraturetoEnglandandEducationReformation2.2EnglishHumanismBeginning:112.2EnglishLanguageTheAuthorizedVersion:KingJamesBible:Time:1611Influence:ReligiousReformation:BreakfromRomanInfluence—LatinVersionConfirmationofthestandardmodernEnglishStyleofBiblicalEnglish:simpleanddignifiedlanguage2.2EnglishLanguageTheAuthor122.2EnglishLanguageIntroductionofPrintingintoEnglandWilliamCaxton:thefirstEnglishprinter&influentialtranslatorLastingInfluenceontheDevelopmentofEnglishCulture:IntroductionofforeignliteratureintoEngland:influenceonthestyleofEnglishliteratureFasterSpreadofEnglishLiteraryWorksTranslatedWorks:OriginforLaterWriters’Works2.2EnglishLanguageIntroducti133.1ReligiousReformationEuropeanReformation:recoveryofpurityofearlychurchMartinLuther:everytrueChristianwashisownpriestandwasentitledtointerprettheBibleforhimselfEnglishReformation:HistoricalBackgroundHenryVIII’spersonalneed:alegitimateheir&hissixmarriagesEnglishpeople’sneed:dissatisfactionwiththechurch’scorruption&inspirationbyEuropeanreformers

3.1ReligiousReformationEurop14HenryVIII&hisMarriagesCatherineofAragonBloodyMaryHenryVIII&hisMarriagesCath15AnneBoleynQueenElizabethAnneBoleynQueenElizabeth16JaneSeymourEdwardVIJaneSeymourEdwardVI173.2EnglishReligiousReformationFullDevelopmentHenryVIIIclaimedhimselfastheSupremeHeadoftheChurchofEnglandin1534TheBibleinEnglishwasusedineverychurch&serviceswereheldinEnglishEdward’sfurtherreligiousreformAftermath:Retrogression:BloodyMary’srestorationofCatholicism—Counter-ReformationElizabeth’scompromisebetweenCatholicism&Protestantism3.2EnglishReligiousReformat184.Economic&DiplomaticBackgroundEnclosureMovement:transformationofarablelandintopastureEconomicExpansion:EncouragementfromQueenElizabeth:explorationFrancisDrake&JohnHawkinsAnglo-SpanishWar(1585):

RivalrywithSpaininCommercialExpansionRoutofSpanishArmanda4.Economic&DiplomaticBackg19FlourishingofEnglishLiteratureHistorical&CulturalBackgroundThreeStagesinEnglishLiteratureBeginning:OxfordReformers(1485-1558))Peak:ElizabethanAge(1558-1603)ReignofJamesI,CharlesI&PuritanRevolutionTranslationofClassicalFlourishingofHistorical&Cul20LiteratureinElizabethanAgePoetryEssayDramaLiteratureinPoetryEssayDram21ElizabethanPoetrygoalsofhumanisticpoetry:skillfulhandlingofconventions,forceoflanguage&developmentofarhetoricalplanfamouspoets：pastoralconvention:EdmundSpenser&ChristopherMarlowepoetry&poeticdrama:Shakespeare&BenJonsonElizabethanPoetrygoalsofhum22LiteraryTermsAboutPoetrySonnet（十四行詩(shī)）：14linesofiambicpentameterintricatelyrhymedPetrarchan（彼特拉克的）:octet(8行)+sestet(6行)Shakespearian（莎士比亞的）:3quatrains（四行詩(shī)）+couplet(雙行體）Blankverse（無(wú)韻體詩(shī)）:unrhymediambicpentameter

ClosesttothenaturalrhythmsofEnglishspeechLiteraryTermsAboutPoetrySon23IambicPentameterIamb（抑揚(yáng)格）：ametricalunitofverse,havingoneunstressedsyllablefollowedbyonestressedsyllable.e.g.:beyond[bi'j?nd]Pentameter（五步）:ametricalverselinehavingfivemainstresses,traditionallydescribedasalineoffive‘feet’.e.g.:Ifwin/tercomes/,canSpring/befar/behind?

[if‘win//t?‘k?ms//k?nsp’ri?//bi‘fɑ://bi’haind]IambicPentameterIamb（抑揚(yáng)格）：a24I.EdmundSpenser

LiteraryImportance:thePoet’spoet,amodelofpoeticalart.thefirstmasterofEnglishverseThelanguageusedsincethepublicationofhisworkTheShepherd’sCalendariscalledmodernEnglish.Mastermusician&painterinhisallegoricalmasterpieceTheFaerieQueeneI.EdmundSpenser

LiteraryImp25Spenser’sLiteraryWorksTheShepherd’sCalendar(牧人筆記):

Itisapastoralpoemof12eclogueswhichwaswrittenindifferentmetresandloveisthedominanttheme.ItspublicationmarkedthebuddingoftheRenaissanceflowerintheNorthernislandofEngland.TheFaerieQueene(仙后):dedicationpoem獻(xiàn)詩(shī)①Thedominatingthoughtsofit:nationalism,humanismandPuritanism

②TheSpenserianstanza（斯賓塞體）:averseformconsistingof8iambicpentameterlinesfollowedbyaninthlineof6iambicfeetwiththerhymeschemeababbcbcc.Spenser’sLiteraryWorksTheSh26Spenser’sMasterpiece:

TheFaerieQueeneTheme:“tofashionagentlemanornoblepersoninvirtuousandgentlediscipline”——Spenser——12virtuesin12booksStructure：eachherorepresentingeachvirtueineachbookTwounifyingelements:Arthur:appearingineverybook——embodimentof12virtuestheFairyQueen——GlorianaSpenser’sMasterpiece:

TheFae27MainQualitiesofSpencer’sPoetryaperfectmelodyararesenseofbeautyasplendidimaginationaloftymoralpurity&seriousnessadedicatedidealismstrangeformsofspeech&obsoletewordstoincreasetherusticeffectMainQualitiesofSpencer’sPo282.FrancisBaconThefirstimportantEnglishessayistThefounderofmodernscience,whosewritingspavedthewayfortheuseofscientificmethod2.FrancisBaconThefirstimpo29Bacon’sLiteraryWorksphilosophicalworks:TheAdvancementofLearning(《論學(xué)問(wèn)的進(jìn)步》);NovumOrganum(《新工具》)literaryworks:Essays(《培根論說(shuō)文集》）professionalworks:MaximsoftheLawandReadingontheStatuteofUsesBacon’sLiteraryWorksphilosop30BaconianScientificMethodAristotelianmethod:thedeductivemethod(演繹法)——proceedingfromthegeneraltothespecificBaconianmethods:theinductivemethod(歸納法)——proceedingfromthespecifictothegeneralImportanceforthisnewmethod:thenewempirical(以實(shí)驗(yàn)為依據(jù)的）attitudestowardstruthBaconianScientificMethodAris31EssaysThreeEditions:1597—1612—1625（10-38-58）Content:people’srelationshipwiththeworld,themselves&GodFeature:revelationofthemodeofthoughtoftherulingclassinhisday&guidanceforElizabethanandJacobeanyouthStyle:

brevity,compactness&powerfulnessfullofBiblicalallusions,metaphor&cadenceEssaysThreeEditions:1597—16132ElizabethanDramarealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissanceReasonforDrama’sFulldevelopment:Preparation:MiraclePlay,MoralityPlay,Interlude&ClassicalDramaAudience:LargeDemandbyLondoners&TolerantAttitudeTowardsInnovationsIncreasingNationalSense:EnglishNativeMaterials—ChroniclesInfluenceofGreek&RomanClassics:ImportantRulesinStructure&Style；ClearConceptionAboutComedy&TragedyPlaywrights:UniversityWitsElizabethanDramarealmainstre333.ChristopherMarloweLifeExperienceMarlowewasborninashoemaker’sfamilyin1564.Withthehelpofscholarship,hewenttoCambridge.InCambridge,hewroteTamburlaine,whichwasagreatsuccessinthestage.HecametoLondonin1584andwasgreatlyinfluencedbythethoughtofRenaissance3.ChristopherMarloweLife345.FascinatedbythelifeinLondon,Marlowebecameanactorandledatempestuouslifeinthefollowingsixyears.6.OnMay30,1593Marlowewaskilledinaquarreloveratavernbill.Hewasonly29yearsoldwhenhewasdead.Marlowewasregardedasthemostgiftedofthe“UniversityWits”HisworkspavedthewayfortheplaysofthegreatestEnglishdramatist—WilliamShakespeare.5.FascinatedbythelifeinLo35TheUniversityWits

（大學(xué)才子）ItwasagroupofElizabethanplaywrightsandpamphleteerswhooncestudiedattheuniversitiesofOxfordorCambridge.Latertheysetupasprofessionalwriters,sellingtheirlearningandtheirwitstotheLondonpublicofplaygoersandtothepublicaswell.ThemostimportantfiguresincludeRobertGreene,ThomasKyd,JohnLyly,ChristopherMarloweandThomasLodge.

TheUniversityWits

（大學(xué)才子）It36Marlowe’sLiteraryCareerMarlowewrotesixplaysinhisshortlife1.Tamburlaine(power)帖木兒大帝）2.Dr.Faustus(knowledge)浮士德博士的悲劇3.TheJewofMalta(money)馬耳他的猶太人non-dramaticpoetryThePassionateShepherdtoHisLove多情的牧羊人致情人Marlowe’sLiteraryCareerMarlo37TamburlaineAtragicplayofanambitiousandpitilessTartarconquerorin14thcenturywhorosefromashepherdtoanoverpoweringking.Theme（主題）：supremedesireofthemanoftheRenaissanceforinfinitepowerandauthorityThefinalfallofTamburlainealsoexpressesMarlowe’sconsciousnessoflimitationsofhumanbeings.TamburlaineAtragicplayofan38Tamburlaine’sWords“我用鐵鏈把命運(yùn)緊緊地抓牢，用我的手在指揮人生的變遷，在太陽(yáng)從天體中墜落之前，我帖木兒絕不會(huì)被征服或受傷害。”“鞭笞控制那些奴隸們，用你父親的手引領(lǐng)你戰(zhàn)車的方向?！盩amburlaine’sWords“我用鐵鏈把命運(yùn)緊緊地39Dr.FaustusAplaybasedontheGermanlegendofamagicianaspiringforknowledgeandfinallymeetinghistragedyasaresultofhisbargainwiththedevilTheme:humanisticideaHumanpassionforknowledge,power&happinessMan’sfrustrationinrealizingthehighaspirationsinahostilemoralorderDr.FaustusAplaybasedonthe40Dr.Faustus’PlotDr.Faustus’sconfinementinhisstudyDr.Faustus’PlotDr.Faustus’s41Dr.Faustus’Words我們那功能繁多的靈魂能夠理解地球的奇妙結(jié)構(gòu)，丈量每一顆在太空中遨游的星球的軌跡；它總在追求無(wú)限的知識(shí)就像永不寧?kù)o的天體一樣在運(yùn)動(dòng)。靈魂激勵(lì)著我們永不停止、奮勇向前，直到我們獲得最好的成果Dr.Faustus’Words我們那功能繁多的靈魂42Dr.Faustus’suseofblackmagicMephistophilisSignabond:Faustus’soul=24years’serviceofMephistophilisDr.Faustus’suseofblackmag43Dr.Faustus’WordsIchargetheewaituponmewhilstIleaveTodowhateverFaustusshallcommand,Beitbemakethemoondropfr