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2023年研究生入學(xué)考試英語(yǔ)二歷年高頻考題帶答案難題附詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)第1卷一.歷年考點(diǎn)試題黑鉆版(共50題)1.Americansofa"certainage"aboundattheupperlevelsofAmericangovernance.PresidentTrumpisthemostobviousexample.JustoverhalfofUSsenatorswillbe65orolderbytheendofthisyear.OntheSupremeCourt,fiveofninejusticesareover65.These"seniorcitizens"makecrucialdecisionsforthemajorityofAmericansyoungerthanthem.Justeightdecadesago,whentheSocialSecuritysystembegan,65wascodifiedasthestartof"oldage."Nowmanypeopleofthatyearmayfeelintheprimeoflife.
Measuredbyyearsalone,Americansareonaveragegettingolder.Apopularnotionisthatawarisbrewingbetweengenerations—youngworkingAmericansresentingthattheymustpaymoreintoSocialSecurityandMedicaretosupportanexpandingpackofolderAmericans.There'struthinthatsentiment.2.Directions:YouareconcernedabouttheseriousconditionofairpollutioninBeijing.WriteanadvocationletteraboutgreencommunityontheInternetto
1)raisepublicawarenessoftheresponsibilitytoprotectenvironment;and
2)advocatetheconceptofgreencommutingtocallonthepublictoreduceusingcars.
Youshouldwriteabouti00wordsontheANSWERSHEET.
Donotuseyourownname.Use"LiMing"instead.
Donotwriteyouraddress.3.Arolemodelisapersonwhoisagoodexampletoothers,intermsofdoingnobleorcharitableactsorrepresentinggoodvaluesorwaysofthinkingandacting.Relatedtorolemodelsareheroesandicons.Aheroisapersonwhohasamazingabilitiesortraits,andhasperformedextraordinaryacts.Aniconissomeonewhoisanimageorsymbolofimportance.
TIMEmagazinepublishedalistofheroesandiconsfromthelast100years(1900to2000).Thelistoftwentypeoplewho"articulatethelongingsofthelast100years,exemplifyingcourage,selflessness,exuberance,superhumanabilityandamazinggrace"includes:MotherTeresa,PrincessDiana,Pele,CheGuevara,SirEdmundHillaryandTenzingNorgan,HelenKeller,BruceLee,CharlesLindberghandAndreiSakharov.Doyouknowwhoallofthesepeopleare?Whowouldyouaddtoyourpersonallistofheroesandicons?
SomefamousrolemodelshavebeenrecipientsofaNobelPrize.TheNobelPrizeisahighly-respectedinternationalawardgiventopeople(andorganizations)whohaveconductedexceptionalresearch,createdground-breakinginventionsormadeoutstandingcontributionstosociety.Therearefivecategories:NobelPrizeinPhysics,NobelPrizeinChemistry,NobelPrizeinMedicine,NobelPrizeinLiteratureandNobelPrizeinPeace.4.Directions:
Writeanessaybasedonthechartbelow.Inyourwriting,youshould
1)interpretthechart,and
2)giveyourcomments.
Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.
2013—2015年我國(guó)物館數(shù)量和參觀人數(shù)5.OnAugust18thU.S.News&WorldReportreleasedits2009rankingsofAmerica'stopcolleges.Thesurveybeganin1983asaninformalpoll,whenthemagazineasked662collegepresidentstoidentifythecountry'sbestplacesoflearning.Ithassinceevolvedintoanannualtrialforreputableuniversities.Astrongshowingintherankingsspursstudentinterestandalumni(校友)giving;asliphasgraveconsequencesforpublicrelations.
Universityadministratorsdeeplydislikethesurvey.Manyrejecttheideathatschoolscanbestackedupagainstoneanotherinanymeaningfulway.Butwhethertherankingsarefairisbesidethepoint,becausetheyarewidelyinfluential.Inthe1983surveybarelyhalfofthepresidentsapproachedbotheredtorespond.Today,onlyahandfuldareignoreit.Most,infact,domorethansimplyfilloutthesurvey.Competitionbetweencollegesfortopstudentsisincreasing,partlybecauseoftheverypopularityofrankings.6.KaraokeisaverypopularformofentertainmentinAsia.KaraokewasfirstmadepopularbyDaisukeInoueinKobe,Japan,in1971.Bythe1980s,therewasavastarrayofkaraokeproductsonthemarketinAsia.Thevideogame,KaraokeRevolution,wasreleasedintheyearof2003.Inthisgame,playerscouldreceiveascorebasedontheirsingingperformance.Karaokeservicesthenbecameavailablethroughmobilephones,anduserscouldalsoplaykaraokesongsusingsoftwareontheirpersonalcomputers.WebsitesstartedpoppingupallovertheInternet,creatingaglobalkaraokecommunity.Onthesesites,singerscanrecordandevenvideothemselvesperforming.Evensomecarmanufacturersjumpedonthekaraokebandwagonandhadkaraokeplayersinstalledaspartofacar'sDVDplayer.ThereareevenVCDsavailablenowforChineseoperakaraoke,sothattheelderlycanhavefunsingingsongsofthepast.7.ApoacherintheUnitedStateshasbeenorderedtowatchtheDisneyclassicBambiaspartofhissentenceforillegallykillinghundredsofdeer.DavidBerry,29,wasorderedbyacourtinMissouritowatchthefilmatleastonceamonthduringhisyearlongjailsentenceinwhatconservationagentshavecalledoneofthelargestdeerpoachingcasesinstatehistory.Theclassic1942animatedmovieisaboutababydeernamedBambiwhosemotherisshotandkilledbyhunters.Itisnotthefirst"bizarre"sentence.In2003,twoteenagersfromChicagoweresentencedto45daysinjailandorderedtomarchthroughthecenteroftheirhometownwithadonkey.TheywerefoundguiltyofstealinganddefacingastatueofthebabyJesus.8.Directions:
Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould
1)interpretthechart,and
2)giveyourcomments.
Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.
9.Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart,inwhichyoushould
1)interpretthechart,and
2)giveyourcomments.
Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.
10.Climatechangeisthegreatestchallengefacinghumanity:drasticreductionofcarbonemissionsisvitalifwearetoavoidacatastrophethatdevastateslargepartsoftheworld.Governmentsandbusinesseshavebeenslowtoactandindividualsnowneedtotakethelead.
TheEarthcanabsorbnomorethan3tonsofcarbondioxideemissionseachyearforeverypersonontheplanetifwearetokeeptemperatureandrainfallchangewithintolerablelimits.Yetfromcarsandholidayflightstohouseholdappliancesandthefoodonourplates,Westernconsumerlifestylesleaveeachofusresponsibleforover12tonesofcarbondioxideayear—fourtimeswhattheEarthcanhandle.
Individualactionisessentialifwewanttoavoidclimatechaos.HowtoLiveaLow-CarbonLifeshowshoweasyitistotakeresponsibility,providingthefirstcomprehensive,one-stopreferenceguidetocalculatingyourCO:emissionsandreducingthemtoasustainable3tonsayear.11.Directions:
SupposeyougotsomereferencebooksandaletterfromMr.LiMingafewdaysago,butyoudidnotreplyintime.Writealettertohimtomakeareply.Yourlettershouldinclude:
1)Thepurpose;
2)Yourreasons;
3)Yoursincerehope.
Youshouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.12.Overtheyears,Ihavewrittenextensivelyaboutanimalintelligenceexperimentsandthecontroversysurroundingthem.Doanimalsreallyhavethoughts,whatwecallconsciousness?Wonderingwhethertheremightbebetterwaystoexploreanimalintelligencethanexperimentsdesignedtoteachhumansigns,Irealizedwhatnowseemsobvious:ifanimalscanthink,theywillprobablydotheirbestthinkingwhenitservestheirownpurposes,notwhenscientistsaskthemto.
SoIstartedtalkingtovetsandzookeepers.Mostdonotstudyanimalintelligence,buttheyencounterit,andthelackofit,everyday.The-storiestheytellusrevealwhatI'mconvincedisanewwindowonanimalintelligence:thementalfeatsanimalsperformwhendealingwithcaptivityandthedominantspeciesontheplanet—humans.
Anyway,itiscomfortingtorealizethatotherspeciesbesidesourowncanstandbackandassesstheworldaroundthem,eveniftheirhorizonsaremorelimited.13.Directions:
Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould
1)interpretthechart,and
2)giveyourcomments.
Youshouldwriteatleast150words.
WriteyouressayontheANSWERSHEET.
14.Inmanysectors,Chinaisnowtakingagloballeadintwoareasofinnovation:inimprovingconsumerproductsandthebusinessmodelsusedtosellthem;andinmakingmanufacturingprocessescheaper,quickerandbetter.Asaresult,Chinesefirmsnowoutsellforeignrivalsinsuchthingsashouseholdappliances,internetsoftwareandconsumerelectronics.Theyarehelpedbythefactthattheirhomemarketissohuge.
Chinesefirmsareinventingnewbusinessmodels.TheWest'sonlinefirmsgeneratemostoftheirrevenuefromadvertising.ButChina'sadvertisingindustryisonlyaboutone-eighththesizeofAmerica's,soChinesedigitalfirmshavehadtofindnewwaystomonetisetheirusers'eyeballs.YY.com,anonline-videoplatform,letsviewersbuyelectronic"roses"toshoweruponvideoartistswhoseshowstheyenjoyed.YYsaysitstopperformers,whogetacutoftherevenue,canearnmorethan20,000yuanamonth,seventimestheaveragefactoryworker'spay.15.Directions:
Supposeyoufoundaloopofkeysinthelibrary.Writeanoticeto
1)makeitknown,and
2)askforclaimatyourdorm.
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.
Donotuseyourownnameattheendofthenotice.Use"LiMing"instead.
PartB16.Whatnewsdopeoplesee?Whatdotheybelievetobetrueabouttheworldaroundthem?Whatdotheydowiththatinformationascitizens?Facebook,Google,andothergianttechnologycompanieshavesignificantcontrolovertheanswerstothosequestions.It'snoexaggerationtosaythattheirdecisionsshapehowbillionsseetheworldand,inthelongrun,willaffectthehealthofgoverninginstitutionsaroundtheworld.
That'saheftyresponsibility,butonethatmanytechcompaniessaytheywanttouphold.Forexample,inanopenletter,Facebook'sfounderandCEOMarkZuckerbergwrotethatthecompany'snextfocuswouldbe"developingthesocialinfrastructureforcommunity—forsupportingus,forkeepingussafe,forinformingus,forcivicengagement,andforinclusionofall."17.TheA-listwascreatedbyJamesUlmer,anentertainmentjournalist.Ulmercreatedthe"UlmerScale"todeterminebankablestars,actorswhoguaranteethesuccessofamoviesimplybyappearinginit.In2002,forexample,theUlmerScaleassessedactorTomCruiseat100pointsandthebudgetforhismovieMinorityReportwas$102million.Accordingtothescale,themovieshouldhavemade100%(Cruise=100points)or$102millionsimplybecauseTomCruisewasinthemovie.Inactualfact,themoviemadeover$300mworldwide.OtherbankablestarsthatyearwereTomHanksandJuliaRoberts.In2005,TomCruiseandTomHanksstilltoppedthelistwhileJuliaRobertsandNicoleKidmanweretheonlywomenintheTopTen.
Celebrityandfamearedirectlyrelatedtothemassmediathatreportonparticularindividuals.Thus,somecelebritiesarefamousworldwide(forexample,BradPittandMadonna)whileothersareonlyfamouswithintheircountryorregion.SomeexamplesofsuchfamouspeopleintheirowncountriesincludeJapanesemusicianAyumiHamasaki,KoreanactressHyunKyungOh,ThaientertainerBirdThongchaiMcintyre,andChineseastronautsYangLiwei,FeiJunlongandNieHaisheng.Celebritiescanincludenotonlymoviestarsandtelevisionactors,butalsopoliticians,televisionreportersandgameshowhosts,models,astronauts,athletes,andmusicians.18.Asearlyasthe19thcentury,shoppershaveviewedThanksgivingDayasthetraditionalstarttotheholidayshoppingseason,anoccasionmarkedbycelebrationsandsales.Departmentstoresinparticularlockedontothismarketingnotion,hostingparadestolaunchthestartofthefirstwaveofChristmasadvertisements,chiefamongthem,theMacy'sThanksgivingDayParade,runninginNewYorkCitysince1924.TheholidayshoppingcrazebecamesoimportanttoretailersthatduringtheGreatDepression,theyappealedtoPresidentFranklinD.Rooseveltin1939tomoveThanksgivingDayupinordertostretchouttheholidayshoppingseason.Rooseveltobliged,movingThanksgivingDayoneweekearlier,butdidn'tannouncethechangeuntilOctober.Asaresult,AmericanshadtwoThanksgivingsDaythatyear—Roosevelt's,jokinglydubbed"Franksgiving,"
andtheoriginal.Becausetheswitchoverwashandledsopoorly,fewobservedit,andthechangeresultedinlittleeconomicboost.19.Theyteachyoutobeproudandunbendinginhonestfailure,buthumbleandgentleinsuccess,nottosubstitutewordsforaction,nottoseekthepathofcomfort,buttofacethestressandspurofdifficultyandchallenge;tolearntostandupinthestorm,buttohavecompassiononthosewhofall;tomasteryourselfbeforeyouseektomasterothers;tohaveaheartthatisclean,agoalthatishigh;tolearntolaugh,yetneverforgethowtoweep;toreachintothefuture,yetneverneglectthepast;tobeserious,yetnevertakeyourselftooseriously;tobemodestsothatyouwillrememberthesimplicityoftruegreatness,theopenmindoftruewisdom,themeeknessoftruestrength.
Theygiveyouatemperatewill,aqualityofimagination,avigoroftheemotions,afreshnessofthedeepspringsoflife,atemperamentalpredominanceofcourageovertimidity.20.Directions:
Supposeyourclassistoholdacharitysaleforkidsinneedofhelp.Writeyourclassmatesanemailto
1)informthemaboutthedetailsandencouragethemtoparticipate.
2)Don'tuseyourownname.Use"LiMing"instead.
Don'twriteyouraddress.21.TheChinesenewyearisatimeoffamilyreunions.ButMr.Xiaoispreparingtospendhissixthnewyearwithouthisson,whowasabducted(誘拐)in2007bysuspectedchildtraffickers.China'sone-childpolicyhasfuelleddemandforchildren,thousandsofwhomaresnatchedandsoldeveryyeartodesperate,usuallyboyless,couples.Spurred(刺激)bythecampaigningofparentslikeMr.Xiao,thegovernmentisstartingtopaymoreattentiontothecrime.Butcurbingitisprovingtough.
Mr.Xiaohasbeentryingthehardwaytoraiseawarenessofthecrime;drivingaroundthecountryinaminivancoveredwithpostersofmissingchildren.Mr.Xiao,wholivesinavillagenearTongzhou,oneofBeijing'ssatellitetowns,sayshehasspentasmuchas400,000yuan($64,300)ofhisownmoneyontheproject.HesaysthereareotherparentselsewhereinChinawhotourthecountryinsimilarlybedecked(裝飾的)vehicles.22.TheOPECoilcartelissettokeepitsproductiontargetunchanged,bettingthataseasonalriseindemandasAmericansandEuropeanstaketotheircarsforsummerwillkeepoilpricesabove$100abarrel.
OPEChasalonghistoryofsurprisingthemarketwithlastminutechangesinopinion,butdelegatessaidonThursdayministershadallbutdecidedtokeepitsofficialproductionat30mbarrelsadayalevelthathasnotchangedinmorethanayearandahalf.
OPECiskeepingawatchfuleyeonsurgingUSshaleoilproduction,whichhasreducedtheimportneedsofOPEC'slargestcustomertothelowestsince1994,raisingtheprospectoflowerprices.ButdelegatesfromwestAfrica,whichhasbeenmosthitbyfallingUSimports,werenotmindedtoalterthecartel'spolicy.OilministerofAngola,said:"TheproductionisOK;thepriceisOK."23.Itisawell-knownfactthatthereareconstantconflictsamongdifferentgroupsofpeople,andthatpeopletendtoblametheirmisfortunesonsomeoutsideothergroupsfortheirmisfortunes.Whatarethecausesofgroupprejudice?Thereseemstobelittledoubtthatoneoftheprincipalcausesofprejudiceisfear:inparticularthefearthattheinterestsofourowngrouparegoingtobeendangeredbytheactionsofanother.Thisislesslikelytobethecaseinastable,relativelyunchangingsocietyinwhichthemembersofdifferentsocialandoccupationalgroupsknowwhattoexpectofeachother,andknowwhattoexpectforthemselves.Intimesofrapidsocialandeconomicchange,however,newoccupationsandnewsocialrolesappear,andpeoplestartlookingjealouslyateachothertoseewhethertheirowngroupisbeingleftbehind.24.Directions:
Supposeyouhavefoundsomethingwrongwiththeelectronicdictionarythatyouboughtfromanonlinestoretheotherday.Writeanemailtothecustomerservicecenterto
1)makeacomplaintand
2)demandapromptsolution.
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.
Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"ZhangWei"instead.
Donotwriteyouraddress.25.AIsystemsmusthetrainedhowbesttointeractwithhumans.Whileorganizationsacrosssectorsarenowintheearlystagesoffillingtrainerroles,leadingtechcompaniesandresearchgroupsalreadyhavematuretrainingstaffsandexpertise.ConsiderMicrosoft'sAIassistant.Thebotrequiredextensivetrainingtodevelopjusttherightpersonality:confident,caring,andhelpfulbutnotbossy.Instillingthosequalitiestookcountlesshoursofattentionbyateamthatincludedapoet,anovelist,andaplay-wright.Similarly,humantrainerswereneededtodevelopthepersonalitiesofApple'sSiriandAmazon'sAlexatoensurethattheyaccuratelyreflectedtheircompanies'brands.Siri,forexample,hasjustatouchofsassiness,asconsumersmightexpectfromApple.26.Overtheyears,Ihavewrittenextensivelyaboutanimalintelligenceexperimentsandthecontroversysurroundingthem.Doanimalsreallyhavethoughts,whatwecallconsciousness?Wonderingwhethertheremightbebetterwaystoexploreanimalintelligencethanexperimentsdesignedtoteachhumansigns,Irealizedwhatnowseemsobvious:ifanimalscanthink,theywillprobablydotheirbestthinkingwhenitservestheirownpurposes,notwhenscientistsaskthemto.
SoIstartedtalkingtovetsandzookeepers.Mostdonotstudyanimalintelligence,buttheyencounterit,andthelackofit,everyday.The-storiestheytellusrevealwhatI'mconvincedisanewwindowonanimalintelligence:thementalfeatsanimalsperformwhendealingwithcaptivityandthedominantspeciesontheplanet—humans.
Anyway,itiscomfortingtorealizethatotherspeciesbesidesourowncanstandbackandassesstheworldaroundthem,eveniftheirhorizonsaremorelimited.27.Directions:
Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould
1)interpretthechart,and
2)giveyourcomments.
Youshouldwriteatleast150words.
WriteyouressayontheANSWERSHEET.
28.Directions:
Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould
1)describethechart,and
2)giveyourcomments.
Youshouldwriteatleast150words.
WriteyouressayontheANSWERSHEET.
用人單位認(rèn)為大學(xué)生就業(yè)難的原因29.Directions:
Supposeyouhaveboughtalaptopfromanonlinestoreandfoundsomethingiswrong.Writethestoreanemailto
1)makecomplaintsabouttheproblems,and
2)askthestoretosolvetheproblems.
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.
Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheemail.Use"ZhangWei"instead.
Donotwritetheaddress.30."Ithinktheworldinwhichweliveaswomenhasbecomesodivisive,sobloodthirstythatwomenwanttoexistbeyondthesereductiveinfluences,andcolourisonewayofdoingthis,"saysCave."Colourhasahugepositivepsychologicalimpact—itisashoutofindividuality—andIthinkwomenwantsomelifeandwonderandjoyandwildnessintheirlivesandcolourgivesthemthat."
Caveisfarfromaloneinusingemotionallanguageaboutcolour.Infact,oneofthemostfascinatingshiftsinourapproachtocolouristhewaywetalkaboutit.Inthe90s,colouranalysismeantfindingoutifyouwere"coolautumn"ora"warmspring"inordertobuyajumperthatwouldmakeyoureyessparkle.Now,colourchatrarelymentionsappearance,butisaboutpolitics,identityandmood.31.Inmostpublicschoolstoday,teachersaresimplyrated"satisfactory"or"unsatisfactory,"andevaluationsconsistofhavingtheprincipalobserveaclassforafewminutesacoupleoftimeseachyear.
Manydistrictsandstatesaretryingtomovetowardbetterpersonnelsystemsforevaluationandimprovement.Unfortunately,someeducationadvocatesinNewYork,LosAngelesandothercitiesareclaimingthatagoodpersonnelsystemcanbebasedonrankingteachersaccordingtotheir"value-addedrating"—ameasurementoftheirimpactonstudents'testscores—andpublicizingthenamesandrankingsonlineandinthemedia.
Iamastrongsupporterofmeasuringteachers'effectiveness,andmyfoundationworkswithmanyschoolstohelpmakesurethatsuchevaluationsimprovetheoverallqualityofteaching.Butpubliclyrankingteachersbynamewillnothelpthemgetbetterattheirjobsorimprovestudentlearning.Onthecontrary,itwillmakeitalothardertoimplementteacherevaluationsystemsthatwork.32.Whenaskedwhatmakesyouhappy,youwouldprobablyhavenoproblemprovidingmewithafewanswers—anewcar,lessbodyfat,ahigher-payingjob,andsoon.Theyusuallyhaveasimilartheme;i.e.,ourhappinessdependsonexternalcircumstances.
Youmaybesurprisedtolearnthatmaterialisticthingsrarelydeterminelong-termhappiness.Thatwhichyouhavealwaysassumedwouldmakeyourlifemuchmorejoyfulmaynotactuallyimprovelong-termhappiness.Happinessisdeterminedbyinnatefactorsandperceptions,aswellasexperiences.
Humansaresocialanimals;weneedtosocialize.Thebiggestpredictorofhappinessistheextentofoursocialrelationships.Aprimaryreasonwhyourbrainshaveevolvedinthemannertheyhaveisthatwecanbesocial.
Itisnotrealistic,norisitdesirabletobehappyallthetime.Whatisimportantislearningtoappropriatelyregulatethosepotentiallydamagingthoughts.33.Directions:Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyourwriting,youshould
1)interpretthechart,and
2)giveyourcomments.
Youshouldwriteabout150words.
WriteyouressayontheANSWERSHEET.
34.Directions:
Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingchart.Inyouressay,youshould:
1)interpretthechart,and
2)giveyourcomments.
Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET2.
35.Imagineaworldinwhichtherewassuddenlynoemotion—aworldinwhichhumanbeingscouldfeelnoloveorhappiness,noterrororhate.Trytoimaginetheconsequencesofsuchatransformation.Peoplemightnotbeabletostayalive:knowingneitherjoynorpleasure,anxietynorfear,theywouldbeaslikelytorepeatactsthathurtthemasactsthatwerebeneficial.Theycouldnotlearn:theycouldnotbenefitfromexperiencebecausethisemotionlessnesswouldlackrewardsandpunishments.Societywouldsoondisappear:peoplewouldbeaslikelytoharmoneanotherastoprovidehelpandsupport.Humanrelationshipswouldnotexist:
inaworldwithoutfriendsorenemies,therecouldbenomarriage,affectionamongcompanions,bondsamongmembersofgroups;society'seconomicunderpinningswouldbedestroyed:sinceearning$10millionwouldbenomorepleasantthanearning$10,therewouldbenoincentivetowork.36.Directions:
Writeanessaybasedonthefollowingbargraph.Inyourwriting,youshould
1)interpretthechart,and
2)giveyourcomments.
Youshouldwriteabout150wordsontheANSWERSHEET.
2016年上半年國(guó)內(nèi)旅游人數(shù)和旅游花費(fèi)增長(zhǎng)圖37.Knowingthatyouarepaidlessthanyourpeershastwoeffectsonhappiness.Thewell-knownoneisnegative:athinnerpaypacketharmsself-esteem.Thelesser-knownoneiscalledthe"tunneleffect":highincomesforpeersareseenasimprovingyourownchancesofsimilarriches,especiallyifgrowth,inequalityandmobilityarehigh.
ApaperauthoredbyTomDorsonoftheUniversityofStAndrewsseparatesthetwoeffectsusingdatafromhouseholdsurveysinGermany.Previousworkshowedthattheincomeofotherscanhaveasmall,orevenpositive,overalleffectonpeople'ssatisfactioninindividualfirms.ButMr.Dorson'steamhypothesizedthatolderworkers,wholargelyknowtheirlifetimeincomesalready,willenjoyamuchsmallertunneleffect.
Thedataconfirmthishypothesis.Thenegativeeffectonreportedlevelsofhappinessofbeingpaidlessthanyourpeersisnotvisibleforpeopleagedunder45.Itisonlythosepeopleover45,whencareershave"reachedastableposition",whosehappinessisharmedbythesuccessofothers.38.1)stateyourpresentproblems,and
2)askforaninterviewwithhim.
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.
Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"ZhangWei"instead.
Donotwriteyouraddress.39.Directions:
SupposeyouareworkingintheStudentUnionofyouruniversityandyouwillholdanorientationpartyforthefreshmenthisFridayevening.Writealettertoallfreshmento,
1)introducetheStudentUnionandthepartytothem,and
2)invitethemtotheparty.
Youshouldwriteabout100wordsontheANSWERSHEET.
Donotuseyourownname.Use"LiMing"instead.
Donotwritetheaddress.40.ItiseasytounderestimateEnglishwriterJamesHerriot.Hehadsuchapleasant,readablestylethatonemightthinkthatanyonecouldimitateit.HowmanytimeshaveIheardpeoplesay,"Icouldwriteabook.Ijusthaven'tthetime,"Easilysaid.Notsoeasilydone.JamesHerriot,contrarytopopularopinion,didnotfinditeasyinhisearlydaysof,asheputit,"havingagoatthewritinggame".Whileheobviouslyhadanabundanceofnaturaltalent,thefinal,polishedworkthathegavetotheworldwastheresultofyearsofpractising,re-writingandreading.Likethemajorityofauthors,hehadtosuffermanydisappointmentsandrejectionsalongtheway,butthesemadehimallthemoredeterminedtosucceed.Everythingheachievedinlifewasearnedthehardwayandhissuccessintheliteraryfieldwasnoexception.41.Directions:
Supposeyouarewritingalettertoastate-ownedenterpriseforajobasaprogrammer.Inyourletteryoushould:
1)Makeabriefintroductionaboutyourself.
2)Providerelevantevidencetoshowthatyouaresuitableforthejob.
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