英語寫作課PPT 第三課 sentences

PartThreeTheSentence(1)1Inthispartyouwilllearn:1.SentenceTypes

2.CommonErrors

3. Betteryoursentences

2I.SentencesTypes31.Loosesentence&Periodicsentence(1)LooseSentence&PeriodicSentenceA.YoucannotmakegreatprogressinEnglishwithoutgoodstudyhabits.B.Withoutgoodstudyhabits,youcannotmakegreatprogressinEnglish.Aloosesentence(松散句)isonethatmaybebroughttoagrammaticalclosebeforetheendisreached.Aperiodicsentence(圓周句)isonethatisnotgrammaticallycompleteuntiltheendisreached.(loosesentence)(periodicsentence)4Loosesentence&periodicsentenceHewassittingbeforethefireinalargearmchairwhenweentered.Loosesentence

Havingpassedthehouseeverydayfortwoyears,andknowingthatthemanwasacripple,Icouldnotbelievewhatthenext-doorneighbortoldme.periodicsentence

ShewasofferedaprofessionalcontractafterwinningtheOlympicgoldmedalaccordingtothenewspaperreports.Loosesentence5(3)FunctionofLoosesentence:

Therewasawomanwhowasbeautiful,whostartedwithalltheadvantages,yetshehadnoluck.Shemarriedforlove,antheloveturnedtodust.Therewereaboyandtwolittlegirls.Theylivedinapleasanthouse,withagarden,andtheyhaddiscreetservants.natural,easytounderstand,smooth,relaxed6(4)FunctionofPeriodicsentence

ThoughJimThorpehadbroughtgreatglorytohisnation,thoughthousandsofpeoplecheeredhimuponhisreturntotheUnitedStatesandattendedbanquetsandaNewYorkparadeinhishonor,hewasnotacitizen.

期待（anticipation），懸念（suspense7(5)CombinationofPeriodicsentenceandloosesentence

Intheevening,Isuspectedthattheremustbesomeonehidingsomewhere.Isearchedeverycornercarefully,butfoundnobody.SoIclosedthedoorandmovedthetableagainstthedoorinordertopreventanymisfortune.DeepthatnightwhenIlayinbed,astrangesound,asifsomeoneweretryingtobreakin,whichmademyhairstandonend,washeard.Ihadacoldsweatallover.HowIregrettedthatIhadcomebackalone!InordertobanishthefearIhidmyselfdeepinmyquilt.Thefearthatthebadmanmightdiscoverthatayounggirlwasintheroomalonepreventedmefrombreathingfreely…

82.TheShortandLongSentences(1)UsingshortsentencesShortsentencescanoftenbeverypowerful,emphaticandsuitableforthepresentationofimportantfactsandideas.e.g. A.Niceguysfinishlast./Loveconquersall./Warishell.

B.Ourcityisonthethresholdofagreatera.Ofthiswecanbesure.Butinordertofulfillthepromiseofthefuture,wemustbewillingtowork—andtospend.Thougheasytoread,toomanyshortsentencesexhaustthereader.Theysoundschildish.

9PeterandCarlwalktoschool.Bonniefollowsthem.BonnieisPeter’sdog.Sheisanicedog.ShewalksatPeter’sheels.Sheturnsbackatthebutcher’sshop.NowBonniewilltrytofindherfriends.Shemaygohome.PeterandCarlwalktoschool,andBonniefollowsthem.BonnieisPeter’sdog,andsheisanicedog.ShewalksatPeter’sheels,butsheturnsbackatthebutcher’sshop.NowBonniewilltrytofindherfriends,orshemaygohome.AsPeterandCarlwalktoschool,Peter’snicedog,Bonnie,followsthem,walkingatPeter’sheelsuntilsheturnsbackwhentheyreachthebutcher’sshop.Now,ifshedoesn’tfindherfriends,shewillgohome.10(2)Usinglongsentences:presentingasetofcomplex,interlockingideas.114.SentenceExpansion

ForthesakeofwritinggoodEnglish,ashortandsimplesentencesometimescanbeexpandedbyaddingtoitamodifier;aparenthesis插入語

;anapposition同位語；acompound/compoundsentence,thusmakingitacomplexone；12(1)Asentencecanbeexpandedbyaddingtoitamodifier.e.g.

Chengduisabeautifulcity.—

Chengduisabeautifulcitywithmanyinterestingplacesofhistoricalsignificance.13(2)Asentencecanbeexpandedbyaddingtoitaparenthesis.e.g.

Chengduisabeautifulcity.——

Chengdu，asyouknow,isabeautifulcitywithmanyinterestingplacesofhistoricalsignificance.14(3)

Asentencecanbeexpandedbyaddingtoitanapposition.e.g.

Chengduisabeautifulcity.——

Asyouknow,Chengdu,thecapitalofSichuanprovincesituatedinthecenterof“theLandofAbundance”,isabeautifulcitywithmanyinterestingplacesofhistoricalsignificance.15Asentencecanbeexpandedbyaddingtoitacompoundsentence,thusmakingitacomplexone.

Chengduisabeautifulcity.——

Asyouknow,Chengdu，thecapitalofSichuanprovincesituatedinthecenterof“theLandofAbundance”,isabeautifulcitywithmanyinterestingplacesofhistoricalsignificance,soI’dliketoshowyousomeofthetouristattractionssuchasTheThatchedCottageofDuFu,TheWuHouMemorialTempleandTheDujiangyanWaterDam.16

Chengduisabeautifulcity.——

Asyouknow,Chengdu,thecapitalofSichuanprovincesituatedinthecenterof“theLandofAbundance”,isabeautifulcitywithmanyinterestingplacesofhistoricalsignificance,soI’dliketoshowyousomeofthetouristattractionssuchasTheThatchedCottageofDuFu(whowasafamouspoetinTangDynasty),TheWuHouMemorialTemple(whichwasbuiltincommemorationofLiuBeiandZhugeLiang)andTheDujiangyanDam(anancientwaterirrigationprojectconstructedontheMinjiangRiver).17II.CommonErrors18Misuseofparallel

例：Advertisingshouldbeinformative,persuasive,andofinterest.

應(yīng)改為：Advertisingshouldbeinformative,persuasive,andinteresting.19FaultyparallelconstructionsFaultyParallelismWethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andaverycapableyoungwoman.RevisedWethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andverycapable.Wethoughtshewasacharming,intelligent,andverycapableyoungwoman.20FaultyParallelismAmanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobyhisdeeds.RevisedAmanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobywhathedoes.FaultyParallelismWehavegreatfaithandhighhopesforher.RevisedWehavegreatfaithinandhighhopesforher.21AmbiguousreferenceofpronounsAmbiguousShetoldmysisterthatshewaswrong.Clear“Iamwrong,”shesaidtomysister.Sheadmittedthatshewaswrongandsaidsotomysister.“Youarewrong,”shesaidtomysister.Mysisterwastoldthatshewaswrong.ObscureInDreiser’sSisterCarrie,hedescribesapennilessgirl’swaytosuccess.ClearInhisSisterCarrie,Dreiserdescribesapennilessgirl’swaytosuccess.ObscureHewasknockeddownbyabicycle,butitwasnotserious.ClearHewasknockeddownbyabicyclebutwasnotseriouslyhurt.22ObscureIamgoingtothelectureonmodernChinesedrama,becauseheisadramatistIlike.ClearI’mgoingtothelectureonmodernChinesedrama,becausethespeakerisadramatistIlike.ObscureAsshewasgreatlyinfluencedbyherhistoryteacher,shechoseitashermajor.ClearAsshewasgreatlyinfluencedbyherhistoryteacher,shechosehistoryashermajor.23DanglingormisplacedmodifiersFaultyLookingoutofthewindow,thegrasslandstretchesasfarastheeyecansee.

RevisedLookingoutofthewindow,he(she)canseethegrasslandstretchingasfarastheeyecansee.Outsidethewindow,thegrasslandstretchesasfarastheeyecanreach.FaultyOnenteringtheclassroom,thestudentsstoodupandsaid,“Goodmorning!”RevisedWhentheteacherenteredtheclassroom,thestudentsstoodupandsaid,“Goodmorning!”O(jiān)nenteringtheclassroom,theteacherwasgreetedbythestudents,whostoodupandsaid,“Goodmorning!”24NOTICEThereareafewsetphrasesoftenusedtomodifywholesentences,liketobefrank,generallyspeaking,judgingby,andspeakingof,etc.Theylooklikedanglingmodifiersbuttheyarenot.

Judgingbywhatthenewspaperhavesaid,hislatestplayisquitesuccessful.Tobefrank,heisnottherightmanforthisimportantjob.Wehavetostudymanycourses:Chinese,English,maths,physics,chemistry,history,geography,justtonameafew.25Themistwasthickeningasdarknessfell.Beingonlyafiveminutewalktothevillage,therewasnoreasontofeelafraid.Shepickeduphershoppingbasketandleftthehouse.Havingwalkedonlyafewsteps,themistswallowedherup.So,feelingherwayalongafence,atwiglashedherface.Thensheheardheavyfootstepsmovingbehindher.Shestoppedandtheystopped.Hurryingforward,theypursued.Shefoundherselfinasuffocatingworldseizedwithafeelingofhelplessnessandblindness.天黑時(shí)，霧漸濃。離村只有五分鐘的路，沒有害怕的理由。她拿起菜籃離了屋。剛走幾步，濃霧就吞沒了她。因此，她沿著籬笆摸索前行，一根樹枝劃在她的臉上。接著便聽到身后沉重的腳步聲，她止步，腳步聲也止，她疾步向前，腳步聲也緊隨而至。她發(fā)現(xiàn)自己置身于一個(gè)窒息的世界，陷于無助與黑暗之中。26Themistwasthickeningasdarknessfell.Asitwasonlyafive-minutewalktothevillage,therewasnoreasontofeelafraid.Shepickeduphershoppingbasketandleftthehouse.Aftershehadwalkedonlyafewsteps,themistswallowedherup.Whileshewasfeelingherwayalongthefence,atwiglashedherface.Thensheheardheavyfootstepsmovingbehindher.Shestoppedandtheystopped.Shehurriedforwardandtheypursued.Seizedwithafeelingofhelplessnessandblindness,shefoundherselfinasuffocatingworld.27FaultyIreadaninterestingstoryinamagazineaboutsportsmen.RevisedIreadinamagazineaninterestingstoryaboutsportsmen.InamagazineIreadaninterestingstoryaboutsportsmen.FaultySheboughtseveralpicturebooksandputthemintoherbag,whichsheintendedtogivetoherchildren.RevisedSheboughtseveralpicturebooksforherchildrenandputthemintoherbag.Sheputintoherbagthepicturebooksshehadboughtforherchildren.FaultyTheideahementionedatfirstsoundedgood.Theideahefirstmentionedsoundedgood.Theideahementionedsoundedgoodatfirst.Revised28一致性錯(cuò)誤句子中的人稱、主謂、時(shí)態(tài)等出現(xiàn)不一致的現(xiàn)象。例：He,togetherwithhisfriends,havegonetothepark.應(yīng)改為：

He,togetherwithhisfriends,hasgonetothepark.例：Therearequiteafewpeoplewhoisnotawareoftheconsequence.應(yīng)改為：Therearequiteafewpeoplewhoarenotawareoftheconsequence.29ConfusingshiftsAnimportantthingforthestudenttorememberisthatwhenwritingapaper,youshouldnotplagiarize.

ThosewhowishtotakeLinguisticsareaskedtosignhisnameonasheetofpaper.Heleftthelibrarywhenhispaperiswritten.Studentsshouldlearntoanalyzeandsolveproblemsindependently.Don’trelyonyourteachers’help.

30Shereviewedthelessontaughtlastweekandalltheexercisesassignedbytheteacherweredone.ShylockloseshismoneyandhisdaughterandintheendwasforcedtobecomeaChristian.31Correctthefollowingfaultysentences:Mostofthetechnologytransformationshouldbeplacedunderthecontrolofthemarket.

Mostofthetechnologicaltransformationshouldbeplacedunderthecontrolofthemarket.

2.Duringtheeconomicrecoveryperiodintheearly1950s

Duringtheperiodofeconomicrecoveryintheearly1950s323.Whetherreunificationcanbebroughtaboutsmoothlywillbedeterminedbytwofactors.Oneistheresultofthepracticeof“onecountry,twosystems”inHongKong,andtheotheriswhetherwecanmakeabreakthroughineconomicdevelopment.Whetherreunificationcanbebroughtaboutsmoothlywillbedeterminedbytwofactors.Oneishowwellthe“onecountry,twosystems”formulaisappliedinHongKong,andtheotherishowsuccessfulweareindevelopingtheeconomy.33Livingstandardsforthepeopleinbothurbanandruralareascontinuedtorise.

Livingstandardsinbothurbanandruralareascontinuedtorise5.Inrecentyears,Chinahasintroducedmuchtechnologyandequipmentfromabroad,playinganimportantroleinimprovingitspetrochemicaltechnology.Inrecentyears,Chinahasintroducedmuchtechnologyandequipmentfromabroad,andtheseimportshaveplayedanimportantroleinupgradingitspetrochemicaltechnology.34Theoverwhelmingmajorityagreewiththenewinnovation.

Themajorityagreewiththeinnovation.7.Thedevelopmentofoureconomyinthefuturewill,toalargeextent,dependon…

Thedevelopmentofoureconomywilltoalargeextentdependon…Winterstormsthatbringice,sleet,andsnow,theycancausetrafficproblem.

Winterstormsthatbringice,sleet,andsnowcancausetrafficproblem. or:Winterstormsbringice,sleet,andsnowwhichcancausetrafficproblem.35Thepriceofonetonofcrudeoilis1,300yuanonthemarket,whileitisonly800yuanifitissoldtothegovernment.

Thepriceofonetonofcrudeoilis1,300yuanifitissoldonthemarketbutonly800yuanifitissoldtothegovernment.Theriverwillfloodagainnextyearunlesswewillbuildabetterdam.

Theriverwillfloodagainnextyearunlesswebuildabetterdam.36Thedelegatesagreedthatthesearevitalissuesforthenextcentury,bothforpeople’squalityoflifeandforsavingtheenvironment.Thedelegatesagreedthatthesearevitalissuesforthenextcentury,bothforthequalityofpeople’slivesandforthepreservationofenvironment.IfIwouldhavetrainedfortherace,Imighthavewon.

IfIhadbeentrainedfortherace,Iwouldhavewon.TheinstructordividedtheworkbetweenSamandI.

TheinstructordividedtheworkbetweenSamandme.37HermothertoldhershewasgoingtovisitBeijing.

Hermothertoldher,“IamgoingtovisitBeijing.”Weshouldalsoreviewourexperiencefrequentlyandmakeadjustmentsinlightoftheactualconditionswhenwefindproblems.Weshouldalsoreviewourexperiencefrequentlyand,whenwefindproblems,makeadjustmentsinlightoftheactualconditions38Fromtheirpointofview,manyprojectsformeetinglocalneedsareprimary,butinviewoftheoverallinterest,theyareoftenregardedassecondaryandcanbepostponed.(tolerable)

Fromtheirpointofview,manyprojectsdesignedtomeetlocalneedsareofprimaryimportance,butfromtheoverallpointofviewitisquitepossiblethattheyaresecondaryandcanbepostponed.39Economically,wearestrugglingforthedemocracyofdistributionoffoodgrain,reductionofrentandinterest,increaseofwages,gettingridofunemploymentanddevelopingproduction.

Economically,wearestrugglingtoensurethedemocraticdistributionofgrain,reducerentsandinterestrates,increasewages,eliminateunemploymentanddevelopproduction.40Ifeachenterprisegoesitalone,theywillneverbeabletoimprovethequalityoftheirproducts.

Ifeachenterprisegoesitalone,itwillneverbeabletoimprovethequalityofitsproducts.41LiYilipointsoutthatthesenortherntribeswerestillintheearlystageoffeudalismorslaverywhentheyconqueredtheHan-Chinesepopulatedareaswherefeudalismhadenjoyeditszenith(頂點(diǎn)，極點(diǎn)）.TherefinedliteratureandtheluxuriouslifestyleofthenobleHanChineseweretoopowerfultoresist,whilemaintainingtheirownmilitarymightbecameaburden.

LiYilipointsoutthatthesenortherntribeswerestillintheearlystageoffeudalismorslaverywhentheyconqueredtheareaspopulatedbyHan-Chinese,wherefeudalismwasatitszenith.TherefinedliteratureandluxuriouslifestyleofthenobleHanChineseweretoopowerfulforthetribestoresist,whiletheyfounditanincreasingburdentomaintaintheirownmilitarymight.

4221.Ratherthanbeingajudgewhopronouncestheverdict,theteacherbecomesaneditorwhoguidesstudents'writingwiththismethod.Withthismethod,theteacherbecomesaneditorwhoguidesstudents'writing,ratherthanajudgewhopronouncestheverdict.43III.BetterYourSentences44VerbPhraseandItsCorrespondingAbstractNoun(1):ObservationsCollegelifemakesmefeelexcited.Ifyoucomparetwowaysoflifecarefully,youwillfindtheformerissuperiortothelatter.Thelife-stylehasbecomeacceptedandwelcomebymoreandmoreyoungpeople.Ourparentsalwaysexpectustomakeprogressinschoolandifwefailtodoso,theywillaskwhy.grammaticallyrightbutinfluencedbythewriter’sChinesewayofthinkingnotpureEnglishunacceptableinEnglishcountries45VerbPhraseandItsCorrespondingAbstractNoun(2):TheoriesWhyunacceptable?

GrammaticalComparisonsofChinese&English

ChineseEnglishNounsnoderivativesFewerabstractnounsrichinderivatives派生詞colorfulinabstractnounsPrepositionsafewmanyTendencyofexpressingideasVividexpressionsdependuponverbstoomuch.Abstractnounsareusedtoreplacesomemeaningsofverbs.46VerbsinChineseandEnglish老栓還躊躇著，這黑的人便搶過燈籠，一把拽下紙罩，裹了饅頭，塞與老栓，一手抓過洋錢，轉(zhuǎn)身去了，嘴里哼著說……晴雯先接出來，笑道：“好啊，叫我研了墨，早起高興，只寫了三個(gè)字，扔下筆就走了，哄我等了這一天，快來給我寫完了這些墨才算呢！”InthemidstofitcomesunexpectedlyovertheradiotheannouncementofthePresidentoftheUnitedStatesdeclaringastateofemergencyforsuspectedenemymissileapproaching.47SamplesofNominalSuffixes:-tion:realization,examination,transportation,contribution-sion:decision,conclusion,confusion-ity:formality,ability,responsibility,capability-ment:advertisement,development,movement-ence:emergence;dependence,persistence,-ance:tolerance,endurance,assistance,-ism:criticism,alcoholism-ness:carelessness,thoughtfulness,consciousness-ing:understanding,building48VerbPhraseandItsCorrespondingAbstractNoun(3):RevisionsCollegelifemakesmefeelexcited.Ifyoucomparetwowaysoflifecarefully,youwillfindtheformerissuperiortothelatter.Thelife-stylehasbecomeacceptedandwelcomedbymoreandmoreyoungpeople.4.Ourparentsalwaysexpectustomakeprogressinschoolandifwefailtodoso,theywillaskwhy.Collegelifefilledmewithexcitement.Carefulcomparisonoftwowaysoflifewillshowyouthesuperiorityoftheformeroverthelatter.Thelifestylehasfounditsgrowingpopularityandacceptanceamongyoungpeople.Ourparentsalwaysexpectprogressofusinschoolandquestionitsabsence.49VerbPhraseandItsCorrespondingAbstractNoun(4):MoreExamplesThemayorsaidthathewasverygratefulbecausetheconstructionworkerswereverydedicatedandcompetent.Ifwedon’trecognizehowserioustheproblemofgrowingpopulationis,wewillmakeabigmistake.Thissolutioniswelcomedandacceptedbycollegestudentsimmediately.4.Thisincidenthelpsmetounderstandthenatureofhumanbeingsdeeply.Themayorexpressedhisappreciationofthededicationandcompetenceoftheconstructionworkers.Failuretorecognizetheseriousnessofgrowingpopulationwillleadtoabigmistake.Thissolutionfindsimmediatewelcomeandacceptanceamongcollegestudents.Thisincidentdeepensmyunderstandingofthenatureofhumanbeings.505.Iamverygladofthisthathewillaccompanymetotravelonthelongjourney.6.Weallseethatitisverynecessarytoreviseoureducationalsystem.7.WhenIbecameapostgraduate,thewholefamilyfeltproudofmeandeventhewholevillagetalkedaboutme.8.Justimagine!TomakemyparentswaitforawholeweekwithoutgettingmynewswhetherIarrivedsafelyornot.Iamverygladofhiscompanyonthelongjourney.Weallseethenecessityoftherevisionofoureducationalsystem.Asacollegestudent,Ibecametheprideofthefamilyandeventhetalkofthevillage.Justimagine!Toleavemyparentsawholeweekwithoutnewsofmysafearrival.51Dynamic&StaticVerbsinEnglishandChinese(1):ObservationDynamicverbsandStaticVerbs?

Dynamicverbs(sometimesreferredtoas"actionverbs")usuallydescribeactionswecantake,orthingsthathappen;staticverbsusuallyrefertoastateorconditionwhichisnotchangingorlikelytochange.

Samplesofstaticverbs:

外國語是人生戰(zhàn)斗的一種武器。/她有一雙大大的眼睛。52Samplesofstaticverbs:位于小鎮(zhèn)一邊的山坡上是三五成群的綿羊。路邊滿是盛開的黃花。另一邊則是高高的銀頂山。瓦口要隘就在近四百公尺的高處。

TranslationinChinglishway:Ononesideofthetowntherearemanysheepinthehillsandalongtheroadsareyellowwildflowers.OntheothersidethereistheBigSilverTopandnearly400metersup,WakouPassisthroughit.

Translationofanative-speaker:Ononesideofthetown,sheepabounded

byfoursandfivesinthehills,andyellowwildflowerslinedtheroads.OntheothersiderosetheBigSilverTopandnearly400metersup,WakouPasscutthroughit.53Dynamic&StaticVerbsinEnglishandChinese(2):TheoriesChineseoverusesofstaticverbsEnglishForvividness,usingdynamicverbsasmanyaspossibleSamples:TheSummerPalaceisoneofthebiggestandoldestparksinChina.ItisthemostbeautifulparkinBeijingaswell.Inthepark,therearemanyfamousarchitectureswhichmakeitdifferentfromotherparks.Ontheriverbankstherearemanywillowtreeswiththeirbranchesbendingintowater.ManyfamousarchitecturalfeaturesdistinguishtheSummerPalace,oneofthebiggestandoldestparksinChina,fromjustanyotherpark.Manywillowtreesbendtheirbranchesintotheriver.54Dynamic&StaticVerbsinEnglishandChinese(3):Samples3.生態(tài)失去平衡是野生動(dòng)植物，乃至人類生存的最大威脅。Ecologicalimbalanceisthebiggestthreattothesurvivalofwildanimalsandplants,evenhumanbeings.4.自我形象是看待成功和失敗的基礎(chǔ)。Self-conceptionisthebasisofone’sattitudetowardssuccessandfailure.5.互相尊重的精神是我們文化合作的基礎(chǔ)。Thespiritofmutualrespectisthebasisofourculturalcooperation.6.這些原則一直是我們民族的精神支柱。Theseprinciplesarethespiritualpillarsofournations.Ecologicalimbalancethreatensthesurvivalofwildanimalsandplants,evenhumanbeings.Self-conceptionunderlinesone’sattitudetowardssuccessandfailure.Theframeworkofmutualrespectsustainsourownculturalcooperation.Theseprincipleshavenourishedthesoulofournation.55SentenceStructuresinEnglishandChinese(1):Theories漢語句子沒有主謂語框架的語法限制，它可以幾個(gè)動(dòng)詞結(jié)構(gòu)連用，幾個(gè)名詞短語連續(xù)平行鋪排；也正是沒有非謂語形式和定語從句，沒有發(fā)達(dá)的連接詞，要表達(dá)復(fù)雜的思想時(shí)，只能借助自然詞序，按動(dòng)作發(fā)生的順序或因果邏輯關(guān)系來排列，分句之間只能以意相連，逐步交代，層層鋪開，一一道來，呈線性結(jié)構(gòu)（竹竿型）。如圖：例1.我國政府恢復(fù)對香港行使主權(quán)，雪洗了中華民族的百年恥辱，可以告慰無數(shù)的革命先烈和前輩。（江澤民《十五大報(bào)告》）例2.這五年，首先是農(nóng)村改革帶來許多新的變化，農(nóng)作物大幅度增產(chǎn)，農(nóng)民收入大幅度增加，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)異軍突起。例3.我們的國家大，人口眾多，經(jīng)濟(jì)落后，農(nóng)業(yè)要搞上去，最重要的還是要依靠一系列正確的政策調(diào)動(dòng)農(nóng)民的積極性，自力更生，艱苦奮斗。56SentenceStructuresinEnglishandChinese(2):Theories英語有著極為豐富的介詞、連詞和漢語中沒有的關(guān)系代詞、關(guān)系副詞、分詞、動(dòng)名詞等。它可以撇開按動(dòng)作順序造句的限制，而依賴于從句結(jié)構(gòu)和上述詞類作為鉤子著重在空間操作、搭架，形成樹型構(gòu)造。見圖：57Sample:aSentencethedatashowBasedonanimaltestsofnearly1000chemicals,AdverbialMainClausethatdailyconsumptionoftheaveragepeanut-buttersandwich,…is100timesmoredangerousthanourdailyintakeofDDTfromfoodwhichcontainstracesofaflatoxin黃曲霉毒素(anaturallyoccurringmoldcarcinogen致癌物

inpeanuts)AppositiveAttributiveClauseandthataglassofthemostpollutedwellwaterintheSiliconValleyis1000timeslessofcancerriskthanaglassofwineorbeeris.ObjectClauseNo.1ObjectClauseNo.2譯文：以將近1000種化學(xué)物質(zhì)作的動(dòng)物試驗(yàn)所得到的數(shù)據(jù)表明，每日所消耗的普通花生醬三明治中含有的微量黃曲霉素（花生中天然存在的一種霉菌致癌物）比我們每日從食物中攝取DDT的危險(xiǎn)大100倍。一杯硅谷最受污染的井水比一杯葡萄酒或啤酒致癌的危險(xiǎn)要小1000倍。581.我國政府恢復(fù)對香港行使主權(quán)，雪洗了中華民族的百年恥辱，可以告慰無數(shù)的革命先烈和前輩。2.這五年，首先是農(nóng)村改革帶來許多新的變化，農(nóng)作物大幅度增產(chǎn)，農(nóng)民收入大幅度增加，鄉(xiāng)鎮(zhèn)企業(yè)異軍突起。3.我們的國家大，人口眾多，經(jīng)濟(jì)落后，農(nóng)業(yè)要搞上去，最重要的還是要依靠一系列正確的政策調(diào)動(dòng)農(nóng)民的積極性，自力更生，艱苦奮斗。SentenceStructuresinEnglishandChinese(2):SamplesNowthattheChinesegovernmenthasresumedtheexercisesofsovereignoverHongKong,ithaswipedoutthecentury-oldhumiliationoftheChinesenation,aconsolationtonumerousrevolutionarymartyrsandveterans.Duringthosefiveyears,ruralreformbroughtaboutmanychanges:agreatincreaseincropproductionandinfarmers’incomeaswellastheriseofruralenterprisesasanewforce.Agricultureadvanceinsovastacountry,withsuchalargepopulationandbackwardeconomyasinChina,requiresaboveallaseriesofcorrectpolicieswhichmotivatethefarmertoworkhardandself-reliantly.59SentenceStructuresinEnglishandChinese(3):Samples要改變中國學(xué)生大量使用簡單句、并列句的傾向，就要善于利用英語中的從句、分句、介詞短語等語言形式，構(gòu)筑大樹。這是改變竹竿型簡單句，寫出地道英語句子的關(guān)鍵。4.Teachersplayanimportantroleineducation.Theirsocialstatusshouldbeimproved.Butinthepasttheyhaveseldomenjoyed,thoughtheyhavedeserved.5.Collegestudentsnowareprimarilyinterestedingrades.Sotheycheatmorefrequentlyinexam,unlikethosewhograduatedinthe80s.Theyareonlyconcernedwiththeirownpersonalfuture.Theyconsiderverylittletheproblemsofsociety.Teachersplaysuchanimportantroleineducationthattheirsocialstatusshouldbeimproved,thestatustheyhavealwaysdeservedbutseldomenjoyedinthepast.Collegestudentsprimarilyinterestedingradesareexpectedtocheatmorefrequentlyintheexamthanthosewhograduatedinthe80s,andtheyarelessconcernedwiththeproblemsofsocietythantheirownpersonalfuture.60SentenceStructuresinEnglishandChinese(4):Samples6.Somepeoplesucceed.Somepeoplefail.Theessentialdifferenceisnotthenumberofopportunities.Itiswhethertheycantakeadvantageofopportunities.7.Shanghaihasapopulationofover13millionandisoneofthelargestcitiesintheworld.Oneessentialdifferencebetweenthosewhosucceedandthosewhofallliesinthewaytheycantakeadvantageofopportunitiesratherthantheirnumbers.Shanghai,acitywithapopulationofover13million,isoneofthelargestcitiesintheworld.61Tryadifferentbeginningforyoursentences.62Group1:Sentencesbeginningwith"there".ThereisnotenoughevidencetoshowthatthisattackwascarriedoutbyBinLadin.Thereisalwaysachanceforthosewhowon'tgiveup.63Group2:Sentencesbeginningwithnumbersorideas.Morethan5,000peoplehavebeenreporteddeadormissingintheSept.11thattack.ManyofFreud'sideasarequitehardtounderstand.64Group3:Sentencesbeginningwithprepositions.Inthe1980's,computerwasstillanoveltytomostChinese.Bytheentrancestoodtwoarmedpolicemen.65Group4.Sentencesbeginningwith"Although/If“Althoughwetakeoursenseofsmellforgranted,itslosscanmakeeverythingaroundusagreatmess.Ifdaydreamingisreallyuniversal,doyouthinkitisreallyuseful?66Group5.Sentencesbeginningwith"When/While".Whenonememberisill,thewholefamilywillbecomedistressed.WhileFreudempha