考點(diǎn)22概要寫作之實(shí)戰(zhàn)技巧（下）高考英語一輪復(fù)習(xí)（教師版）

考點(diǎn)22概要寫作之各類體裁實(shí)戰(zhàn)技巧（下）近年真題考點(diǎn)分布題型概要寫作2020上海秋考說明文?？茖W(xué)家們已經(jīng)在猴子和鳥類身上發(fā)現(xiàn)了語言和智力的跡象。2020上海春考說明文。由于研究和發(fā)展的復(fù)雜性，全球科學(xué)和技術(shù)方面的合作是可取的。2019上海秋考議論文。不要成為最新電子設(shè)備的第一個(gè)用戶。。2019上海春考說明文。介紹蜜蜂正以驚人的速度消失，這可能和運(yùn)輸、農(nóng)作物使用殺蟲劑以及環(huán)境有關(guān)。2018上海秋考議論文。年輕人如何吸引他們未來的雇主。2018上海春考說明文。科學(xué)家們認(rèn)為人類生來就有笑的能力及笑的原因?！舅季S導(dǎo)圖】【知識(shí)梳理】記敘文、說明文、議論文、研究報(bào)告類概要寫作技巧記敘文：what/who/when/where/why/how（語篇模式）議論文：opinion/idea+argument(supportingideas/reasons)（語篇模式）說明文：phenomenon/problem+reason+solution(causeandeffect),introductionofanobject(howitismade,howitisused,howitmaychange,whatmakesitneworsignificant)（語篇模式）新聞報(bào)道類：

afocusonthefirstparagraphandthefirstandlastsentencesoftheotherparagraphs

研究報(bào)告類：purposeofresearch/experimentalsubject/processofresearch/resultofresearch/researchsignificance/application概要寫作的基本原則用盡可能少的詞匯集中展現(xiàn)原材料的主要思想和觀點(diǎn)。概要是簡寫或再現(xiàn)其他人的觀點(diǎn)、思想，是再現(xiàn)(representation)。無須加評論，要客觀呈現(xiàn)原文的思想。概要寫作的特點(diǎn)完整：用自己的語言簡要概括原文的主要思想和觀點(diǎn)簡要：去掉不必要的細(xì)節(jié)，如例子，解釋等其他信息（通常是原文的四分之一或五分之一）連貫：概要不是關(guān)鍵詞句的堆積，而應(yīng)該是一個(gè)邏輯性強(qiáng)、意義連貫的段落?？陀^性：要忠實(shí)于原文，不要在概要中加入自己的想法或觀點(diǎn)。概要寫作的基本結(jié)構(gòu)文章體裁主題句拓展句概要形式記敘文故事的寫作目的/主題（1句）故事大意，突出沖突以及故事背后的深意（2-3句）主題句+若干拓展句；主題句+若干拓展句+總結(jié)研究報(bào)告類新聞報(bào)道類新聞/研究發(fā)現(xiàn)的概要（1句）研究過程及最后結(jié)果（2-3句）說明文說明的觀點(diǎn)/對象/現(xiàn)象（1句）解釋/分述（2-3句）議論文文章論點(diǎn)（1句）論據(jù)（2-3句）概要寫作考查的能力閱讀理解的能力：看懂文章結(jié)構(gòu)，根據(jù)短文的結(jié)構(gòu)總結(jié)出作者所表達(dá)的每個(gè)層次的觀點(diǎn)；意義刪選的能力：會(huì)區(qū)分事實(shí)與觀點(diǎn)、重要和次要、普遍與特殊、相關(guān)與不相關(guān)、原因和結(jié)果等邏輯關(guān)系；釋義能力：根據(jù)同義或近義原則用英文解釋英文，用自己的語言解釋比較復(fù)雜的語言文字，不能照抄原文；邏輯組織能力：將總結(jié)和釋義好的幾個(gè)相對獨(dú)立的句子進(jìn)行有效銜接以使行文連貫。解題步驟1.確定文章體裁，并找出文章的mainpoints;2.用自己的語言(paraphrase)把文章的mainpoints表達(dá)出來；3.注意summary段落的邏輯性和連貫性；4.檢查是否有自己的觀點(diǎn)，若有需刪除；5.檢查單詞拼寫、語法等?！疽c(diǎn)梳理】要點(diǎn)一：記敘文概要寫作技巧實(shí)例分析閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。YesterdayMattwassick.IpickedupArchiefromthesitterandEloisefromschoolanddecidedtoruntoTargetforafewthings.Ihadhopedtobeinandoutquickly.Ifoundalinewithjustonepersonaheadofmeandbeganorganizingmyitemsontheconveyor.Afterplacingmyitems,Ilookeduptoseethatthepersonaheadofmewasanelderlywoman.Shewaspayingforheritemswithchangeandwantedtopurchaseeachseparately.Iwasfrustratedwiththiswomanandtheinconvenienceshehadplacedonme.ButthenIwatchedtheyoungemployeewiththiswoman.Iwatchedhimhelphercountherchange,eversosoftlytakingitfromhershakinghands.Whensheaskedifshehadenoughtobuyareusablebag,hetoldhershedidandwenttwolinesovertogetoneforherandthenrepackagedheritems.Neveroncewasthisemployeeangry.Hewasnothingbutpatientandkind.AsIwaswatchinghim,IsawthatEloisewastoo.Shewasstandingnexttothewoman,watchingtheemployeecountthechange.IrealizedIhadn’tbeeninconveniencedatall.Thatmydaughterwasinsteadwitnessingkindnessandpatienceandbeingtaughtthisvaluablelessonbyacompletestranger.Whenthewomanwasfinished,theemployeebeganringingupmyitemsandthankedmeformypatience.Ithenthankedhimforteachinguspatienceandkindnessbyhistreatmentofthatelderlywoman.Whenhewasfinished,Ipushedmycartthroughthestoretryingtofindthemanager.Iwantedhertoknowoftheemployee’skindnessandpatienceandhowmuchitmeanttome.Aftertrackingherdownandsharingthestorywithher,weleftTargetwithacartfullofconsumableitems,butwhatismore,aheartfullofgratitudeforsuchaninvaluablelesson.IfyouareeverintheGlendaleTarget,giveIshmaelasmileandanod.Theworldcouldusemorepeoplelikehim.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【文本解讀】這是一篇記敘文。文章主要講述了作者的一次購物經(jīng)歷。作者帶著孩子們?nèi)ベ徫?，排在前面結(jié)賬的老人比較麻煩，但收銀員耐心的對待老人。作者被這位員工的德行所感動(dòng)，并希望自己的孩子能從中學(xué)到些東西。同時(shí)，作者將這位員工的德行分享給了經(jīng)理，并希望其他顧客也能對他的德行稱贊?！疽c(diǎn)摘錄】①YesterdayMattwassick.IpickedupArchiefromthesitterandEloisefromschoolanddecidedtoruntoTargetforafewthings.②Shewaspayingforheritemswithchangeandwantedtopurchaseeachseparately.Iwasfrustratedwiththiswomanandtheinconvenienceshehadplacedonme.③Neveroncewasthisemployeeangry.Hewasnothingbutpatientandkind.④Thatmydaughterwasinsteadwitnessingkindnessandpatienceandbeingtaughtthisvaluablelessonbyacompletestranger.⑤Aftertrackingherdownandsharingthestorywithher,weleftTargetwithacartfullofconsumableitems,butwhatismore,aheartfullofgratitudeforsuchaninvaluablelesson.⑥IfyouareeverintheGlendaleTarget,giveIshmaelasmileandanod.Theworldcouldusemorepeoplelikehim.【整合要點(diǎn)】將第①要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行重組；將第②③兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行重組整合概括；將第④要點(diǎn)重組；將第⑤⑥要點(diǎn)整合概括?！颈磉_(dá)要點(diǎn)】①Oneday,theauthorwithtwochildrenwenttoTargetforshopping.②Whilewaitinginline,shefoundanoldladywastroublesome,buttheyoungemployeetreatedherpatiently.③Shewastouchedbyhiskindnessandpatienceandthoughtherchildrenwouldlearnalotfromthisexperience.④Shesharedthestorywiththemanagerandhopedotherscouldpraisetheemployee’skindnessandpatience.【參考答案】Oneday,theauthorwithtwochildrenwenttoTargetforshopping.Whilewaitinginline,shefoundanoldladywastroublesome,buttheyoungemployeetreatedherpatiently.Shewastouchedbyhiskindnessandpatienceandthoughtherchildrenwouldlearnalotfromthisexperience.Shesharedthestorywiththemanagerandhopedotherscouldpraisetheemployee’skindnessandpatience.要點(diǎn)二：說明文概要寫作技巧實(shí)例分析閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。It’sareallygoodideatovisitcollegesbeforeyouapplybecausetheirwebsitescanallstarttolookandsoundthesame.Nothingwillgiveyouthesenseofwhatitwillactuallybeliketoliveonacollegecampuslikevisitingandseeingforyourselfthedorms,classroomsandathleticequipmentand,ofcourse,thestudents.Itseemsalittlecrazyoncesenioryearhitstofindthetimetovisitcollegecampuses,anditcanalsobepriceyiftheschoolsyouareapplyingtohappentobemorethanacarrideaway.Butkeepinmindthatyouaremakingadecisionaboutthenextfouryearsofyourlife,anddoalltheresearchyoucantomakesureyouaremakingtherightone.There’snoexcusenottovisittheschoolsinyourlocalarea.Infact,alotofcollegeapplicationsevenaskifyouhavevisitedcampus,andobviously,ifyouliveacrossthecountrythatwon’tbeasmuchofapossibility,butifyoulivenearby,gocheckitout!Ifcampusvisitsaren’tgoingtohappenbeforeyouapply,attheveryleastyoushouldfindsometimebetweenapplyingandgettingyouracceptanceletterstovisittheschoolsyou’dliketoattend.Itcansaveyoualotofheartacheifyouruleoutnowthethingsthatyoudon’tlikeaboutcertaincampuses,thingsthatyouwouldn’tknowunlessyouactuallyvisit.Now,iftimeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible,thencheckouttheonlinecollegefairsatCollegeWeekLive.It’sachancetochatonlinewithadmissionsofficers,students,andcollegecounselors(顧問),anditwon’tcostyouapenny!Youcanregisterforitsonlinecollegefairat.Whilevisitinganonlinecollegefaircan’ttaketheplaceofanactualcampusvisit,itcanbeaveryusefultoolthatalongwithallyourotherresearchwillhelpyoumakeaninformeddecisionaboutwhichcollegesoruniversitiesyou’dliketoattend.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【文本解讀】本文體裁是說明文，主要大意是報(bào)考大學(xué)之前要進(jìn)行實(shí)地考察。文章一共分四段，先看每段的主題句和關(guān)鍵詞。【要點(diǎn)摘錄】第一段：It’sareallygoodideatovisitcollegesbeforeyouapplybecausetheirwebsitescanallstarttolookandsoundthesame.關(guān)鍵詞：visitcollegesbeforeyouapply后面講的是各種理由。第二段：There’snoexcusenottovisittheschoolsinyourlocalarea.關(guān)鍵詞：visittheschoolsinyourlocalarea當(dāng)?shù)氐拇髮W(xué)也要去。第三段：Ifcampusvisitsaren’tgoingtohappenbeforeyouapply,attheveryleastyoushouldfindsometimebetweenapplyingandgettingyouracceptanceletterstovisittheschoolsyou’dliketoattend.關(guān)鍵詞：findsometimetovisittheschoolsyou’dliketoattend.即使申請前沒時(shí)間，但是申請和收到認(rèn)可信之間也要抽空去，否則會(huì)有頭痛的事。第四段：Now,iftimeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible,thencheckouttheonlinecollegefairsatCollegeWeekLive.關(guān)鍵詞：checkouttheonlinecollegefairs可以通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)了解大學(xué)。本文結(jié)構(gòu)很清晰，每段都是先是主題句，后面用表示理由或結(jié)果的細(xì)節(jié)來支撐主題句。對于此類文章，只需要抓住每一個(gè)段落的主題句，找出關(guān)鍵詞，再對主題句進(jìn)行詞匯、句式轉(zhuǎn)換，然后用上適當(dāng)?shù)倪B接詞，使文章更連貫，這樣概要就基本搞定。【答案】It’sreallyworthwhiletopayavisittotheirdesiredcollegespersonallybeforeapplying.Undoubtedly,studentsshouldvisittheirlocalcolleges,whichmaybeincludedinapplications.Atleast,theyshouldvisittheschoolandfigureoutitsrealconditionsinadvance.Forstudentswhoareshortofmoneyandtime,registeringfortheonlinecollegefairisagoodalternativetohelpthembetterunderstandschools.要點(diǎn)三：議論文概要寫作技巧實(shí)例分析閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Parentseverywherepraisetheirkids.JennBerman,authorofTheAtoZGuidetoRaisingHappyandConfidentKids,says,“We’vegonetotheoppositeextremeofafewdecadesagowhenparentstendedtobemorestrict.”Bygivingkidsalotofpraise,parentsthinkthey’rebuildingtheirchildren’sconfidence,when,infact,itmaybejusttheopposite.Toomuchpraisecanbackfireand,whengiveninawaythat’sinsincere,makekidsafraidtotrynewthingsortakeariskforfearofnotbeingabletostayontopwheretheirparents’praisehasputthem.Still,don’tgotoofarintheotherdirection.Notgivingenoughpraisecanbejustasdamagingasgivingtoomuch.Kidswillfeellikethey’renotgoodenoughorthatyoudon’tcareand,asaresult,mayseenopointintryinghardfortheiraccomplishments.Sowhatistherightamountofpraise?Expertssaythatthequalityofpraiseismoreimportantthanthequantity.Ifpraiseissincereandfocusedontheeffortnottheoutcome,youcangiveitasoftenasyourchilddoessomethingthatdeservesaverbalreward.“Weshouldespeciallyrecognizeourchildren’seffortstopushthemselvesandworkhardtoachieveagoal,”saysDonahue,authorofParentingWithoutFear:LettingGoofWorryandFocusingonWhatReallyMatters.“Onethingtorememberisthatit’stheprocessnottheendproductthatmatters.”Yoursonmaynotbethebestbasketballplayeronhisteam.Butifhe’soutthereeverydayandplayinghard,youshouldpraisehiseffortregardlessofwhetherhisteamwinsorloses.Praisingtheeffortandnottheoutcomecanalsomeanrecognizingyourchildwhenshehasworkedhardtocleantheyard,cookdinner,orfinishabookreport.Butwhateveritis,praiseshouldbegivenonacase-by-casebasisandbeproportionate(相稱的)totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【文本解讀】本篇體裁體裁為議論文；本文主旨：父母對孩子的表揚(yáng)過多過少都會(huì)帶來不好的后果，恰當(dāng)?shù)谋頁P(yáng)應(yīng)著重表揚(yáng)孩子做事過程中的努力而非結(jié)果。各段段意：1.現(xiàn)在的父母表揚(yáng)孩子過多，會(huì)帶來負(fù)面的影響，如孩子害怕嘗試新事物或者害怕達(dá)不到父母的高期待等。2.過少的表揚(yáng)也是有害的，會(huì)讓孩子覺得自己不好，沒有得到父母的關(guān)心或覺得自己的努力沒有意義。3.正確的方式應(yīng)該是注重贊美的質(zhì)量而不是數(shù)量，注重孩子努力的過程而非結(jié)果。4.表揚(yáng)要適當(dāng)，要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況。分段解讀(劃線部分為重點(diǎn)內(nèi)容，其中“praise”是本文的中心詞)：【要點(diǎn)摘錄】第一段：①Parentseverywherepraisetheirkids.②JennBerman,authorofTheAtoZGuidetoRaisingHappyandConfidentKids,says,”We’vegonetotheoppositeextremeofafewdecadesagowhenparentstendedtobemorestrict.”③Bygivingkidsalotofpraise,parentsthinkthey’rebuildingtheirchildren’sconfidence,when,infact,itmaybejusttheopposite.④Toomuchpraisecanbackfireand,whengiveninawaythat’sinsincere,makekidsafraidtotrynewthingsortakeariskforfearofnotbeingabletostayontopwheretheirparents’praisehasputthem.句①指出存在的社會(huì)現(xiàn)狀：父母到處表揚(yáng)孩子。句②對于第一句傳達(dá)的信息進(jìn)行了修正：JennBerman提出了以前父母對孩子要求過于嚴(yán)格，但現(xiàn)在走到了反面。句③給出了作者的觀點(diǎn)：父母認(rèn)為給孩子很多表揚(yáng)是構(gòu)建他們的自信，事實(shí)上可能情況相反。句④是對第三句話中theopposite的具體解析。為何情況相反呢？作者給出了假設(shè)與說明，作為支撐信息。由此，句①與句②可以看作是導(dǎo)入，把句③暫定為主題句，可統(tǒng)領(lǐng)其他幾句。第二段：①Still,don’tgotoofarintheotherdirection.②Notgivingenoughpraisecanbejustasdamagingasgivingtoomuch.③Kidswillfeellikethey’renotgoodenoughorthatyoudon’tcareand,asaresult,mayseenopointintryinghardfortheiraccomplishments.

句①提出忠告：不要走另一個(gè)極端，表揚(yáng)太少。句②提出作者觀點(diǎn)：不給足夠的表揚(yáng)與給的表揚(yáng)太多同樣有害。句③說明具體是怎樣的害處：孩子會(huì)認(rèn)為他們不夠優(yōu)秀或者你不關(guān)心他們，他們看不到努力獲取成就的意義。第三段：①Sowhatistherightamountofpraise?②Expertssaythatthequalityofpraiseismoreimportantthanthequantity.③Ifpraiseissincereandfocusedontheeffortnottheoutcome,youcangiveitasoftenasyourchilddoessomethingthatdeservesaverbalreward.④“Weshouldespeciallyrecognizeourchildren’seffortstopushthemselvesandworkhardtoachieveagoal,”saysDonahue,authorofParentingWithoutFear:LettingGoofWorryandFocusingonWhatReallyMatters.⑤“Onethingtorememberisthatit’stheprocessnottheendproductthatmatters.”

句①提出問題：怎樣的表揚(yáng)才是合適的？句②專家的觀點(diǎn)：專家們說表揚(yáng)的質(zhì)量比數(shù)量更重要。句③提出解決問題的辦法：假如表揚(yáng)是真誠的，關(guān)注于努力而不是結(jié)果，在孩子做了值得表揚(yáng)的事情的時(shí)候盡可能多地表揚(yáng)。句④和句⑤得出結(jié)論：我們應(yīng)該認(rèn)可孩子盡力去達(dá)到目標(biāo)所付出的努力。是過程而不是結(jié)果真正重要。第四段：①Yoursonmaynotbethebestbasketballplayeronhisteam.②Butifhe’soutthereeverydayandplayinghard,youshouldpraisehiseffortregardlessofwhetherhisteamwinsorloses.③Praisingtheeffortandnottheoutcomecanalsomeanrecognizingyourchildwhenshehasworkedhardtocleantheyard,cookdinner,orfinishabookreport.④Butwhateveritis,praiseshouldbegivenonacase-by-casebasisandbeproportionate(相稱的)totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit.句①②③的舉例都是為了表達(dá)我們要表揚(yáng)孩子努力的過程而不是結(jié)果。句④提出父母應(yīng)該怎樣表揚(yáng)：不管是什么，表揚(yáng)應(yīng)該基于個(gè)案，與孩子投入的努力相稱。對上述分析的內(nèi)容進(jìn)行整合構(gòu)建要點(diǎn)：要點(diǎn)1：如今，父母總是給孩子相當(dāng)多的贊揚(yáng)，希望建立他們的自信心，但是這可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生相反的效果；要點(diǎn)2：父母對孩子表揚(yáng)不夠同樣有損孩子的自信心；要點(diǎn)3：專家認(rèn)為，父母應(yīng)該因?yàn)榕^程而贊揚(yáng)孩子，而不是因?yàn)槭虑榈慕Y(jié)果；要點(diǎn)4：孩子如果很努力，確實(shí)值得被贊揚(yáng)?？傊改附o孩子的贊揚(yáng)的多少取決于孩子的努力程度。將整合后的要點(diǎn)用自己的話表達(dá)出來：Point1:Nowadays,parentsalwaysgivetheirchildrenalotofpraiseandhopetobuildtheirself-confidence,butthismayhavetheoppositeeffect.Point2:Parents’notenoughpraisefortheirchildrenwillalsodamagetheirchildren’sself-confidence.Point3:Expertsbelievethatparentsshouldpraisetheirchildrenbecauseoftheirhardwork,notbecauseoftheresultofthings.Point4:Ifchildrenworkhard,theyarereallyworthyofpraise.Inshort,howmuchparentspraisetheirchildrendependsonhowhardtheywork.將以上要點(diǎn)銜接成篇：Nowadays,parentsalwaysgivetheirchildrenalotofpraiseandhopetobuildtheirself-confidence,butthismayhavetheoppositeeffect.However,parents’notenoughpraisefortheirchildrenwillalsodamagetheirchildren’sself-confidence.Therefore,expertsbelievethatparentsshouldpraisetheirchildrenbecauseoftheirhardwork,notbecauseoftheresultofthings.Meanwhile,ifchildrenworkhard,theyarereallyworthyofpraise.Inshort,howmuchparentspraisetheirchildrendependsonhowhardtheywork.修改潤色后謄寫上卡：Nowadays,parentstendtoofferconsiderablepraisetotheirchildren,hopingtobuildtheirconfidence,butitmayproducetheoppositeeffect.However,insufficientpraisefromparentsalsodoesharmtochildren’sself-confidence.Therefore,expertsclaimthatsincerepraiseshouldbegivenfortheprocessnotfortheresult.Meanwhile,kidsdodeservepraiseiftheymakegreateffort.Anyway,theamountofpraiseparentsgiveshoulddependonhowhardtheirkidswork.【參考答案1】Parentsbelievepraisingcanhelpboostchildren’sconfidencewhiletoomuchpraisemayresultinoppositeeffects.However,inadequatepraisecandiscouragethem,andtheyconsidertheirendeavormeaningless.Accordingtoexperts,itisthequalityofpraiseratherthanquantitythatmatters,whichshowsparents’sincerityandconcentrationonprocessinsteadoffocusingontheoutcome.Infact,praiseissupposedtobeinlinewithactualcasesandproportionaleffortsthechildrenhavemade.【參考答案2】Nowadays,parentstendtoofferconsiderablepraisetotheirchildren,hopingtoboosttheirconfidence,butitmayproducetheoppositeeffect.However,nopraisefromparentsalsodoesharmtotheirself-confidence.Therefore,expertsclaimthatsincerepraiseshouldbegivenfortheprocessnotfortheresult.Meanwhile,kidsdodeservepraiseiftheystrivetodotheirduty.Anyway,theamountofpraiseyouhavedependsonhowhardtheywork.【參考答案3】Parentspraisetheirchildrentopromotetheirconfidence,buttheoverpraisemayleadtoanoppositeeffect.However,inadequatepraiseisalsoharmfulasitdriveskidstolosemotivation.Actually,whatreallymattersisthequalityofpraise,whichshouldbesincereandconcentrateonprocessratherthanresult.Praiseoffersencouragementandrecognition,whileitshouldbebasedonthefactandcorrespondwiththeeffort.要點(diǎn)四：研究報(bào)告類概要寫作技巧實(shí)例分析Wouldapersonbornblind,whohaslearnedtodistinguishobjectsbytouch,beabletorecognizethempurelybysightifheregainedtheabilitytosee?Thequestion,knownasMolyneux’sproblem,isaboutwhetherthehumanmindhasabuilt-inconceptofshapesthatissoinnate(天生的)thatsuchablindpersoncouldimmediatelyrecognizeanobjectwithrestoredvision.Thealternativeisthattheconceptsofshapesarenotinnatebuthavetobelearnedbyexploringanobjectthroughsight,touchandothersenses.Aftertheirattempttotestitinblindchildrenfailed,LarsChittkaofQueenMaryUniversityofLondonandhiscolleagueshavetakenanotherattemptatfindingananswer,thistimeusinganotherspecies.Totestwhetherbumblebeescanformaninternalrepresentationofobjects,theyfirsttrainedtheinsectstodistinguishglobesfromcubesusingasugarreward.Thebeesweretrainedinthelight,wheretheycouldseebutnottouchtheobjects.Thentheyweretestedinthedark,wheretheycouldtouchbutnotseetheglobesorcubes.Theresearchersfoundthatthebumblebeesspentmoretimeincontactwiththeshapetheyhadbeentrainedtoassociatewiththesugarreward,eventhoughtheyhadtorelyontouchratherthansighttodistinguishtheobjects.Theresearchersalsodidthereversetestwithuntrainedbumblebees,firstteachingthemwithrewardsinthedarkandthentestingtheminthelight.Again,thebeeswereabletorecognizetheshapeassociatedwiththesugarreward,thoughtheyhadtorelyonsightratherthantouchinthetest.Inshort,beeshavesolvedMolyneux'sproblembecausethefactsuggeststhattheycanpictureobjectfeaturesandaccessthemthroughsightortouch.However,someexpertsexpresstheirwarnings.\t"/article/bumblebees-solve-a-17th-century-psychological-puzzle/_blank"JonathanBirch,aphilosopherofscience,cautionsthatthebeesmayhavehadpriorexperienceassociatingvisualandtactile(觸覺的)informationaboutstraightedgesandcurvedsurfacesinthecontextoftheirnests,soitisnotpossibletoeliminatethepossibilitythatsomeofthecross-sensoryconceptislearnedratherthaninnate._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________詳細(xì)解析：Summary步驟1.判斷文章類型/體裁，說明文/議論文/記敘文/研究報(bào)告2.文章結(jié)構(gòu)總分總，總分研究/實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告：研究目的/背景研究過程（實(shí)施者，實(shí)驗(yàn)對象，采用方法，具體步驟）研究結(jié)果研究意義/應(yīng)用研究的不足/局限性研究目的whetherhumanshaveinnateconceptsofshapes實(shí)驗(yàn)對象bumblebees實(shí)驗(yàn)過程/方法havebumblebeesidentifydifferentshapesinthelightanddark實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果bumblebeescanalwaysdistinguishtheparticularshapes實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)論beeshadbuilt-inconceptsofshapes局限性priorexperiencemaydisturbtheresults參考答案：Tofindoutwhetherhumanshaveinnateconceptsofshapes,(目的)researchersusedbumblebeesastestsubjectsandhadthemidentifydifferentshapesinthelightanddark.（方法）Inbothexperimentsbumblebeeswerefoundtobeabletodistinguishshapesonlybysightortouch.（結(jié)果）Sotheyconcludedbeeshadbuilt-inconceptsofshapes,thoughsomeexpertswerenotconvinced.（結(jié)論）(59)2019年春考Directions:

Readthefollowingpassage.Summarizethemainideaandthemainpoint(s)ofthepassageinnomorethan60words.Useyourownwordsasfaraspossible.Wherearethebees?Beesareessentialtotheproductionoffoodweeat.Beesmakehoney,buttheyalsopollinate（給...授花粉）largeareasofcrops,suchasstrawberries,applesandonions.Aboutathirdofthefoodweeatisaresultofpollinationofthebees.Unfortunately,beeshavebeendisappearingatanalarmingrate.In2006,beekeepersstartedreportingaboutsomethingcalledColonyCollapseDisaster(CCD).ThemainsignofCCDisthelossofadulthoneybeesfromahive（蜂巢）.InOctoberof2006,somebeekeepersreportedthattheyhadlostbetween30and90percentoftheirhives.Thereweremanytheoriesofthedisappearanceofthebees.Butthemostconvincingonehastodowithpesticides（殺蟲劑）andlifestylesofbeestoday.Nowadays,beekeepersgetmostoftheirincomenotfromproducinghoneybutfromrentingbeestopollinateplants.Thismeansthatthelifeofthetypicalbeenowconsistsoftravelingallaroundthecountrytopollinatecropsastheseasonschange.Thatmeansalotoftravelingontrucks,whichisverystressfultobees.Itisnotunusualforupto30%ofthehivetodieduringtransportduetostress.Inaddition,beesthatspendmostoftheirtimelockedupontrucksarenotexposedtowhatusuallyliveon.Instead,theyliveonasweetliquidfromcorn,usuallypollutedwithpesticides.Nooneknowsforsurewhatcausesbeestodisappear,butlosingbeesisverycostlyfortheeconomy.Beepollinationservicesareworthover$8billionayear.Withnobees,pollinationwillhavetobedonebyhand,whichwouldaffectthequalityoffoodandincreasefoodprices.Wehearalotaboutbigenvironmentaldisastersalmosteveryday.Butoneofthebiggestmayjustbethelossofthattinyflyinginsect.參考答案：Beesaredisappearingrapidly.Themostpersuasiveexplanationisrelatedtopesticidesandtheircurrentlifestyle.Nowbeeshavetotravelaroundasbeekeepersrentthemforpollination.Ontheway,theymaydiefromstressorfoodonadietpollutedbypesticides.Whateverthecause,thelossofgeesdoesgreatharmtotheeconomy.(57w)評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)：內(nèi)容5分：包含三個(gè)要點(diǎn)（見3分），并對三個(gè)要點(diǎn)中的兩個(gè)進(jìn)行說明，如Nowbeeshavetotravelaroundasbeekeepersrentthemforpollination.Theymaydiefromstressontheway.Theymayfeedonadietpollutedbypesticidesontheway.4分：包含三個(gè)要點(diǎn)，并對三個(gè)要點(diǎn)中的一個(gè)進(jìn)行說明或包含兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)，并對兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行說明3分：包含三個(gè)要點(diǎn)：蜜蜂消失這一現(xiàn)象蜜蜂消失的原因蜜蜂消失對經(jīng)濟(jì)的影響包含兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)，并對一個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行說明2分：包含兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)1分：包含一個(gè)要點(diǎn)語言：61-66個(gè)詞，扣1分；超過66詞，扣2分連續(xù)5個(gè)單詞抄自原文，扣1分，不重復(fù)扣分。有語法錯(cuò)誤，扣1分，不重復(fù)扣分。語言以準(zhǔn)確為標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，不要求句式復(fù)雜，詞匯豐富。若語言出色，有輕微語法錯(cuò)誤不扣分。2022年上海高三專題練Parentsalwayswantthebestfortheirchildrenandgivingthem;thebesteducationisalwaysontopofthelist.Butifyouthinkeducationisalltheyneed,maybeyoushouldthinktwice.Sure,youlearnalotofthingsinschool,butthereareimportantlessonsandskillsyouwillneedinlifethatonecanonlylearnathome.Therefore,teachingthechildrentodohouseholdchoresisveryhelpfulintheirgrowth.Mostfamiliesnowadayshirehousemaidstodothechores,sochildrendon’tgettoexperiencedoingitanymore.Butstudiesarguethatit’sstillnecessarytoletchildrendothem.Helpingathomecanbeatrainingplaceforyourchildrentowhateverresponsibilitiestheymayhaveinthefuture.Bydoingso,theycanlearnwhatmightbeoftheiradvantagewhentheygrowup.“Performingchoresofferskidsafeelingofself-sufficiency,helpsthemdevelopaworkethic,istiedtoacademicsuccessinschool,makesthemfeelusefulandteachesthemtheimportanceofhelpingothersandcontributingtothegreatergood.”Although,mostparentscanalsoarguethatitisnoteasytoforcetheirchildrentodochores.Itisanatureforthechildrentorefusetodochoreswhentheyaretoldto.Buttherearewaysthatcanturnhouseholdchoresintoamorelikelyactivityforthechildren.First,startthemyoung.Thisdoesn’tmeanthatyouletyourchildrendohugetasksatanearlyage.Youcangraduallyincreasetheleveloftasksastheygrowoldbutnevereverpushthemtoohard.Second,appreciateeverylittleachievement.Praisethemorgivethemsomething.Childrenloverewardsanditdrivesthemtodobetter.Mostimportantly,letthemknowthataskingthemtohelp-outisnotapunishment.Choresshouldneverbeusedasapunishment.Theymightgetdoneintheshortterm,buttheeffectswon’tlast.Thisapproachdoesnotgivethechildthefeelingofdoingsomethingbecauseitistherightthingtodo.Itonlymakesthemhatechoresandhopingoutevenmore.Choresshouldbeusedasasenseofpurpose.Explaintothemthatitisfortheirbenefitandeverythingtheylearnfromitisfortheiradvantage.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________【文本導(dǎo)讀】本文是一篇議論文。文章主要論述了讓孩子學(xué)做家務(wù)對于孩子成長的重要性，它可以培養(yǎng)孩子的責(zé)任心，同時(shí)，要運(yùn)用合理的方式鼓勵(lì)孩子學(xué)做家務(wù)，而不是將做家務(wù)作為懲罰，要讓做家務(wù)成為一種使命感。【要點(diǎn)摘錄】①Therefore,teachingthechildrentodohouseholdchoresisveryhelpfulintheirgrowth.②Helpingathomecanbeatrainingplaceforyourchildrentowhateverresponsibilitiestheymayhaveinthefuture.③Although,mostparentscanalsoarguethatitisnoteasytoforcetheirchildrentodochores.

④Buttherearewaysthatcanturnhouseholdchoresintoamorelikelyactivityforthechildren.⑤Mostimportantly,letthemknowthataskingthemtohelp-outisnotapunishment.⑥Choresshouldbeusedasasenseofpurpose.【整合要點(diǎn)】將第①、②兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行整合；將第③、④兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行整合；將第⑤、⑥兩個(gè)要點(diǎn)進(jìn)行整合?！颈磉_(dá)要點(diǎn)】Teachingchildrentodohouseholdchoresisveryhelpfulintheirgrowth,whichcanmakehomeatrainingplaceforyourchildrentowhateverresponsibilitiestheymayhaveinthefuture.Althoughit’shardtoforcechildrentodochores,therearewaysthatcanturnhouseholdchoresintoamorelikelya