非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語和狀語市公開課一等獎(jiǎng)百校聯(lián)賽優(yōu)質(zhì)課金獎(jiǎng)名師賽課獲獎(jiǎng)?wù)n件

非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語和狀語

韋正洪模塊7UNIT4語法1/54

非謂語動(dòng)詞(Nonfinitive

Verbs)高考語法作定語和狀語2/54謂語：說明主語所做動(dòng)作或含有特征和狀態(tài)。它有些人稱、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)和語態(tài)改變。e.g.Heworks.Hetakescareofthebaby.HewillgotoShanghai.Hedidn’tgotoShanghai.HehasgonetoShanghai.Youarestudents.Youlooksmart.單謂語或動(dòng)詞短語情態(tài)動(dòng)詞/助動(dòng)詞+v.系動(dòng)詞+表語3/54非謂語：主要包含不定式（todo），ving形式以及過去分詞（done）。無人稱，數(shù)改變，不單獨(dú)作謂語，但保留動(dòng)詞特點(diǎn)，能夠有賓語或狀語。e.g.Heworks.Hewantstoworkhere.Heisworkingnow.Hehasdonehiswork.Youarestudents,soyoudon’tworkinthefactory.

Beingstudents,youdon’tworkinthefactory.

4/54非謂語動(dòng)詞和謂語動(dòng)詞識(shí)別

顧名思義，非謂語動(dòng)詞就是在英語中不能作句子謂語而含有其它語法功效動(dòng)詞。近年來高考命題經(jīng)常經(jīng)過改變熟悉句型結(jié)構(gòu)或利用一些“貌合神離”伎倆，加大考生區(qū)分非謂語動(dòng)詞難度。一句話通常不能有兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上謂語動(dòng)詞，除非動(dòng)詞是并列謂語或者分別出現(xiàn)在主從復(fù)合或并列句中；一句話也不可能無謂語動(dòng)詞（謂語省略情況除外）。5/54例1).Atlast,wefoundourselvesinapleasantparkwithtreesprovidingshadeand_____downtoeatourpicniclunch.(上海）A.sittingB.havingsatC.tositD.sat

解析：

此題大家易受習(xí)慣心理影響選擇分詞，即Ａ或Ｂ項(xiàng)，而and實(shí)際上作為并列連詞并列是found及sat兩個(gè)動(dòng)作，而非并列providing與

sitting.D6/54例2)Pricesofdailygoods_____throughacomputercanbelowerthanstoreprices.A.arebought B.bought C.havebeenboughtD.buying解析：此題學(xué)生最易錯(cuò)選答案為Ａ或Ｃ。依據(jù)上面陳說，填入Ａ或Ｃ句子都有兩個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞，而此處兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞并非并列謂語，也不是分別出現(xiàn)在主從句中，故答案有誤。該題正確答案為Ｂ，boughtthroughacomputer為一過去分詞短語作后置定語，句中只有一個(gè)謂語canbelowerthan。當(dāng)然此題如改為Pricesofdailygoodswhichhavebeenboughtthrough…也是正確，因?yàn)檫@一動(dòng)作出現(xiàn)在從句中。B7/54小試牛刀1).Ifyouareplanningtospendyourmoneyhavingfunthisweek,better______it—you’vegotsomebigbillscomingA.forgetB.forgotC.forgettingD.toforget2).Daddydidn’tmindwhatweweredoing,aslongasweweretogether,_______fun.A.hadB.haveC.tohaveD.havingAD8/543)Weoftenprovideourchildrenwithtoys,footballsorbasketballs,______thatallchildrenlikethesethings.A.thinkingB.thinkC.tothinkD.thought4).Fivepeoplewonthe“China’sGreenFigure”award,atitle_____toordinarypeoplefortheircontributionstoenvironmentalprotection.A.beinggivenB.isgivenC.givenD.wasgivenAC9/54非謂語不定式（todo)分詞動(dòng)名詞(-ing)過去分詞(-ed)現(xiàn)在分詞(-ing)-ing分詞-ed分詞10/54非謂語動(dòng)詞使用條件一個(gè)句子當(dāng)中，已經(jīng)存在一個(gè)主句（謂語動(dòng)詞）,又沒有連詞情況下,還有別動(dòng)詞出現(xiàn)時(shí)。Shegotoffthebus,leavingherhandbagonherseat.Shegotoffthebus,but

leftherhandbagonherseat.11/54非謂語動(dòng)詞句法功效12/54名稱語法功能主語賓語賓語補(bǔ)足語表語定語狀語不定式√√√√√√動(dòng)名詞√√√√現(xiàn)在分詞√√√√過去分詞√√√√13/54不定式和分詞都可充當(dāng):定語,狀語.14/54一.非謂語動(dòng)詞作定語

不定式、動(dòng)名詞和分詞都能夠作定語，主要區(qū)分在于它們時(shí)態(tài)意義和語態(tài)意義。不定式作定語和被修飾名詞含有“動(dòng)賓關(guān)系”,即被修飾名詞是不定式動(dòng)作承受者;假如不定式是不及物動(dòng)詞，就要在不定式動(dòng)詞后加上對(duì)應(yīng)介詞。

①Theirdecisiontogiveuptheexperimentsurprisedus.

②Hewasthelastonetoleaveschoolyesterday.

③TheBrownshaveacomfortablehousetolivein.15/54

看成定語不定式所修飾名詞或代詞是不定式動(dòng)作承受者時(shí)，不定式既能夠用主動(dòng)語態(tài)，也可用被動(dòng)語態(tài)，但其含義有所不一樣。1).I’mgoingtoBeijingnextweek.Doyouhaveanything___________(take)toyourson?2).AreyougoingtoBeijing?Doyouhaveanything__________(take)toyourson?tobetakentotake16/542.現(xiàn)在分詞作定語和被修飾名詞含有“主謂關(guān)系”，即現(xiàn)在分詞用主動(dòng)式時(shí)，被修飾名詞正在執(zhí)行其動(dòng)作；現(xiàn)在分詞用被動(dòng)式時(shí)，被修飾名詞正在承受其動(dòng)作(即與名詞是動(dòng)賓關(guān)系)

1)Pleasetellthechildrenplaying

outsidenottomakesomuchnoise.2)

Thefactorymaking

(=thatmakes)suchtoolsisasmallonerunbyTom.3)Theylivedinaroomfacing(=thatfaced)thesouth.4)

Barkingdogsseldombite.5)

Thebuildingbeingbuiltwillbecompletednextyear.（=…whoareplaying)17/54

進(jìn)去分詞作定語與其修飾名詞有“動(dòng)賓關(guān)系”，表示一個(gè)被動(dòng)或完成動(dòng)作，相當(dāng)于一個(gè)被動(dòng)定語從句。

1)Someoftheexperiments____inthebookareeasytoperform.A.describingB.tobedescribedC.describedD.todescribe2)ItissaidthatBeijingUniversitywasthefirstinstituteofhigherlearning_____inChina.A.establishedB.beingestablishedC.tobeestablishedD.havingbeenestablished

CA18/54Practise1).Thewildflowerlookedlikeasoftorangeblanket_______thedesert.A.covingB.coveredC.coverD.tocover.2).Therehavebeenseveralnewevents_____totheprogramfortheBeijingOlympicGames.A.addB.toaddC.addingD.added3).Thedisc,digitally______inthestudio,soundedfantasticatthepartythatnight.A.recordedB.recordingC.toberecordedD.beingrecordedADA19/544).ReadingisanexperiencequitedifferentfromwatchingTV;therearepictures_____inyourmindinsteadofbeforeyoureyes.A.toformB.formC.formingD.havingformed5)—TheEnglishexamisnotdifficult,isit?

—_____.EvenTom_____tothetopstudentsfailedinit.

A.Yes;belongsB.No;belongedC.Yes;belongingD.No;belonging

CC20/546).Theflowers____sweetinthebotanicgardenattractthevisitorstothebeautyofnature.（04上海）A.tosmellB.smellingC.smelt D.tobesmelt7).Amanisbeingquestionedinrelationtothe________murderlastnight.（04江蘇）A.advisedB.attendedC.attemptedD.admitted該題謂語動(dòng)詞是attract，“聞起來很香”用來作定語修飾主語flowers。“謀殺”只能被預(yù)謀，故該用過去分詞作定語表示被動(dòng)。BC21/543.分詞作定語與動(dòng)詞不定式作定語區(qū)分是：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動(dòng)、進(jìn)行之意；過去分詞表示被動(dòng)與完成；而不定式表示在謂語動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作之后即將發(fā)生動(dòng)作。比如：①Thequestion__________(discuss)atthemeetingyesterdayisofquiteimportance.②Thequestion_____________(discuss)atthemeetingnowisofquiteimportance.③Thequestion______________(discuss)atthemeetingtomorrowisofquiteimportance.discussedbeingdiscussedtobediscussed22/544.只有單個(gè)動(dòng)名詞能做定語，放在所修飾名詞前表示所修飾名詞用途。Thereisaswimmingpoolinthebackyard.Onlyafterrepeatedpracticecanweimproveourteachingmethod.注：動(dòng)名詞作定語與現(xiàn)在分詞作定語區(qū)分：現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示所修飾名詞動(dòng)作。

flyingfish

飛魚

arunningdog

走狗

afallingtide

落潮

acryingboy

哭著孩子(=apoolforswimming)(=amethodforteaching)(=Aboyiscrying)23/54

practice分詞作定語：1).Doyouknowtheman_____(speak)atthemeeting?2).Doyouknowtheman_____(praise)atthemeeting?3).Thebuilding_____(put)uplastnowisourlibrary.4).Thebuilding_____(put)upnowwillbeournewcompany.24/545).Thebuilding_____(put)upnextyearwillbeournewcompany.6).Therewasanoldtemple_____(stand)atthetopofthehill.7).Thereisasportsmeeting_____(hold)nextTuesday.8).Therewasanoldman______(live)inthevillage.25/54二、非謂語動(dòng)詞作狀語

能作狀語有不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。作什么樣狀語往往取決于它們位置和在句中意義。26/541、不定式做狀語，只表示目標(biāo)、結(jié)果或原因：He

hurried

home

only

to

find

his

money

stolen.

（結(jié)果狀語）To

make

himself

heard,

he

raised

his

voice.

（目標(biāo)狀語）All

of

us

are

surprised

to

see

his

rapid

progress.

(原因狀語)不定式短語放在句首多作目標(biāo)狀語，在句末多作原因狀語，結(jié)果狀語。27/542、分詞做狀語可表示時(shí)間、條件、原因、伴隨、讓步、方式：

1).Givenachance,Icansurprisetheworld.

（條件狀語）

2).Coming

into

the

room,

he

found

his

father

angry.

（時(shí)間狀語）

3).Being

tired,

they

went

on

working.

4).Having

been

hit

by

the

big

boy

on

the

nose,

the

little

boy

began

to

cry.

5).He

put

a

finger

in

his

mouth,

tasted

it

and

smiled,

looking

rather

pleased.

（讓步狀語）（原因狀語）（伴隨狀語）28/54

practice分詞作狀語：1).When_______(heat),waterwillbechangedintovapour.While_______(heat)water,wecanchangeitintovapour.2)______(see)fromthehill,thecitylooksbeautiful._______(see)fromthehill,youwillfindthecitybeautiful.3)Generallyspeaking,when________(take)accordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffect.If________(take)thedrugaccordingtothedirections,youwillbebettersoon.

heatedheatingSeenSeeingtakentaking29/54

3.分詞作狀語時(shí)邏輯主語問題

分詞作狀語時(shí)，其邏輯主語必須同句子主語一致；假如不一致，需在分詞前加一個(gè)邏輯主語，分詞和它邏輯主語合稱獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)或用狀語從句。

1)

Beinganorphan,thenursetreatedhimkindly.2)Hebeinganorphan,thenursetreatedhimkindly.3)Ashewasanorphan,thenursetreatedhimkindly.關(guān)于分詞作狀語時(shí)邏輯主語問題，在試題中能夠看到各種不一樣命題技巧。

FTT(Trueorfalse)30/54例：Writteninahurry,_____________.Howcanitbesatisfactory?A.theyfoundmanymistakesinthereportB.SammadelotsofmistakesinthereportC.thereareplentyofmistakesinthereportD.thereportisfullofmistakes試題分析：這時(shí)一道非常經(jīng)典試題。四個(gè)選項(xiàng)均為完整句子，初看起來似乎不輕易領(lǐng)悟試題意圖。其實(shí)，本題意圖依然是考查分詞作狀語知識(shí)。抓住試題意圖就輕易產(chǎn)生正確思緒——哪個(gè)句子主語能夠同過去分詞written邏輯主語一致。沿著這個(gè)思緒向前走，不難想到thereportwaswritteninahurry,試題答案不言自明。D31/541).---Mum,whydoyoualwaysmakemeeataneggeveryday?---_______enoughproteinandnutritionasyouaregrowingup.A.Get B.Getting C.Toget D.Tobegetting2).Inordertomakeourcitygreen,________.A.itisnecessarytohaveplantedmoretreesB.manymoretreesneedtoplantC.ourcityneedsmoretrees D.wemustplantmoretreesCD32/543)._____thegeneralstateofhishealth,itmaytakehimawhiletorecoverfromtheoperation.A.Given B.Togive C.Giving D.Havinggiven4).HesentmeanE-mail,_____togetfurtherinformation.A.hopedB.hopingC.tohope D.hopegiven作狀語意為“考慮到”，意思相當(dāng)于considering。注意hoping為伴隨狀語而非目標(biāo)狀語，真正目標(biāo)是后面toget…。BA33/54現(xiàn)在分詞與不定式作結(jié)果狀語時(shí)區(qū)分1).Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,_________itthemostpopularsportintheworld.A.makingB.makesC.makeD.tomake

2).Hehurriedtothestationonly________thatthetrainhadleft.A.tofindB.findingC.foundD.tohavefound

現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語往往表示“正常出現(xiàn)、自然而然或意料之中”結(jié)果。不定式作結(jié)果狀語時(shí)通常表示“偶然、出乎意料”一個(gè)結(jié)果

AA34/54

三、考查連詞之后加分詞

分詞短語經(jīng)常能夠用在一些連詞如since,when,while,whenever,nomatterhow,once,until等之后，能夠看作是狀語從句中省略現(xiàn)象。1).Nomatterhowfrequently_____,theworksofBeethovenwillstillattractpeopleallovertheworld.A.performedB.performingC.tobeperformedD.beingperformingA35/542).When_____differentcultures,weoftenpayattentiononlytothedifferenceswithoutnoticingthemanysimilarities.A.comparedB.beingcomparedC.comparingD.havingcompared3).Theresearchissodesignedthatonce______nothingcanbedonetochangeit.A.beginsB.havingbegunC.beginningD.begun4)When______,themuseumwillbeopentothepublicnextyear.A.completedC.completingC.beingcompletedD.tobecompletedCDA36/54注意點(diǎn)：1.

不定式在表語形容詞后作狀語，用主動(dòng)形式表被動(dòng)意義。 Thisquestionisdifficult_______(answer). Doyouthinkhimeasy______(work)with? Wefindthisrulehard_____(remember).

2.

有些分詞已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楠?dú)立成份，含有“泛指”意義，在句中常作插入語。如：generallyspeaking,judgingfrom…,talkingof…,supposingthat…,considering…,comparedto….,given….,Giventheirinexperience,theyhavedoneagoodjob.37/54注意點(diǎn)：

3.獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：名詞/代詞＋分詞獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語，相當(dāng)于狀語從句。1）.

Weatherpermitting,we’llgooutingtomorrow.2）.

Therebeingnointerestingprograms,heturnedofftheTVset.

3）Allthingsconsidered,theplanshouldbeputoff.4）.

Herushedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.38/54Astherewasnobody，hehadtogoalone.

There______nobody,hehadtogoalone.Iftimepermits,Iwillgotoseeyou.

Time________,Iwillgotoseeyou.Astheworkedhadbeenfinished,hewenttobed.

Thework_______,hewenttobed.beingpermitting當(dāng)存在不一樣主語時(shí)，能夠用V-ing形式獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。finished39/54例：Thekey______，shewentthroughherhandbagcarefully.A.hadn’tbeenfoundB.havingnotbeenfoundC.nothavingbeenfoundD.wasn’tfound試題分析：

選項(xiàng)A、D均為謂語形式，選擇其中任何一項(xiàng)前半部分便成為一個(gè)分句，與后面分句必須使用連詞。以表示前后分句邏輯關(guān)系，所以全部排除。選項(xiàng)B是現(xiàn)在分詞完成被動(dòng)式，凡非謂語動(dòng)詞否定形式，not必須加在最前面，所以也應(yīng)排除。nothavingbeenfound同其邏輯主語thekey組成獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)，作原因狀語。本試題中句子主語she不能充當(dāng)分詞邏輯主語。C40/54四、非謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)形式確實(shí)定

搞清非謂語動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作與謂語動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作之間先后關(guān)系是解題關(guān)鍵所在。普通來說，非謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)有以下三種形式。非謂語表示動(dòng)作非謂語動(dòng)詞形式在謂語表示動(dòng)作之后與謂語表示動(dòng)作同時(shí)發(fā)生在謂語表示動(dòng)作之前tododoing或tobedoingtohavedone或havingdone41/541).---IsBobstillperforming?---I’mafraidnot.Heissaid______thestagealreadyashehasbecomeanofficial.A.tohaveleftB.tohaveC.tohavebeenleftD.tobeleft2).Aidsissaid______thebiggesthealthchallengetobothmenandwomeninthatareaoverthepastfewyears.(湖北)A.thatitisB.tobeC.thatithasbeenD.tohavebeen

(=ItissaidthatAidshavebeenthebiggesthealthchallengetobothmenandwomenin…)

AD42/543).Thefluisbelieved______byvirusesthatliketoproduceinthecellsinsidehumannoseandthroat.A.causingB.beingcausedC.tobecausedD.tohavecaused4).Youmustmakeeveryefforttofindtheperson______thecar.A.whodamagedB.damagingC.damagedD.thatdamaging

AC討論：此題為何不能選B？43/54五、非謂語動(dòng)詞語態(tài)形式確實(shí)定

非謂語動(dòng)詞被動(dòng)語態(tài)通常有以下幾個(gè)情況：非謂語動(dòng)詞普通被動(dòng)式完成被動(dòng)式動(dòng)詞不定式動(dòng)名詞現(xiàn)在分詞過去分詞tobedonetohavebeendonebeingdonehavingbeendonebeingdonehavingbeendone及物動(dòng)詞過去分詞既表示被動(dòng)又表示動(dòng)作已完成,個(gè)別動(dòng)詞過去分詞只表示完成(多數(shù)為不及物動(dòng)詞)44/54Heinsistedonbeingsenttohospital.Heinsistedonsendinghertohospital.對(duì)比以下句子45/54ThevoicesandtensesoftheInfinitive1).Itisanhonorforme___