組織學(xué)與胚胎學(xué) 內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng) 雙語教學(xué)

內(nèi)分泌系統(tǒng)

EndocrineSystem

主講人:袁媧DepartmentofHistologyandEmbryologyGannanMedicalUniversity雙語教學(xué)BilingualteachingLearningObjectives●Thestructureandfunctionofthyroidgland甲狀腺,parathyroidgland

甲狀旁腺,adrenalgland

腎上腺

andhypophysis

垂體.●Thecompositionofendocrinesystemandthecommonfeaturesofendocrinetissuse.●Twotypesofendocrinecells.●Relationshipbetweenhypophysis

垂體

andhypothalamus

下丘腦.Generaldescription概述Components

Endocrineglands內(nèi)分泌腺Endocrinetissues（Pancreasislet胰島）內(nèi)分泌組織Endocrinecells內(nèi)分泌細胞FunctionEndocrinesystemproduceHormonestargetorgansActontargetcellsHormonesaremoleculesthatfunctioninthebodyaschemicalsignals.Whatishormone？EndocrineglandsThyroidglandAdrenalglandsPituitarygland

HormonessecretionSpecialsecretingformsAutocrine（自分泌）Paracrine（旁分泌）遠距分泌：激素進入血液

commonfeatures⑴Ductless⑵Endocrinecellsarrangeintonests,cords,clustersorfollicles⑶Richincapillaries

TwotypesofendocrinecellsNitrogenous-hormonesecretingcellSteroid-hormonesecretingcell含氮激素分泌細胞粗面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)、高爾基復(fù)合體、膜包分泌顆粒類固醇激素分泌細胞滑面內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)、線粒體、脂滴、無分泌顆粒一、甲狀腺

Thyroidgland

甲狀腺位于甲狀軟骨下緊貼在氣管第三，四軟骨環(huán)前面。甲狀腺形如“H”，分左右兩個側(cè)葉，中間以峽部相連。

甲狀腺可隨吞咽動作而向上移動。一、甲狀腺

Thyroidgland

（一）一般結(jié)構(gòu)

1.被膜：薄層結(jié)締組織

2.實質(zhì)：小葉甲狀腺濾泡濾泡旁細胞

3.間質(zhì)：結(jié)締組織毛細血管豐富重點掌握甲狀腺濾泡和濾泡旁細胞的結(jié)構(gòu)與功能

ThyroidglandGeneralstructure---

capsule被摸:L.C.Tformingsepta---parenchyma實質(zhì):lobules小葉follicles濾泡interstitium間質(zhì):CTConstitution:Follicle:Colloidissurroundedbyasinglelayerepithelium.Epithelium上皮:Simplesquamous(hypoactive功能減退),cuboidalorcolumnar(hyperactive功能活躍),dependinguponthefunctionalstatus.

Thyroidglandfollicles甲狀腺濾泡2.

Colloid膠質(zhì):Homogeneoussecretionofepithelium.Acidophilic.

Containsiodinatedthyroglobulin碘化的甲狀腺球蛋白.

ThyroidglandfolliclesFollicularepithelialcellsEM:microvilliRER,Golgiapparatussecretorygranuleslysosome,mitochondriaendocytoticvesiclesFunction:

synthesizeandreleasethyroidhormonesthyroxine(T4)triiodothyronine(T3)Accordingtothestructuresoffollicularepithelialcells,canyouillustratetheirfunctions?四碘甲狀腺原氨酸（多）三碘甲狀腺原氨酸（少）★甲狀腺激素形成的過程

①合成濾泡上皮細胞內(nèi)合成甲狀腺球蛋白；

②儲存

甲狀腺球蛋白儲存在濾泡腔內(nèi)（膠質(zhì)）；

③碘化

濾泡腔內(nèi)，形成碘化的甲狀腺球蛋白；

④重吸收

濾泡上皮細胞將碘化的甲狀腺球蛋白以胞吞的方式吸收回細胞內(nèi)（膠質(zhì)小泡）；

⑤分解溶酶體酶將碘化的甲狀腺球蛋白分解成甲狀腺激素（T4

和T3

）；

⑥釋放

T4

和T3從細胞的基底面入毛細血管。

Whatisthesecretoryprocess?FormationofT3&T4:a.AA→RER→thyroglobulin→(Gogi,glycosylated→

(G,

secretinggranules)→colloid膠質(zhì).b.Iodide碘→(iodidepump)→iodideoxidationincytoplasm→colloid→boundtotyrosine酪氨酸residuesofthyroglobulin→iodatedthyroglobulin.c.iodatedthyroglobulin→(TSH,microvilli)→endocyticvesicles→LYS→T3&T4.FunctionofT3,T4:a.elevatethebasalmetabolicrate.b.influencethebodygrowthandnervoussystemdevelopmentduringfetallife.ModulationofT3,T4secretion:

hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroidaxis下丘腦-垂體-甲狀腺軸Pathologicalstatehypothyroidism

exophthalmicgoiterInadults,thyroidhormoneoverproductionunderproduction

myxoedemahyperthyroidismAconsequenceofanincreaseinbody’smetabolism:Clinicalfeatures:★feelinghot★increasedsweating★weightloss,withproximal近端muscleweakness★rapaidheartrate★anxietyandrestless

hyperactivity★diarrhoea腹瀉

Thyroidhormonedeficiencyslowsbodyprocesses:Clinicalfeatures:★dry,puffyskin干燥、松弛的皮膚★inabilitytokeepwarm

★weightgain★aslowheartrate★lossofenergyandappetite

★constipation便秘

Pathologicalstate在出生時甲狀腺功能減退：精神發(fā)育遲滯；身材矮??；粗糙的五官；突出的舌頭；臍疝呆小癥單純性甲狀腺腫大Parafollicularcell---singlebetweenfollicularcells---insmallgroupsininterstitialtissueAlsocalledcalcitonincell/Ccell

LM:ovoid,polygonallargerpale-stained:eosinophilicargyrophilicgranules嗜銀Function:

synthesizeandreleasecalcitonin,makebloodcalcium濾泡旁細胞鍍銀染色HE染色

二、甲狀旁腺

Parathyroid

（一）

一般結(jié)構(gòu)

兩對，每個為扁橢圓形。表面有被膜，少量間質(zhì)內(nèi)含有孔毛細血管，實質(zhì)由腺細胞排列成索狀或團狀。腺細胞由主細胞和嗜酸性細胞組成。

甲狀旁腺一、主細胞:數(shù)量多,染色淺

功能：分泌甲狀旁腺素

升高血鈣二、嗜酸性細胞:單個或成群存在,染色深，含嗜酸性顆粒三、腎上腺

Adrenalgland

左側(cè)呈半月形，右側(cè)呈扁平三角形。（一）一般結(jié)構(gòu)

表面有被膜；間質(zhì)少，含血管和神經(jīng)；實質(zhì)由皮質(zhì)和髓質(zhì)兩部分構(gòu)成。重點掌握皮質(zhì)和髓質(zhì)的激素---capsule:CT---cortex:yellow,derivedfrommesoderm中胚層---medulla:reddish-brown,derivedfromneuralectoderm神經(jīng)外胚層AdrenalglandAdrenalglandcortexZonaglomerulosaZonafasciculataZonareticularisZonaglomerulosaZonafasciculataZonareticularis球狀帶束狀帶網(wǎng)狀帶Zonaglomerulosa15%ofcortexvolume---Structure:LM

cells:small,lowcolumnarorpolygonalbearrangedintonestsorclusters

nuclei:deepstained,round

cytoplasm:lightbasophilic---Function:secretemineralocorticoid(eg.aldosterone)

鹽皮質(zhì)激素醛固酮regulateelectrolyteandwaterbalanceZonafasciculataAbout78%ofcortexvolume---Structure:LMcells:large，clearmarginbearrangedinstraightcordscytoplasm:lightstainingappearvacuolated(formy)-empty---Function:secreteglucocorticosteroid

糖皮質(zhì)激素(e.gcortisol、corticosterone)andandrogen

雄激素(less)regulatecarbohydrate,proteinandlipidmetabolisminfluenceimmuneresponseZona

reticularis7%ofcortexvolume---Structure:LMcells:small;bearrangedinirregularanastomosingcords吻合成網(wǎng)cytoplasm:acidophilic---Function:secretandrogen(testosterone)andsmallamountofoestrogen雌激素Adrenalmedulla---Structure:

medullarycell(chromaffincell):LM:cells:polyhedral多邊形,bearrangedinshortcordscytoplasm:weaklybasophilic,brownishgranules-whenfixedbybichromate-containingfixative.centralveinganglialcells:multipolarneuronslarge,2~3ingroupsAdrenalmedullaEMelectron-densegranulesadrenalinecell:80%腎上腺素細胞noradrenalinecell:20%去甲腎上腺細胞Adr.cellNoradr.cell---Function:

secreteadrenalineandnoradrenalinesecretesomepolypeptides多肽(galanin甘丙肽,neuropeptideY神經(jīng)肽,enkephalin腦啡肽)i.

heartrateii.dilatebloodvesseli.

bloodpressureii.theflowspeedofblood

PathologicalstateExcessiveadrenalsecretionofglucocorticoidhormonesCushing’ssyndrome庫欣綜合征滿月臉、多血質(zhì)外貌、向心性肥胖、紫紋等四、垂體垂體腺垂體（前葉）神經(jīng)垂體（后葉）遠側(cè)部結(jié)節(jié)部中間部神經(jīng)部漏斗正中隆起漏斗柄重點掌握腺垂體遠側(cè)部結(jié)構(gòu)與分泌的激素；掌握神經(jīng)垂體的結(jié)構(gòu)；掌握垂體門脈系統(tǒng)、赫令體的概念。PituitaryglandParsdistalisParsintermediaParsnervosaInfundibularPasdistalis遠側(cè)部GlandularcellsarearrangedincordsRichincapillariesaroundthecellsClassification:ChromophobesChromophils

Acidophils

Basophils

A---Acidophilroundoroval,eosinophilicstainningB---Basophilless,largecell,ovoidorpolygonalbasophilicgranulesC---Chromophobemore,small,pale,noclearboundary

Tropichormonesofpasdistalis

celltypesecretinghormone

acidophil

basophilsomatotro