怎樣快速掌握英文的段落結(jié)構(gòu)

怎樣快速掌握英文的段落結(jié)構(gòu)英語文章中的段落是由一些有所聯(lián)系的句子對某一中心思想或者共同主題進行闡述而結(jié)合在一起的單位。通常來說，段落組織結(jié)構(gòu)有：演繹型、匹配型、假設(shè)-真實型、問題-解決型。接下來，我們就為大家一一介紹這四種段落組織方式。1、演繹型“演繹”指的是文章開頭先給出一個總的說明，然后下文對這一說明進行具體的闡述，也就是總分結(jié)構(gòu)。這樣的段落組織結(jié)構(gòu)是最為常見的，并且一般多用于說明文。請閱讀下面的文章，找出文章的主要觀點，以及分論點。MathinEverydayLifePlanningavacation,goingoutforadate,choosingthenewshowergel…Whatdoalltheseeverydayactivitieshaveincommon?1,2,3…Math!Logicalandnumericalthinkingisanintegralpartofourroutine.

Ifyou’regoodatunderstandingbasicconceptsofmath,youwillgetagreatadvantagenexttimelifethrowstonsofproblemsatyou.

So,howdoweuseMathdaily?BakingandCookingWheninthekitchen,you’resupposedtohavesomeprimitivemathematicalskills.Ifyou’dliketomakearockingromanticdinner,makesuretomeasureeveryingredient.Accordingtotherecipeyouuse,sometimesyoumayneedtoeitherdivideormultiplyinordertohavetheexactamountofwhatever-you-need.Asyousee,bakingandcookingrequiresmath.Evenusinganewstoverequiresyoutohavebasicskillsinmath.Painting,Sculpting,DancingIfartisyourlife,itdoesn’tmatterwhetheryou’readancer,painterorsculptor–you’reinneedofusingmath.Theseactivitiesrequireanabilitytocount,measureaswellasapplybasicmathconceptstoeachofthem.PickingShampooWashingyourhairdoesnotrequireyoutobeamathexpert.However,takingintoaccounttheendlessnumberofshampoobrandsavailablewithinthemarket,it’shardtodecidewhichoneisthemostsuitableforyou.Whoknows,maybeyoujustpickoneanduseitforcenturies,butadvertiserstendtousestatisticsinordertohookyoutotheirbrands.Whattheyactuallystateisthatover80%ofconsumersgivepreferencetotheirproductsovertheoldones.Butisthatactuallytrue?Withoutbeingawareofhowmanyindividualsweresurveyed,theirclaimsarezero.Whenit’saboutstatistics,both–questionsandanswersarecrucial.Atthesametime,youmaypurchasethe300mlshampoofor$3orthe400mlbottlefor$4.Howtomakeachoicethatwillbepocket-friendly?Mentalmathskillsaretheanswer.BankingIfyou’regoingtothebank,butdon’thavetheslightestideaofwhatyou’resupposedtobedoingthereorhowtomanageyourownfinances,makesuretobetterstayathome.Inordertopreventahugefinancialdisasterinyourlife,makesuretohavebasicmathskills.TravelingWhenfuelingupforatrip,travelerstendtoconsidertheirmilesperonegallon.Theyshouldcalculateboth–timeandmoney,whenplanningatripinordertofindoutthedeparturetimesandpotentialarrivalhours.Theymustknowtheweightoftheluggagewhentravelingbyplane.Oncetheygetontheboard,basicaviation-relatedmathskillsarehelpfultocalculatetheattitude,speedandflyingtime.WorkingIfyourdreamjobistheonewithinthefinanceorbusinesssegment,sophisticatedknowledgeofmathisamust.Atthesametime,evenhourlyearnersneedtoknowiftheirpaymentaccuratelyreflectstheworkinghours.Asyousee,wecan’tspendthedaywithoutusingMathhereorthere.We’relivingintheworldofnumbersthathelpustosolveeverydayproblems.Studyingmathwillenableyoutomakeroutineabiteasier.主要觀點：分論點：2、匹配型這種結(jié)構(gòu)主要是對兩種事物進行對比，有的是將兩種事物的優(yōu)缺點一一對應(yīng)闡述，有的是先說完一個事物，再說另一個事物。這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)一般見于議論文。請閱讀下面的文章，找出對比的兩項事物，以及他們的不同點。Mostofthepeoplefinditdifficulttodifferentiateafrogfromatoad.Theynormallymixthemup.Althoughtheyseemsosimilarinappearance,theycertainlyhavenumerousdissimilaritiestoo.Frogsarefoundinmanydifferentshapes,sizes,colors,andtextures.Frogshavesmooth,wetskin.Theylivemostofthetimeinornearwater.Theyhavedifferenteyecolorsincludingbrown,silver,green,goldandredalongwithdifferentshapesandsizesofpupil.Someofthefrogshavestickypaddingontheirfeetwhileothershavewebbedfeet.Itisobviousthatnotevenallthefrogshavesamequalities.Toadstoohavenumerousshapes,sizes,andtexture,buttheydon’thavemuchvarietyincolor.Toadsarechubbyandhavewartyskin.Theydospendoftheirtimeinwater,buttheyliveinmoistplaceslikewoods,fieldsandgardens.Theirpupilsdohavedifferentshapes,sizes,andcolors,butgenerallytheyareegg-shaped,smallandblack.Usuallytheyhavewebbedfeet.Toadsandfrogshavethesamewaytocatchandeatfood.Bothofthemusetheirtonguetoandgulpdowntheprey.Butafroghasacrestofverysmallconeteetharoundtheupperjawedgetoseizethefood,butatoaddoesn’thaveanyteethatall.Theyeatalmostsamefoodsasfrogslikebugsinsects,fish,etc.Tosumup,frogsandtoadsdoseemsimilarbuttheyhaveseveraldifferentqualitiesregardingshape,size,color,andtexture.Soitiscrystalclearthatpeoplemistakewhilefiguringoutthedifferencebetweenafrogandtoad.Itisneededthatoneshouldlearnhowafrogdiffersfromatoad.對比的兩項事物：不同點是：3、假設(shè)—真實型這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)一般是作者先提出一種社會上普遍認(rèn)可或者某些圈子里認(rèn)可的觀點或態(tài)度，在下文中進行論述，闡明自己的觀點，或者對以上觀點進行反駁，或者闡述真實情況。這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)一般常見于議論文。請閱讀以下文章，找出“普通觀點”和作者的觀點分別是什么。OuthereinExampleland,PeteandFrankalwaysleavePhiladelphiaatnoonandpassHelenandIrmainAltoonaat4:30,butnoonewilltellyouhowfastthey'regoing.Andwhenyou'replanningforretirement,youcanalwaysfigureoutwhatpercentageofyourincomeyoucansave,butnooneherewilltellyouwhatyou'llhavewhenyouleavetheofficeforthelasttime.Todaywe'regoingtoshowwhy,andwhatyoucanlearnfromthat—becauseyoucanalwayslearnsomethinginExampleland.We'regoingtostartwithJoe,whostartedsavingforretirementatage30in1975andretiredatage65.Joe'syoungerbrother,Ralph,alsostartedsavingatage30,butdoessofouryearslater.You'llsoonseewhyJoehatesRalph,andit'snotbecauseRalphbrieflydatedAbba'sAgnethaF?ltskogwhilevisitingrelativesinSweden.JoeinvestedallhisretirementmoneyintheStandardandPoor's500-stockindexandreinvestedhisdividends.SodidRalph.Eachofthemearnedthemedianfamilyincome—halfishigher,halflower.ForJoe,thatstartedat$11,800in1975,or$46,453,adjustedforinflation.ForRalph,whostartssavingin1979,that's$16,461,or$49,225adjustedforinflation.Wagegrowthwasarealthinginthe1970s.BothJoeandRalphsaved10%oftheirincomeeachyearforretirement.Weusenominaldollarsforourcalculation—thatis,notadjustedforinflation—becausethosearethekindofdollarsyougetdeductedfromyourpaycheck.WhydoesJoehateRalph?BecauseJoeretiredwith$672,000inhisretirementaccount,whileRalphleftworkwith$906,000—adifferenceof$234,000.AscanonlyhappeninExampleland,bothJoeandRalphhadidenticalsavingsplans,buttheywouldendupwithvastlydifferentresults.Thereasonwasentirelyduetoaccidentsofbirth.Joeretiredattheendof2009,shortlyaftertheworstbearmarketsincetheGreatDepression,whileRalph,whoretiredattheendof2013,hadtimeforhisinvestmentstorecoverandevengrowlarger.社會觀點：作者的觀點：4、問題—解決型這個也很好理解，作者在文中先提出面臨的問題，也就是寫作背景，接著闡述自己對這個問題的看法，提出自己的意見或者解決方法，文章最后會對自己提出的方法進行評估。這種結(jié)構(gòu)常見于科學(xué)文章或者社會時事評論。請閱讀下面的文章，找出本文所要解決的問題和解決方法。Theenormousgrowthintheuseoftheinternetoverthelastdecadehasledtoradicalchangestothewaythatpeopleconsumeandshareinformation.Althoughseriousproblemshavearisenasaresultofthis,therearesolutions.Oneofthefirstproblemsoftheinternetistheeasewithwhichchildrencanaccesspotentiallydangeroussites.Forexample,pornographysitesareeasilyaccessibletothembecausetheycanregisterwithasiteandclaimtobeanadult.Thereisnodoubtthatthisaffectstheirthoughtsanddevelopment,whichisanegativeimpactforthechildrenandforsociety.Anothermajorproblemisthegrowthofonlinefraudandhacking.Thesedays,thereareconstantnewsstoriesaboutgovernmentandcompanywebsitesthathavebeenhacked,resultinginsensitiveinformationfallingintothehandsofcriminals.Itisimportant