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第一章材料連接技術(shù)的發(fā)展?fàn)顩r2CategoriesofJoiningTechnologiesMechanicalJoiningAdhesiveBondingWelding45%3連接技術(shù)的分類(lèi)(1)機(jī)械連接膠接焊接45%4連接技術(shù)的分類(lèi)(2)機(jī)械連接鉚接-使用鉚釘連接兩件或兩件以上的工件叫鉚接。螺栓連接。5連接技術(shù)的分類(lèi)(3)機(jī)械連接實(shí)例照片6膠接膠接技術(shù)是借助膠粘劑在固體表面上所產(chǎn)生的粘合力,將同種或不同種材料牢固地連接在一起的方法。連接技術(shù)的分類(lèi)(4)7焊接通過(guò)加熱或加壓或二者并用,使被焊材料達(dá)到原子間的結(jié)合,從而形成永久性連接的工藝。連接技術(shù)的分類(lèi)(5)89ApplicationsofFrictionStirWeldingLefttop:the2195Al-LiSpaceShuttleexternaltankLeftbottom:TheEclipse500businessclassjetRight:MazdaRX-8reardoorFromWeldingJournal200810DefinitionofWeldingTheprocessofjoiningtogethertwopiecesofmetalsothatbondingaccompaniedbyappreciableinteratomicpenetrationtakesplaceattheiroriginalboundarysurfaces.Theboundariesmoreorlessdisappearattheweld,andintegratingcrystalsdevelopacrossthem.Weldingiscarriedoutbytheuseofheatorpressureorbothandwithorwithoutaddedmetal.11焊接的定義焊接技術(shù)是指將兩種或兩種以上的(同種或異種)材料通過(guò)原子或分子之間的結(jié)合和擴(kuò)散造成永久性連接的工藝過(guò)程。宏觀上:永久性聯(lián)系微觀上:組織之間的內(nèi)部聯(lián)系12AdvantagesanddisadvantagesofweldingAdvantagesJointsarepermanent,precludingaccidental(orevenintentional)disassemblyandlooseningWidevarietyofprocessembodimentsApplicabilitytomanymaterialswithinafundamentalclassCanbeportableReasonableoverallcost,usuallyProvidesleaktightnesswithcontinuousweldsDisadvantagesPrevents/precludesdisassemblyforanypurposeHeatofsomewelding(especiallyinvolvingfusion)disruptsbasematerialpropertiesPrecludesjoiningbetweenmaterialsfromdifferentclassesUnbalancedheatinputleadstodistortionorresidualstressesRequiresconsiderableoperatorskillCanbeexpensiveduetoskilledlaborratesorduetolaborintensityforthick,long,orcriticalweldsCapitalequipmentcanbeexpensive,especiallyforsomeautomatedprocesses13Schematicillustrationofthevariousmicrostructuralzonesinatypicalfusionweld14TypesofjointsWeldingjointsvariationsWeldingpositions15ClassificationofWeldingProcessesFusionweldinggaswelding,shieldedmetalarcwelding,gasmetalarcwelding(aka.MIG),gastungstenarcwelding(aka.TIG),plasmaarcwelding,submergedarcwelding,electroslagwelding,electronbeamwelding,laserbeamwelding,etc.Pressureweldingresistancewelding,frictionwelding,diffusionwelding,flashwelding,explosionwelding,ultrasonicwelding,frictionstirwelding,etc.BrazingandSoldering450oC(840oF)induction,furnace,dip,torch,resistance,etc.Howmanymoreweldingprocessescanyouname?ArcweldingLaserbeamweldingSoldering……16焊接方法的分類(lèi)熔焊氣焊、焊條電弧焊、熔化極氣體保護(hù)焊(MIG)、鎢極氣體保護(hù)焊(TIG)、等離子弧焊、埋弧焊、電子束焊、激光焊、電渣焊等壓焊電阻焊、摩擦焊、擴(kuò)散焊、冷壓焊、爆炸焊、超聲波焊、攪拌摩擦焊等釬焊軟釬焊、硬釬焊感應(yīng)釬焊、爐中釬焊、浸沾釬焊、火焰釬焊、電阻釬焊等17GasWeldingGasweldingisaweldingprocessthatmeltsandjoinsmetalsbyheatingthemwithaflamecausedbythereactionbetweenafuelgasandoxygen.Fuelgases:acetylene(乙炔),propane(丙烷),propylene(丙烯),hydrogen(氫氣),etc.Oxyacetylenewelding(OAW,氧乙炔焊)isthemostcommonlyusedgasweldingprocessbecauseofitshighflametemperatureorsourceenergy.18氣焊氣焊是金屬熔焊方法的一種,所需要的熱源由氣體火焰提供。所用燃?xì)庥幸胰?、丙烷、丙烯、氫氣等,但乙炔在氣焊中占主?dǎo)地位。氧-乙炔氣焊最常用(Oxy-AcetyleneWelding)。氣焊的應(yīng)用范圍越來(lái)越小。常用于黑色金屬焊接。在建筑、安裝、裝修及野外施工等沒(méi)有電源的場(chǎng)所,無(wú)法進(jìn)行電焊時(shí)常使用氣焊。與氣割的區(qū)別。19GasWelding20氣焊設(shè)備氧氣瓶氧氣減壓器乙炔瓶回火保險(xiǎn)器焊炬(槍?zhuān)┫鹌す軞夂负妇鏄?gòu)造圖21Threetypesofflamesinoxyacetylenewelding(a中性火焰,b碳化火焰,c氧化火焰)O2:C2H2=1:1O2:C2H2<1:1O2:C2H2>1:1forbrassforaluminum,high-carbonsteelsformostmetalsGasWelding22GasWeldingChemicalreactionsandtemperaturedistributioninaneutraloxyacetyleneflame23AdvantagesTheequipmentissimple,portable,andinexpensiveThetemperatureintheweldpooliscontrollableForall-positionweldingFieldconstructionwithoutelectricalsourceConvenientformaintenanceandrepairapplicationsDisadvantagesLimitedpowerdensity,lowweldingspeed,hightotalheatinputperunitlengthoftheweldLargeheat-affectedzonesSeveredistortionMostlyoperatedmanually,highrequirementsoflaborskillsPoorworkingconditionsGasWelding24氣焊優(yōu)點(diǎn)焊接熔池溫度易于控制,可以全位置焊接不需要電源,可在野外施工設(shè)備簡(jiǎn)單,移動(dòng)方便通用性強(qiáng),可用于熔焊、釬焊,可改裝成氣割設(shè)備適于薄件、小件焊接和熔點(diǎn)較低的金屬焊接氣焊氣焊缺點(diǎn)與電弧相比,氣體火焰溫度低,熱量分散生產(chǎn)率低,焊件變形嚴(yán)重,接頭熱影響區(qū)寬,顯微組織粗大,接頭性能較差多為手工操作,對(duì)焊工有較高的技巧要求勞動(dòng)條件差25Applicationsandlimitations(1)AreaofapplicationMostferrousandnon-ferrousmetalsOAW:carbonsteels,castiron,alloyedsteels,copper,nickel,aluminum,etc.Withotherfuelgases:low-meltingpointmetalsandnoblemetals,e.g.aluminum,magnesium,zinc,lead,etc.Notrecommendedforrefractorymetals(niobium,molybdenum,wolfram)andreactivemetals(titanium,zirconium).(2)MainapplicationsThinsheets,thin-sectiontubesSmallbatchproduction,fieldconstruction,repair,etc.GasWelding26氣焊氣焊適用范圍(1)可氣焊的金屬絕大多數(shù)的黑色和有色金屬。用氧-乙炔火焰時(shí),可焊接碳鋼、鑄鐵、合金鋼、銅合金、鎳合金、鋁合金等。用氫、天然氣、丙烷等其它可燃?xì)怏w時(shí),可焊接熔點(diǎn)較低的金屬和貴重金屬,如鋁、鎂、鋅、鉛等。高熔點(diǎn)金屬如鈮、鉬、鎢等以及活性金屬如鈦、鋯等不宜采用氣焊。(2)主要用途最適于焊接薄板或薄壁管子。隨著板厚增加,焊接越不經(jīng)濟(jì)。由于生產(chǎn)率低,故適用于小批生產(chǎn)、野外焊接、修理和改建等場(chǎng)合。27ShieldedMetalArcWelding(SMAW)Shieldedmetalarcwelding(SMAW)isaprocessthatmeltsandjoinsmetalsbyheatingthemwithanarcestablishedbetweenasticklikecoveredelectrodeandthemetals.Itisoftencalledstickwelding.Thecoreofthecoveredelectrode,thecorewire,conductstheelectriccurrenttothearcandprovidesfillermetalforthejoint.Forelectricalcontact,thetop1.5cmofthecorewireisbareandheldbytheelectrodeholder.Theelectrodeholderisessentiallyametalclampwithanelectricallyinsulatedoutsideshellfortheweldertoholdsafely.28焊條電弧焊(SMAW)焊條電弧焊是藥皮焊條手工電弧焊的簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)(SMAW,ShieldedMetalArcWelding)。是用手工操縱焊條施焊的電弧焊方法。它利用焊條與工件之間燃燒的電弧熱熔化焊條端部和工件的局部,在焊條端部迅速熔化的金屬以細(xì)小熔滴經(jīng)弧柱過(guò)度到工件已經(jīng)局部熔化的金屬中,并與之融合一起形成熔池,隨著電弧向前移動(dòng),熔池的液態(tài)金屬逐步冷卻結(jié)晶而形成焊縫。焊接過(guò)程中,焊條芯是焊接電弧的一個(gè)極,并作為填充金屬熔化后就成為焊縫的組成部分;焊條的藥皮經(jīng)電弧高溫分解和熔化而生成氣體和熔渣,對(duì)金屬熔滴和熔池起防止大氣污染的保護(hù)作用和冶金反應(yīng)作用;某些藥皮加入金屬粉末為焊縫提供附加的填充金屬。29ShieldedMetalArcWelding(SMAW)Theelectrodeholderisconnectedthroughaweldingcabletooneterminalofthepowersourceandtheworkpieceisconnectedthroughasecondcabletotheotherterminalofthepowersource.Theheatofthearccausesboththecorewireandthefluxcoveringattheelectrodetiptomeltoffasdroplets.Themoltenmetalcollectsintheweldpoolandsolidifiesintotheweldmetal.Thelightermoltenflux,ontheotherhand,floatsonthepoolsurfaceandsolidifiesintoaslaglayeratthetopoftheweldmetal.30ShieldedMetalArcWelding(SMAW)Protection:

Itprovidesagaseousshieldtoprotectthemoltenmetalfromair.Deoxidation:

Itprovidesdeoxidizersandfluxingagentstodeoxidizeandcleansetheweldmetal.Thesolidslagformedalsoprotectsthealreadysolidifiedbutstillhotweldmetalfromoxidation.ArcStabilization:

Itprovidesarcstabilizerstohelpmaintainastablearc.Arcstabilizersarecompoundsthatdecomposereadilyintoionsinthearc.Theyincreasetheelectricalconductivityofthearcandhelpthearcconducttheelectriccurrentmoresmoothly.MetalAddition:

Itprovidesalloyingelementsand/ormetalpowdertotheweldpool.Theformerhelpscontrolthecompositionoftheweldmetalwhilethelatterhelpsincreasethedepositionrate.

FunctionsofElectrodeCovering31焊條電弧焊(SMAW)工藝特點(diǎn)

1)設(shè)備簡(jiǎn)單,操作靈活方便,適應(yīng)性強(qiáng),可達(dá)性好,不受場(chǎng)地和焊接位置的限制,在焊條能達(dá)到的地方一般都能施焊,這些都是被廣泛應(yīng)用的重要原因。

2)可焊金屬?gòu)V,除難熔或極易氧化的金屬外,大部分工業(yè)用的金屬均能焊接。

3)待焊接頭裝配要求較低,但對(duì)焊工操作技術(shù)要求高,焊接質(zhì)量在一定程度上取決于焊工的操作水平。

4)勞動(dòng)條件差,熔敷速度慢,生產(chǎn)效率低。因所用焊條尺寸一般已固定,每焊完一根焊條,必須更換焊條,并殘留下一截焊條頭,而未被充分利用,焊后還需清渣等,故生產(chǎn)率低。32焊條電弧焊(SMAW)適用范圍與局限性

1.可焊工件厚度范圍 1mm以下的薄板不宜用焊條電弧焊;采用坡口多層焊的厚度雖不受限制,但效率低,填充金屬量大,經(jīng)濟(jì)型下降,所以一般大多用在3~40mm之間。 2.可焊金屬范圍能焊的金屬有:碳鋼、低合金鋼、不銹鋼、耐熱鋼、銅、鋁及其合金;能焊但可能需預(yù)熱、后熱或兩者兼有的金屬有:鑄鐵、高強(qiáng)度鋼、淬火鋼等;不能焊的金屬主要有:低熔點(diǎn)金屬如鋅、鉛、錫及其合金;難熔金屬如鎢、鉬等,活性金屬如鈦、鈮、鋯等。 3.最合適的產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu)和生產(chǎn)性質(zhì) 結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的產(chǎn)品,在結(jié)構(gòu)上具有很多短的或不規(guī)則的、具有各種空間位置及其它不易實(shí)現(xiàn)機(jī)械化或自動(dòng)化焊接的焊縫,最宜用焊條電弧焊。單件或小批量的焊接產(chǎn)品多采用焊條電弧焊。在安裝或修理部門(mén)因焊接位置不定,焊接工作量相對(duì)較小,也宜采用焊條電弧焊。33AdvantagesSimple,portable,andinexpensiveAll-positionweldingMaintenance,repair,andfieldconstructionDisadvantagesLimiteddepositionrateLimitedlengthoftheelectrode(about350mm)requireselectrodechangingwhichfurtherreducestheoverallproductionrateOperatedmanually,highrequirementsoflaborskillsPoorworkingconditionsShieldedMetalArcWelding(SMAW)34ShieldedMetalArcWelding(SMAW)ApplicationsandLimitations(1)Applicablethicknessoftheworkpiece:3-40mm.(2)AreaofapplicationApplicablemetals:carbonsteels,lowalloysteels,stainlesssteels,heat-resistantsteels,copper,aluminum.Pre-and/orpost-heattreatment:castiron,high-strengthsteel,quenchedsteels,etc.Notrecommendedforlow-meltingpointmetals(e.g.zinc,lead,tin,etc.),refractorymetals(molybdenum,wolfram,etc.)andreactivemetals(titanium,niobium,zirconium).35(3)MostapplicablestructuresandproductsComplicatedstructures:shortweld,irregularweld,alltypesofpositionsdifficultforautomaticweldingSinglepieceorsmallbatchproductionRepair,maintenance,etc.ShieldedMetalArcWelding(SMAW)ApplicationsandLimitations(Continued)36Gastungstenarcwelding(GTAW)Gas–tungstenarcwelding(GTAW)isaprocessthatmeltsandjoinsmetalsbyheatingthemwithanarcestablishedbetweenanonconsumabletungstenelectrodeandthemetals。Theshieldinggasgoesthroughthetorchbodyandisdirectedbyanozzletowardtheweldpooltoprotectitfromtheair.Gas–tungstenarcwelding:(a)overallprocess;(b)weldingareaenlarged37鎢極氣體保護(hù)焊(TIG)在惰性氣體的保護(hù)下,利用鎢電極與工件之間產(chǎn)生的電弧熱熔化母材和填充焊絲的焊接方法稱(chēng)鎢極惰性氣體保護(hù)焊,簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)TIG焊(TungstenInertGasWelding)或GTAW(GasTungstenArcWelding)。TIG焊有手工焊、半自動(dòng)焊和自動(dòng)焊三種操作方式。手工焊時(shí),焊槍的運(yùn)動(dòng)和焊絲的送進(jìn)均由焊工左右手同時(shí)操作;半自動(dòng)焊時(shí),焊槍由手工操作,焊絲由專(zhuān)門(mén)的送絲機(jī)構(gòu)等速地自動(dòng)輸送;自動(dòng)焊時(shí),分別有行走機(jī)構(gòu)、送絲機(jī)構(gòu),完成這兩個(gè)動(dòng)作。38鎢極氣體保護(hù)焊(TIG)TIG焊的工藝特點(diǎn)

1)焊接時(shí)使用不熔化的鎢電極,不存在電極熔化對(duì)弧長(zhǎng)的影響問(wèn)題,故電弧長(zhǎng)度易于控制。需要填充金屬時(shí),可從側(cè)面向電弧送進(jìn)焊絲,焊接電流不受影響。

2)焊接時(shí),保護(hù)焊接區(qū)的是惰性氣體,不需加入任何焊劑即可獲得純凈的焊縫金屬。因此,幾乎可以焊接所有的金屬。

3)為了避免鎢極被損壞和不致引起焊縫金屬被鎢污染,一般不用接觸(短路)式引弧,而采用非接觸式引弧。為此,需配備一個(gè)引弧裝置;對(duì)于普通交流TIG焊,還需配備穩(wěn)弧裝置,以使焊接過(guò)程電弧穩(wěn)定。

4)無(wú)論使用直流電源還是交流電源,都要求具有陡降或垂直下降(即恒流)的外特性,以減小或排除因弧長(zhǎng)變化引起焊接電流的波動(dòng)。39鎢極氣體保護(hù)焊(TIG)TIG焊的三種極性40鎢極氣體保護(hù)焊(TIG)陰極霧化或陰極清理作用

TIG焊接過(guò)程中,當(dāng)母材為陰極時(shí),電弧中質(zhì)量較大的正離子高速向母材表面撞擊,就象噴砂的作用一樣,把母材表面的氧化膜打碎并清除掉,這種現(xiàn)象稱(chēng)陰極清理作用,又稱(chēng)陰極破碎作用。如圖所示為鋁的TIG焊焊縫外觀示意圖。焊縫周?chē)陌走?,就是因清洗作用把母材表面氧化膜去除的痕跡。發(fā)生陰極清洗作用的基本條件是母材必須是負(fù)極,正極不能發(fā)生。因此,只有直流反接和交流負(fù)半周期內(nèi)才能有這種作用。此外,發(fā)生的范圍是在惰性氣體充分包圍的地方,混入空氣就不發(fā)生這種作用。惰性氣體流量不足,其作用范圍就會(huì)減少。41Advantages Gas–tungstenarcweldingissuitableforjoiningthinsectionsbecauseofitslimitedheatinputs.Thefeedingrateofthefillermetalissomewhatindependentoftheweldingcurrent,thusallowingavariationintherelativeamountofthefusionofthebasemetalandthefusionofthefillermetal.Therefore,thecontrolofdilutionandenergyinputtotheweldcanbeachievedwithoutchangingthesizeoftheweld.Itcanalsobeusedtoweldbuttjointsofthinsheetsbyfusionalone,thatis,withouttheadditionoffillermetalsorautogenouswelding.SincetheGTAWprocessisaverycleanweldingprocess,itcanbeusedtoweldreactivemetals,suchastitaniumandzirconium,aluminum,andmagnesium.Gastungstenarcwelding(GTAW)42Disadvantages

However,thedepositionrateinGTAWislow.Excessiveweldingcurrentscancausemeltingofthetungstenelectrodeandresultsinbrittletungsteninclusionsintheweldmetal.However,byusingpreheatedfillermetals,thedepositionratecanbeimproved.Inthehot-wireGTAWprocess,thewireisfedintoandincontactwiththeweldpoolsothatresistanceheatingcanbeobtainedbypassinganelectriccurrentthroughthewire.Gastungstenarcwelding(GTAW)43鎢極氣體保護(hù)焊(TIG)TIG焊的優(yōu)點(diǎn)

1)在惰性氣體保護(hù)下焊接,不需使用焊劑就可以焊接幾乎所有金屬;特別適于焊接化學(xué)活性強(qiáng)和形成高熔點(diǎn)氧化物的鋁、鎂及其合金。

2)焊接工藝性能好。明弧,能觀察電弧及熔池;電弧燃燒穩(wěn)定,無(wú)飛濺,焊后不須去渣,焊縫成型美觀;能進(jìn)行全位置焊接。是實(shí)現(xiàn)單面焊背面成形的理想焊接方法。

3)能進(jìn)行脈沖焊接,減少焊接熱輸入,很適于薄板或?qū)崦舾胁牧系暮附?。TIG焊的缺點(diǎn)

1)熔深淺,熔敷速度小,焊接生產(chǎn)率較低。

2)鎢極載流能力有限,過(guò)大焊接電流會(huì)引起鎢極熔化和蒸發(fā),其微??赡苓M(jìn)入熔池,造成對(duì)焊縫金屬的污染。

3)焊接時(shí),需采取防風(fēng)措施。

4)惰性氣體較貴,生產(chǎn)成本較高。44鎢極氣體保護(hù)焊(TIG)ManualTIG手工鎢極氬弧焊AutomaticTIG全自動(dòng)鎢極氬弧焊45鎢極氣體保護(hù)焊(TIG)適用范圍

1.適焊的材料 鎢極氬弧焊幾乎可焊接所有的金屬和合金,但因其成本較高,生產(chǎn)中主要用于焊接鋁、鎂、鈦、銅等有色金屬及其合金,不銹鋼和耐熱鋼。對(duì)于低熔點(diǎn)易蒸發(fā)的金屬如鉛、錫、鋅等因焊接操作困難,一般不用TIG焊。對(duì)已鍍有錫、鋅、鉛等低熔點(diǎn)金屬層的碳鋼,焊前需去掉鍍層,否則熔入焊縫金屬中生成中間合金會(huì)降低接頭性能。

2.適焊的焊接接頭和位置 常規(guī)的對(duì)接、搭接、T形接和角接等接頭,處在任何位置(即全位置)只要結(jié)構(gòu)上具有可達(dá)性均能焊接。

3.適焊的板厚與產(chǎn)品結(jié)構(gòu) 從生產(chǎn)率考慮以3mm以下的薄板焊接最適宜。重要厚壁結(jié)構(gòu)件的根部熔透焊道或其它結(jié)構(gòu)窄間隙焊縫的打底焊道,為了保證焊接質(zhì)量,有時(shí)采用TIG焊。手工TIG焊宜用于結(jié)構(gòu)形狀較復(fù)雜的焊件和難以接近的部位或間斷的短焊縫的焊接;自動(dòng)TIG焊適于焊接長(zhǎng)焊縫,包括縱鋒、環(huán)鋒和曲線焊縫。46氬弧焊視頻(3’19’’)47Gasmetalarcwelding(GMAW)Gas–metalarcwelding(GMAW)isaprocessthatmeltsandjoinsmetalsbyheatingthemwithanarcestablishedbetweenacontinuouslyfedfillerwireelectrodeandthemetals.Shieldingofthearcandthemoltenweldpoolisoftenobtainedbyusinginertgasessuchasargonandhelium,andthisiswhyGMAWisalsocalledthemetal–inertgas(MIG)weldingprocess.Sincenoninertgases,particularlyCO2,arealsoused,GMAWseemsamoreappropriatename.48CategoryofGMAWprocessGasmetalarcwelding(GMAW)49Gasmetalarcwelding(GMAW)Gas–metalarcwelding:(a)overallprocess;(b)weldingareaenlarged50Gasmetalarcwelding(GMAW)ModesofMetalTransferShallowweld,ThinworkpieceIrregularweld,SpatteringDeeppenetration,StabletransferShort-CircuitingTransfer短路過(guò)渡GlobularTransfer滴狀過(guò)渡SprayTransfer噴射過(guò)渡51熔化極氣體保護(hù)焊(MIG)熔滴過(guò)渡形式(a滴狀過(guò)渡;b噴射過(guò)渡)52熔化極氣體保護(hù)焊(MIG)Thespraytransfermode(噴射過(guò)渡)

ischaracterizedbyanaxialtransferoffine,discretemoltenparticlesordropsfromtheconsumableelectrodetotheworkpieceatratesofseveralhundredpersecond.Themetaltransferisverystable,directional,andessentiallyfreeofspatter.SpraytransferisproducedbyweldingintheDCelectrodepositivemodeathighvoltages(typically27~30V)andamperagesabovesomecriticalvaluerelatedtothewire’sdiameter.Thehigharcenergyandheatassociatedwiththespraytransfermodelimitsitseffectivenessforjoiningsheetgaugemetals,butthestrongdirectionalspray(oftenreferredtoas“arcstiffness”)canbeusefulforweldingverticallyupordownoroverhead,allofwhicharesaidtobe“outofposition”comparedtodownwardor“down-hand”onahorizontalplane.53熔化極氣體保護(hù)焊(MIG)Theglobulartransfermode(滴狀過(guò)渡)

ischaracterizedbylargeglobulesordropsofmoltenmetalbeingformedatthetipoftheconsumableelectrodeandthenbeingreleasedandcarriedtotheworkpieceandweldbygravityand/orarcforces.Globuleformationisusuallyfromaboutonepersecondtofivepersecond.Thelargedropsizetendstomakeout-of-positionweldingdifficult,asthereisnodirected“push”tomakethedropsfightgravity.Spatterisusuallyconsiderablecomparedtospraytransfer.54熔化極氣體保護(hù)焊(MIG)Intheshort-circuitingmode(短路過(guò)渡),

whichisknownasa“bridging”mode,weldingcurrentsandvoltagesarekeptlowandtheslow-formingglobulesatthetipoftheconsumableelectrodeareperiodicallytouchedtotheweldpuddletocausetheirreleasethroughsurfacetensionforces.Thisshort-circuitingoccursatratesinexcessof50persecondandisbestperformedusingspeciallydesignedpowersources.Thelowcurrentsrequiredforthismodeenabletheweldingofthinsectionswithoutmeltingthroughoroverwelding.Out-of-positionweldingisfacilitatedbythedirecttransferofthemoltenmetalthroughcontact.Spatterisminimizedwiththistransfermode.Itispossibletosuperimposeintermittenthigh-amplitudepulsesonalow-levelsteadycurrentthatmaintainsthearc.Thisisknownasthe“pulsedcurrent”.55熔化極氣體保護(hù)焊(MIG)Itispossibletosuperimposeintermittenthigh-amplitudepulsesonalow-levelsteadycurrentthatmaintainsthearc.Pulseratestypicallyrunfromone-halftofivepersecond.Thisisknownasthe“pulsedcurrent”.Thistechniqueallowsspraytransfertobeobtainedatappreciablyreducedcurrentlevelsduringthehigh-amplitudepulses.Argon-richgasesareessential,andprogrammablepowersourcesarerequired,butseveraladvantagesareobtained,includingtheuseofrelativelylarge-diameterelectrodesforhigherdepositionrates,suitabilitytothinorthickgauges,suitabilityforin-orout-of-positionwelding,andattractiveweldcrownbeadappearance.56熔化極氣體保護(hù)焊(MIG)Theglobular,short-circuit,andpulsed-arctransfermodesusethedirectcurrentelectrodenegativeoperating(DCENorDCSP)mode,whilethespraytransfermodeusuallyusestheelectrodepositive(DCEPorDCRP)modetoenhancemeltingoftheconsumableelectrode.Insummary,theGMAWprocessoffersflexibilityandversatility,canbereadilyautomated,requireslessmanipulativeskillthanSMAW,andenableshighdepositionrates(i.e.,5-20kgperhour)andefficiencies(i.e.,70-85%).Thegreatestshortcomingoftheprocessisthatthepowersuppliestypicallyrequiredareexpensive.DCSP:directcurrentstraightpolarityDCRP:directcurrentreversepolarity57熔化極氣體保護(hù)焊(MIG)DifferencesbetweenMIG

andTIG

welding58熔化極氣體保護(hù)焊(MIG)MIG焊的優(yōu)點(diǎn)

1)焊接效率高。因是連續(xù)送絲,沒(méi)有更換焊條工序,焊道之間不須清渣,節(jié)省時(shí)間。通過(guò)焊絲的電流密度大,因而提高了熔敷速度。 2)可以獲得含氫量較焊條電弧焊為低的焊縫金屬。 3)在相同電流下,熔深比焊條電弧焊的大。 4)焊接薄板時(shí),可以用較低的焊接電流和較快的焊接速度,其焊接變形小。 5)煙霧少,可以減輕通風(fēng)要求。MIG焊的缺點(diǎn)

1)受環(huán)境制約。為了確保焊接區(qū)獲得良好的氣體保護(hù),在室外操作需有防風(fēng)裝置。

2)半自動(dòng)焊槍比焊條電弧焊鉗重,不輕便、操作靈活性較差。對(duì)于狹小空間的接頭,焊槍不易接近。

3)設(shè)備較復(fù)雜,對(duì)使用和維護(hù)要求較高。

以上優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)均是與焊條電弧焊相比較而言。59熔化極氣體保護(hù)焊(MIG)適用范圍

1.適焊的材料 被焊金屬材料的范圍受保護(hù)氣體性質(zhì)、焊絲供應(yīng)和制造成本等因素的影響。MIG焊使用惰性氣體,可以焊接黑色金屬和有色金屬,但從焊絲供應(yīng)以及制造成本考慮,主要用于鋁、銅、鈦及其合金,以及不銹鋼、耐熱鋼的焊接。MAG焊和CO2焊主要用于焊接碳鋼、低合金高強(qiáng)度鋼。MAG焊常焊接較為重要的金屬結(jié)構(gòu),CO2焊則廣泛用于普通的金屬結(jié)構(gòu)。 2.焊接位置 可以進(jìn)行全位置焊接,其中以平焊位置和橫焊位置焊接效率最高,其他焊接位置的效率也比焊條電弧焊高。 3.可焊厚度 原則上開(kāi)坡口多層焊的厚度是無(wú)限的,僅受經(jīng)濟(jì)因素限制。60熔化極氣體保護(hù)焊(MIG)AutomaticMIGweldingPhotosofMIG

welds61Plasmaarcwelding(PAW)isanarcweldingprocessthatmeltsandjoinsmetalsbyheatingthemwithaconstrictedarcestablishedbetweenatungstenelectrodeandthemetals.ItissimilartoGTAW,butanorificegasaswellasashieldinggasisused.AsshownintheFigure,thearcinPAWisconstrictedbecauseoftheconvergingactionoftheorificegasnozzle,andthearcexpandsonlyslightlywithincreasingarclength.Plasmaarcwelding(PAW)Plasmaarcwelding:(a)overallprocess;(b)weldingareaenlargedandshownwithkeyholing.62等離子弧焊(PlasmaArcWelding,PAW)是在鎢極氬弧焊的基礎(chǔ)上發(fā)展起來(lái)的一種焊接方法。鎢極氬弧焊使用的熱源是常壓狀態(tài)下的自由電弧,簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)自由鎢弧。等離子弧焊用的熱源則是將自由鎢弧壓縮強(qiáng)化之后而獲得電離度更高的電弧等離子體,稱(chēng)等離子弧,又稱(chēng)壓縮電弧。兩者在物理本質(zhì)上沒(méi)有區(qū)別,僅是弧柱中電離程度上的不同。經(jīng)壓縮后的電弧其能量密度更為集中,溫度更高。等離子弧焊(PAW)Theadvantagesofplasmaarcincludegreaterenergyconcentration(i.e.,higherenergydensity)withattendanthigherheatingintensity,deeperpenetratingcapability,higherweldingspeeds,improvedarcstability,andusuallycleanerweldssincethetipofthetungstenelectrodecannotaccidentallybetouchedtotheworkpiecetocausecontamination.63TheplasmainPAWiscreatedbythelow-volumeflowofargonthroughtheinnerorificeoftheplasmaarctorch.Ahigh-frequencypilotarcestablishedbetweenthetungstenelectrodeandtheinnernozzleionizesthisorificegasandignitestheprimaryarctotheworkpiece.Whentheworkpieceisconnectedelectricallytotheweldingtorchsuchthatitisofoppositepolaritytothepermanentelectrode,theplasmaisdrawntotheworkpieceelectrically;theplasmagenerationisreferredtoasoperatinginthe“transferredplasmaarc”mode.Whentheworkpieceisnotconnectedelectricallytothetorch,andtheplasmaissimplyforcedtotheworkpiecebytheforceoftheinertgas,theplasmagenerationisreferredtoasthe“nontransferredplasmaarc”mode.等離子弧焊(PAW)64等離子弧焊(PAW)目前廣泛采用壓縮電弧的方法,是將產(chǎn)生鎢極氬弧的鎢極縮入到焊槍的噴嘴內(nèi)部,并在噴嘴中通入等離子氣(通常是氬氣),強(qiáng)制電弧從噴嘴的孔道通過(guò),如圖所示。三種壓縮作用

噴嘴孔道的機(jī)械壓縮 離子氣冷氣流的熱收縮 弧柱自身電磁產(chǎn)生的磁收縮壓縮結(jié)果

弧柱的導(dǎo)電界面縮小 電流密度增大65等離子弧焊利用弧柱等離子體熱來(lái)加熱金屬;自由鎢弧利用兩電極區(qū)產(chǎn)生的熱來(lái)加熱母材和電極金屬。等離子弧焊(PAW)等離子弧能量密度可達(dá)105~106W/cm2,比自由鎢弧(約105W/cm2

以下)高,其溫度可達(dá)18000~24000K,也高于自由鎢弧(約5000~8000K)很多。等離子弧焊和自由鎢弧的區(qū)別66等離子弧焊(PAW)等離子弧焊和自由鎢弧的區(qū)別67Twodistinctlydifferentweldingmodesarepossiblewiththeplasmaarcweldingprocess,astheyalsoarewiththehigh-energybeamprocessesoflaserbeamandelectronbeamwelding:the“melt-inmode”or“conductionmode”andthe“keyholemode”.Inthemelt-inmode,heatingoftheworkpieceoccursbyconductionofheatfromtheplasma’scontactwiththeworkpiecesurfaceinward.Thismodeisgoodforjoiningthinsections(e.g.,0.025-1.5mm),formakingfineweldsatlowcurrents,orforjoiningthickersections(upto3mm)athighcurrents.等離子弧焊(PAW)68Inthekeyholemode,thehighenergydensityofaveryhigh-currentplasmavaporizesacavitythroughtheworkpieceandcreatesaweldbymovingthekeyhole.Moltenmetalsurroundingtheintenselyhotvaporcavityisdrawnbysurfacetensionorcapillaryforcestofillthecavityatthetrailingedgeoftheweldpool.Thismodeisexcellentforweldingapplicationsrequiringdeeppenetration,toapproximately20mm.ThesinglegreatestdisadvantagesofPAWistherequiredequipments.Powersources,gascontrollers,andtorchesareallcomplicatedandexpensive,andthetorchestendtobelarge,makinghandlingdifficultduringmanualoperation.等離子弧焊(PAW)69等離子弧焊的分類(lèi)

按焊縫成形原理分類(lèi)

1.小孔型等離子弧焊

(a)利用等離子弧對(duì)一定厚度范圍內(nèi)的金屬進(jìn)行單面焊背面成形的焊接技術(shù)。焊接時(shí),利用等離子弧能量密度大和等離子流吹力大的特點(diǎn),將工件完全熔透,并在熔池上產(chǎn)生一個(gè)貫穿焊件的小孔,等離子弧通過(guò)小孔從背面噴出,被熔化的金屬在電弧吹力、液體金屬重力和表面張力相互作用下保持平衡。隨著焊槍前移,小孔也跟隨前移,熔化金屬因表面張力作用而依附在等離子弧周?chē)墓腆w金屬壁面上,并且由于電弧的作用不斷地沿著小孔周?chē)蚝笸苿?dòng),隨即填滿(mǎn)原先的小孔而凝結(jié)成均勻的焊縫,這種過(guò)程稱(chēng)小孔效應(yīng)。 (b)焊接電流、等離子氣流量是關(guān)鍵,不然,焊接變切割。 (c)小孔型等離子弧焊只能在有限板厚內(nèi)進(jìn)行。

2.熔透型等離子弧焊 只熔化工件而不產(chǎn)生小孔效應(yīng)的一種焊接技術(shù)。當(dāng)?shù)入x子氣流量比小孔法焊接時(shí)小,弧柱壓縮程度較弱時(shí),電弧穿透能力不足以形成小孔,其焊接過(guò)程就和一般TIG焊相似,焊件靠熔池的熱傳導(dǎo)實(shí)現(xiàn)熔透。等離子弧焊(PAW)70適用范圍

1.操作方式 等離子弧焊適于手工和自動(dòng)兩種操作,可以焊接連續(xù)或斷續(xù)的焊縫。焊接時(shí)可添加或不添加填充金屬。 2.被焊金屬 一般TIG能焊接的大多數(shù)金屬,均可用等離子弧焊接,如碳鋼、低合金鋼、不銹鋼、銅合金、鎳及其合金、鈦及其合金等。低熔點(diǎn)和沸點(diǎn)的金屬如鉛、鋅等,不適于等離子弧焊。 3.焊接位置 手工等離子弧焊可全位置焊接,自動(dòng)等離子弧焊通常是在平焊和橫焊位置上進(jìn)行。 4.可焊厚度 等離子弧焊很適于焊接薄板,不開(kāi)坡口,背面不加襯墊。最薄可焊0.01mm厚的金屬薄片。等離子弧焊(PAW)71等離子弧焊熔接,氬弧焊蓋面等離子弧焊(PAW)72埋弧焊(SubmergedArcWelding,SAW)是電弧在焊劑層下燃燒進(jìn)行焊接的方法。埋弧焊(SAW)在焊接過(guò)程中,熔渣除了對(duì)熔池和焊縫金屬起機(jī)械保護(hù)作用外,還與熔化金屬發(fā)生冶金反應(yīng)(如脫氧、去雜質(zhì)、滲合金等),從而影響焊縫金屬的化學(xué)成分。73IntheSubmergedArcWelding,thearcandthemoltenweldmetalareshieldedfromtheairbyanenvelopeofmoltenfluxinsidealayerofunfusedgranularfluxparticles.Sincethearcisliterallyburiedor“submerged”intheflux,itisnotvisible.Asaresult,theprocessisrelativelyfreeoftheintenseradiationofheatandlightandofthefumestypicalofmostopenarcweldingprocesses,andtheresultingweldsareveryclean.Theefficienciesoftransferofenergyfromthearcsourcetotheworkpieceisveryhigh(usuallygreaterthan90%),sincelossesfromradiation,convection,andspatterareminimaltononexistent.埋弧焊(SAW)74The“sub-arc”processisalwaysmechanized,ascurrentsareveryhigh(500tomorethan2000amperes),depositionrateisveryhigh(25-45kgperhour),andreliabilityishigh.Atveryhighcurrents(over1000A),alternatingcurrent(AC)isoftenusedtoavoidproblemswith“arcblow”.Becausedepositionratestendtobehigh,andmoltenweldpoolslarge,weldingisrestrictedtoflatorhorizontalpositionsbecauseoftheeffectsofgravity.埋弧焊(SAW)75埋弧焊裝置示意圖埋弧焊(SAW)埋弧焊現(xiàn)場(chǎng)照片76埋弧焊是在自動(dòng)或半自動(dòng)下完成焊接的,與焊條電弧焊或其它焊接方法相比有如下優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)。埋弧焊(SAW)優(yōu)點(diǎn)

1)生產(chǎn)率高。焊絲從導(dǎo)電嘴伸出長(zhǎng)度短,可以提高焊接電流(或電流密度),一般可提高4~5倍。因此熔透能力和焊絲熔敷率大大提高。另一方面,由于焊劑和熔渣的隔熱作用,電弧熱散失少,飛濺少,故熱效率高,可提高焊接速度。

2)焊縫質(zhì)量高。焊劑和熔渣能有效地防止空氣侵入熔池而免受污染,還可以降低焊縫冷卻速度,從而提高接頭的力學(xué)性能。由于焊接工藝參數(shù)可以通過(guò)自動(dòng)調(diào)節(jié)保持穩(wěn)定,焊縫表面光潔平直,焊縫金屬的化學(xué)成分和力學(xué)性能均勻而穩(wěn)定。對(duì)焊工技術(shù)水平要求不高。

3)節(jié)省焊接材料和能源。較厚的焊件不開(kāi)坡口也能熔透,從而焊縫中所需填充金屬——焊絲量顯著減少,省去了開(kāi)坡口和填充坡口所需能源和時(shí)間。熔渣的保護(hù)作用避免了金屬元素的燒損和飛濺損失。不像焊條電弧焊那樣,有焊條頭的損耗。

4)勞動(dòng)條件好。由于焊接過(guò)程的機(jī)械化和自動(dòng)化,焊工勞動(dòng)強(qiáng)度大大降低。沒(méi)有弧光對(duì)焊工的有害作用。焊接時(shí)放出的煙塵和有害氣體少,改善了焊工的勞動(dòng)條件。77缺點(diǎn)

1)埋弧焊是靠顆粒狀焊劑堆積覆蓋而形成對(duì)焊接區(qū)的保護(hù)作用,故主要適用于平焊位置焊接。其它位置埋弧焊因裝置過(guò)于復(fù)雜未被應(yīng)用。 2)最適于長(zhǎng)焊縫的焊接。其適應(yīng)性和靈活性不如焊條電弧焊,特別短焊縫埋弧焊的效率低。不適于焊接厚度小于1mm以下的薄板,因?yàn)樾‰娏骱附与娀〔环€(wěn)定。 3)焊接時(shí)用的輔助裝置較多。如焊劑的輸送和回收裝置,焊接襯墊、引弧板和引出板,焊絲的去污銹和纏繞裝置等,有時(shí)尚需與焊接工裝配合才能使用。埋弧焊(SAW)78適用范圍

1.母材范圍

埋弧焊最廣泛用于w(C)少于0.30%,w(S)低于0.05%的低碳鋼的焊接生產(chǎn)。其次是用于低合金鋼和不銹鋼的焊接。對(duì)高、中碳鋼和合金鋼不常使用埋弧焊,因?yàn)楹笗r(shí)常須采用比較復(fù)雜的工藝措施。 埋弧焊可以在普通結(jié)構(gòu)鋼基體的表面上堆焊敷層,使其具有耐蝕或其它性能。

2.厚度范圍

埋弧焊最適于焊接中厚以上的鋼板,這樣能發(fā)揮大電流高熔深的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。隨著厚度增加,在待焊部位開(kāi)適當(dāng)坡口以保證焊透和改善焊縫成形。埋弧焊(SAW)79Electronbeamwelding(EBW)isaprocessthatmeltsandjoinsmetalsbyheatingthemwithanelectronbeam.Electronbeamwelding(EBW)Electronbeamwelding:(a)process;(b)keyhole80利用加速和聚焦的電子束轟擊置于真空或非真空中的焊件所產(chǎn)生的熱能進(jìn)行焊接的方法稱(chēng)電子束焊(ElectronBeamWelding,EBW)。Electronbeamwelding(EBW)

isafusionweldingprocessinwhichabeamofhigh-velocityelectronsisappliedtothematerialsbeingjoined.Theworkpiecesmeltasthekineticenergyoftheelectronsistransformedintoheatuponimpact,andthefillermetal,ifused,alsomeltstoformpartoftheweld.Theweldingisoftendoneinconditionsofavacuumtopreventdispersionoftheelectronbeam.GermanphysicistKarl-HeinzSteigerwald,whowasatthetimeworkingonvariouselectronbeamapplications,perceivedanddevelopedthefirstpracticalelectronbeamweldingmachinewhichbeganoperationin1958.電子束焊(EBW)81電子束焊接工作原理

電子的產(chǎn)生、加速和會(huì)聚成束是由電子槍完成。圖中陰極又稱(chēng)發(fā)射極,是燈絲,被加熱后以熱發(fā)射和場(chǎng)致發(fā)射方式逸出電子,在電場(chǎng)作用下電子將沿著電場(chǎng)強(qiáng)度的反方向運(yùn)動(dòng)。通常在陰極與陽(yáng)極之間加上幾十到幾百千伏的高電壓(即加速電壓),電子在離開(kāi)陰極后被加速(到0.3~0.7倍光速)飛向陽(yáng)極,穿過(guò)陽(yáng)極中心小孔后借助慣性到達(dá)工件。途徑空間因空間電荷效應(yīng)而導(dǎo)致電子束流發(fā)散,為此利用電磁透鏡(即磁聚焦線圈)把發(fā)射后的電子束重新會(huì)聚,并增加了電子束的焦距。為了防止高電壓擊穿和減小電子束流的散射及能量損失,電子腔內(nèi)的真空度須保持在0.1Pa以上。電子束焊(EBW)82當(dāng)高速電子束撞到工件表面,電子的動(dòng)能就轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)闊崮埽菇饘傺杆偃刍驼舭l(fā)。在高壓金屬蒸氣的作用下熔化的金屬被排開(kāi),電子束就能繼續(xù)撞擊深處的固態(tài)金屬,很快在被焊工件上“鉆”出一個(gè)深熔的小孔,如圖所示。小孔的周?chē)灰簯B(tài)金屬包圍,隨著電子束與工件的相對(duì)運(yùn)動(dòng),液態(tài)金屬沿小孔周?chē)飨蛉鄢睾蟛恐饾u冷卻,凝固形成了深寬比很大的焊縫。當(dāng)電子束的能量密度不高時(shí),金屬的熔化過(guò)程和電弧焊相似,焊縫熔深也較淺。電子束焊(EBW)83ElectronbeamweldingequipmentAnyelectronbeamequipmentcomprises:Electrongun,generatingtheelectronbeam,Workingchamber,mostlyevacuatedto"low"or"high"vacuum,Work-piecemanipulator(positioningmechanism),Powersupplyandcontrol/monitoringelectronics.電子束焊(EBW)84PossibleproblemsandlimitationsThematerialmeltedbythebeamshrinksduringcoolingaftersolidification,whichmayhaveunwantedconsequences,likecracking,deformationsandchangesofshape,dependingonconditions.Thebuttweldoftwoplateswillresultinbendingoftheweldmentduetothefactthatmorematerialhasbeenmeltedattheheadthanattherootoftheweld.Thiseffectisofcoursenotassubstantialasbyarcwelding.Anotherpotentialdangeristheemergenceofcracksintheweld.Ifbothpartsarerigid,theshrinkageoftheweldproduceshighstressintheweldwhichmayleadtocracksifthematerialisbrittle(evenifonlyafterremeltingbywelding).Consequencesoftheweldcontractionsshouldalwaysbeconsideredbytheconstructionofthepartstobewelded.電子束焊(EBW)85電子束焊的特點(diǎn)

1)功率密度高。加速電壓范圍為30~150KV,電子束流為20~1000mA,電子束焦點(diǎn)直徑為0.1~1mm,這樣的電子束其功率密度可達(dá)106W/cm2以上。 2)精確、快速和可控。由于電子具有極小的質(zhì)量和一定的負(fù)電荷,通過(guò)電場(chǎng)、磁場(chǎng)對(duì)電子束可以做快速而精確的控制。電子束焊(EBW)電子束焊的優(yōu)點(diǎn)

1)可獲得窄而深的穿透型熔化焊縫,其深寬比可達(dá)50

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