怎樣分類選擇句式用語

怎樣分類選擇句式用語(HowtoCIassify&SelectUsefulSentencePatterns)科學(xué)論文的寫作在常用句型、用語方面有一定的規(guī)律可循。掌握這些基本規(guī)律，寫作論文時可收到事半功倍的效果。那么，常用的句型、句式怎樣分類比較科學(xué)?通常用到的句式為哪些類型?各種類型又有哪些基本表達方法？所有這些問題，都擬在本章內(nèi)例述和研討。第一節(jié)分類的指導(dǎo)思想(Why&HowtoClassifySentencePatterns)一、 為什么分類(WhytoClassifySentencePattern。)有利于避免不必要的重復(fù)許多有用的句型，通常出現(xiàn)在科學(xué)論文的不同部分，如表示研究目的用語，不僅在論文摘要中用到，而且在引言、討論、甚至結(jié)論等部分都會用到。如果我們在講述怎樣寫作各部分時都列舉類似的用語，勢必造成重復(fù)、贅述?，F(xiàn)在把它們集中起來分類例述，就能避免不必要的重復(fù)。有利于比較地道、規(guī)范的英語表達把英、美人寫作論文曲的句式用語集中地進行分類選擇，有利于廣大專業(yè)技術(shù)人員學(xué)習(xí)、模仿比較地道、規(guī)范的英語表達，有利于節(jié)約時間，避免費力耗時地造出“蹩腳的”、甚至“中國式”的英語表達。有利于寫作中的多樣化表達把表達相同或相似概念的不同表達方式集中分類，便于寫作中選擇、比較，有利于交替使用不同的句型，避免句式單調(diào)、用詞單一，實現(xiàn)表達多樣。符合科學(xué)論文的寫作規(guī)律因為常用的句型是寫作中客觀存在的，它們的使用已基本上格式化了，而且使用的頻率又很高，所以對常用的句式用語進行科學(xué)的分類，是一件有實用意義的工作。二、 怎樣分類(HOWtoClassifySentencePatterns)1.從邏輯思維角度考慮人們總是首先提出問題，然后分析和解決問題，最后得出結(jié)果或結(jié)論。這可以看作是解決問題的一種“模式”。這種“模式”，也可作為我們分類選擇句式用語時的指導(dǎo)思想。從寫作程式角摩考慮任何一篇科學(xué)論文的寫作，大都要：①指出其研究的目的，②限定其討論的范圍，③說明其理論的依據(jù)，④描述其實驗的步驟，⑤介紹其工作的方法，⑥展示其研究的結(jié)果，⑦作出科學(xué)的評價等。這種基本“程式”，正是我們分類選擇句式用語的實踐依據(jù)。鑒于上述，我們在本章內(nèi)對論文寫作中常用的句式用語進行了分類，并選擇了240余條例句供參考。俗語說：“熟讀唐詩三百首，不會作詩也會吟”我們深信，掌握英語科學(xué)論文寫作中常用的句式用語，無疑會有助于科學(xué)論文的寫作。第二節(jié)指出目的(StatingPrimaryObjectives)一、主要用場(WheretoUse)指出研究目的的句型用語在英語科學(xué)論文中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)，這類句型用語比較集中地使用在論文的摘要、引言、討論、結(jié)論等部分。指出研究目的的常用表達有：“本文的主要目?的是……”，“該項工作主要是關(guān)于““該項工作的主要目的是……”，“該項研究的主要目的是……”，“該項實驗主要是為了等等。二、常用句式(UsefulSentencePatterns)1.本文的主要目的是……Thepurposeofthispaperis?Theprimarygoalofthisresearchis："⑨Theintentionofthispaperistosurvey??Theoverallobjectiveofthisstudyis?Inthispaper，?wasprovided(given，illustrated)—Ourgoalhasbeentoprovide—Inthispaper，weaimat…Theemphasisofthisstudyliesin.該項工作是關(guān)于……Thepresentworkisconcernedwiththeprocessesunderlying—Theaboveworkdealswiththemechanisminvolvedin…⑧Ourworkatpresentisdevotedtothechangesoccurringin…Theworkwehavedonebearsontheeffectproducedby…Theworkwearedoingiscloselyrelatedtothedeliberationsdescribedin…Comparedwith-thecurrentresearch，thepreviousworkwasinconnectionwiththeinvestigationmadeby—Theworkpresentedinthispaperfocusesonseveralaspectsofthefollowing??Theauthorarenowinitiatingsomeexperimentalinvestigationtoestablish—0urstudieswereperformedtodeterminetheamountof—Theproblemwehaveoutlineddealslargelywiththestudyof-該項工作的主要目的是……Thechiefaimofthepresentworkistoinvestigatethefeaturesof—Themainpurposeofourrecentworkwastoexaminethepropertiesof—Themajorobjectoftheirfurtherworkw。illberesearchintothenatureof—Ourworkinthisdirectionhasbeenintendedtoprovidesomeinformationabout??Theworkwhichisbeingdonenowisdesignedtofindsomesolutiontotheproblem/...Workofthiskindhasbeenstartedinordertoassesstheroleof"Previousworkinthisareawasinitiatedinthehopeofobtainingdatain—Wedidthisworkhopingtoestablish--Theauthorsundertooktheworkwithaviewtoshow-Bydoingthisworkweexpect(ed)todemonstrate—Doingthisjointwork,weintend(ed)toshow-Theprimaryobjectiveofourworkwastodefinethereasonsforredundantprotectionsystemsandgiveexamplesofsystemsusedin—Withresearchofmanyyears,theauthor'sendeavouristoexplainwhyin—該項研究的主要目的是……Theabovementionedworkhasbeenperformedwithaviewof—Thechiefaimofthepresentstudyistofindout—Theprimaryobjectofthisfundamentalresearchwillbetorevealthecauseof—Themainobjectiveofourinvestigationhasbeentoobtainsomeknowledgeof—Thestudyof—wasmadeinordertoclarify—Theabovestudyhasbeencarriedouttodetermine—Their(pioneer)studieswereintendedtoelucidate—Thoseearlierinvestigationsareinhopesofprovidingevidencefor—Weperformedthispresentstudyinthehopethatwemightbringtolightsomefactsabout—Theauthorsattemptedtheirstudiesinorderthattheymight—Weundertooktheabovestudytotheendthatwemight—Theyinitiatedthepresentstudysothattheymight-Carryingoutthisstudywehopetofindout—Performingthesestudiestheauthorintendedtoreveal—Withrecentresearch,theauthorintendstooutlinetheframeworkof—Wemadetheseexperimentsinordertoshowacorrelationbetween—Theauthorattemptedthesetofexperimentwithaviewtodemonstratecertainphenomena—Experimentson—weremadeinordertomeasuretheamountof—Experimentsinvolving—havebeencarriedouttodetermine—Experimentsusingthistechniqueare(not)underwaytotest(check)—Experimentson—aremadetoanswerthequestionwhetherTheexperimentbeingmadebyourresearchgroupisaimedatobtainingtheresultof???Wehavedesignedsuchanexperimentforthepurposeof—第三節(jié)、限定范圍(LimitingScopeofWork)一、 主要用場(WheretoUse)限定主題范圍的句式用語?在英文科學(xué)論文中常出現(xiàn)在“引言”和“討論”中。限定主題范圍時的常用表達有；“該問題是關(guān)于……的研究”，該問題在……范圍之內(nèi)(外)……“該問題涉及到……范圍”，“該問題可進一步推廣到……范圍”等等。二、 常用句式(UsefulSentencePatterns)1.該問題是關(guān)于……的研究Thisproblemisconcerned(chiefly)withthestudyof??Theproblemof???.deals(1argely)withthedeterminationof…Theproblemtheyhaveadvancedbearsontheelucidationof...Theproblemtobediscussedinthispaperisrelatedcloselywith?Theproblemdescribedpreviouslywasdirectedtotheexampleof?,whichdiffersfrom...Theproblemunderinvestigati6ninvolvessomesignificantagreementsanddisagreementsin?這是研究……的問題Thisisaproblemconcernedwiththenatureof…Thisisaproblemrelatingtotheinfluenceof…Thisisaproblemwhichdealswiththeroleof??Thisisaproblemwhichbearsontheeffectof...Thisisaprobleminconnectionwith…Thisisaproblemasmentionedpreviouslyin…該問題在……范圍之內(nèi)(外)Theproblemiswithinthescopeof…0urproblemliesbeyondthe.rangeof…Theproblemyouhavejustoutlinedseemstobeoutsideoftheprovinceof"Theproblemtheauthorshaveraisedgoesoffthelimitsof?TheproblemIhavereferredto,fallswithinthefieldof…Theproblemunderdiscussionisnotwithinthescopeof?該項研究涉及到……范圍Studiesoftheseeffectscover(ed)variousaspectsof??Investigationson?involve(d)alsospecificsituations.ourstudieswiththistechniqueareconfinedtooneparticularaspect.Morerecentstudiesbythisworkerwerechieflyconcernedwiththeinfluenceof?Theresearchontheconventionaltechniquesexplainswellthephenomenonof..ThenewfindingsfromtheexperimentagreetotheresultObtainedin...該研究進一步推廣到……范圍Theauthorshaveextendedtheirstudiestosomeotherrelatedspecies.Wehopetoexpandourinvestigationstoincludeothermaterials.Theresearchwehavedonedeservesfurtherstudies.Theinvestigationcarriedoutbytheexpertssuggestsanincreaseoftheapplicationin??Theapproachunderstudypredicatesawiderrangeofapplication.第四節(jié)說明理論(ExplainingtheTheory)一、主要用場(WheretoUse)說明理論根據(jù)的句式用語，在英語科學(xué)論文中常出現(xiàn)在引言、實驗描述及討論等部分。說明理論根據(jù)時的常用表達如下：“該理論是……提出來的”，“該理論的內(nèi)容(特點)是……”,“根據(jù)該理論，可以得出……”，“該理論認為……”，“應(yīng)用該理論能(或不能)說明……”等等。二、常用句型(UsefulSentencePatterns)該理論是……提出來的Thetheoryof?wascreated50yearsago.Thealternativetheorywasconstructedin50's.Thetheoryof?wasdevelopedinthe1930's.Thetheoryof?waselaboratedintheearly70'sThetheoryof…wasformulated.asearlyas1900.Thetheoryof…wasadvancedaslongagoasthe1860's.Thetheoryof?wasputforwardasfarbackas1897.Thetheoryof?wasproposedlastyear.Thetheoryof?wassuggestedtheyearbeforelastyear.該理論的內(nèi)容（特點）是……?Underlyingthistheoryistheideathat…Theunderlyingconceptofthistheoryis…Theunderlyingprincipleofthetheoryisasfollows…Thisisanalternativetheorythat…Thisisasimilartheorytotheeffectthat?ThisisaworkingtheorywhichisbasedontheideathatAbasicfeatureofthistheoryis?Thefundamentalfeatureofthistheoryisasfollows.Thetheoryischaracterizedby…??provetobetheoutstandingfeaturesofthetheory.3根據(jù)該理論，可得出……?AccordingtoB'stheorybothprocessesoccursimultane6usly.ASfollowsfromthetheorybyN,suchsituationsleadto…Ascanbeseenfromthetheoryadvancedby?suchinteractionsarethebasisof?Inthelightofthetheory,wehavedevelopedavariationalmethodtohandlesuchproblems.Basedonthetheory,theauthorhasobtainedsufficientinformationfromrecentexperimentswith…該理論認為 Thekinetictheoryholdsthat…Thisnewly—developedtheorymaintainsthat…Thetheoryadvancedby?claimsthat…Thetheoryof?predictsthat…Theprincipalconceptofthetheoryliesin…Theinvestigatingtheory…應(yīng)用該理論（不）能說明……、WecaninterpretthesefindingsintermsoftheabovetheoryWecannotexplainthesephenomenausingtheabovetheoryWecanhardlyexplainthesefindingsapplyingthistheoryThesefindingscanbeinterpretedintermsoftheabovetheory.Suchphenomenacannotbeexplainedoffthebasisofthistheory.Thetheorycan(not)applytoothercasesof…Thetheorydevelopedby?isvalid(invalid)forotherspecies.X’stheoryprovedtobetrueforallstepsof…Theabovetheoryhasbeenverifiedbymanyotherauthors.Thisverypeculiartheorycanbeappliedtoawiderrangeofexperimentsin…第五節(jié)描述實驗(DescribingExperiments)一、主要用場(WheretoUse)描述實驗過程的旬式用語，顧名思義常用在與實驗有關(guān)的段落之中。描述實驗情況時的常用表達為“該項實驗具體包括……”,“到……，從未有過該項實驗研究”,“進行該項實驗，以便檢驗……”，“該項實驗證實(未能證實)，……等等。常用句式(UsefulSentencePatterns)1某項實驗(所用設(shè)備)包括……Theexperimentconsistedofthreesteps,whicharedescribedinTable3.ThetestequipmentwhichwasusedconsistedOf5force-measuringtransducersand2recordinginstrumentsfurnishedby…?Includedintheexperimentwereahigh—pressurevesselassembly,2UA一3uraniumAnalysers,andacomplete10QX5QX50cmsoilbin.Allhigh—pressurehydrogencreep-rupturetestswerecarriedoutinspeciallydesignedhigh—pressureequipmentratedat…Thewinchiscomposedofthefollowingmainparts：aweldedframe,asafety-brakeclutch,achaindrumandawornreducinggear.到……，從未有過某方面的實驗Anexperimentofthekindhasnotbeenmade.Thekindofexperimentyouhaveinmindhasneverbeencarriedoutuntilnow.Thekindofexperimentyoumentionedwouldnotbeundertakeninthenearfuture.Sofarwehavenotperformedanyexperimentofthiskind.Untilnowtheauthorshavenotattemptedanyfieldexperimentsof?Researchesonthemobilityofionsinneutralgasesbeganmorethan75Yearsago,butveryaccuratedataobtainedthroughactualexperimentshavenotappearedasyet．??However，nodirectexperimentalmeasurementsofthishavebeenreported.進行該項實驗，以檢驗……We(have)carriedoutseveralsetsofexperimentstotestthevalidityof..Theyundertookmanyexperimentstosupportthehypothesiswhich...Weinitiatedexperimentstoprove”Theyhaveundertakenspecialexperimentstodisprove...Anumberofexperimentswereperformedtocheck??Manystudieshavetobeattemptedtoverify—Morethanonesetofexperimentsmustbeinitiatedtosubstantiate...某項實驗證實(未能證實) ?ExperimentsbyMandhisassociates(have)showed…Recentexperimentsihthisarea(have)suggestedthat…Thepresentseriesofexperiments(have)indicate(d)that…Theexperimentsreportedhere(have)demonstrate(d)…Theseexperimentsinvolving—confirm(ed)ourevidencethat…Ourexperimentswith---failedtoprovide-?-Thesehighly—technicalexperimentssupport(ed)ourassumptionthat...Ourinitialexperimentconfirmsthatthechoiceofconceptiscorrect.Theabove—mentionedexperimenthasprovedthenewly一developedtechniqueisveryreliable.Thisconclusionisalsosupportedbytheexperimentashasbeendescribedpreviously.第六節(jié)介紹方法(IntroducingResearchMethods)一、主要用場(WheretoUse)介紹研究(實驗)方法的句式用語，在英語科學(xué)論文中常見于摘要(資料型摘要)、引言、實驗描述及建議等部分，介紹研究方法時的常用表達如：“該方法首先由……發(fā)明(使用)”，“該方法與其他方法有……差別”，“應(yīng)甩該方法可以進行……工作”，“該方法稱為……”，“使用該方法已獲得……”等。二、常用句式(UsefulSentencePatterns)該方法首先由……發(fā)明(利用)Themethodof…wasfirstdevelopedbyN.Themethodof…wasfirstappliedbyB.Themethodof…wasfirstusedbyAintheearlyXXthcenturyThemethodof—wasfirstbroughtintousedbyC.Themethodof…cameintouseaslongagoas1920.Theoriginalproposalofthismethodwasfirstmadeandpublishedin1963.Themethodofmakingafrequencystandardwasnotinventedtilltheexistanceof-2.該方法與其他方法有——差別Themethodof—doesnotdifferatalltheroutineone.Themethodweusediffersgreatlyfromtheoneweusedearlier.ThemethodtheydevelopedissomewhatdifferentfromtheconventionaloneThenewtechniqueisquitedifferentfromtheoldone.Thenewly—elaboratedtechniquehassomething(nothing，little)incommonwiththeonepreviouslyused．Themethodofderivingaprogramdescribedherediffersfrompreviouspracticeinthat?應(yīng)用該方法可以進行……工作Themethodallowsustodemonstrate…Thistechniqueenablesustoobserve…Theaboveproceduremakesitpossibletodefect…Thismethodiscapableofproviding…Bythemethodweareabletoinvestigatetheinsightof?WehaveadoptedtheintegratedfilteringcellapproachtominiaturizetheprototypeThemethodprovestobeusefulin…TheinterpretationeffectsweresuccessfullyevaluatedbyemployingAIA該方法可稱為(描述為) Themethodused,isknownas…Thetechniqueweappliedisreferredtoas?Theproceduretheyfollowedcanbebrieflydescribedas…Theapproachadoptedextensivelyiscalled…Sincethemethodwasfirstputinuse,wemightaswellnameitas?用該方法已獲得……Wehaveobtainedthisinformationfromrecentexperimentswith"DetailedinformationhasbeenacquisitedbytheauthorsusingX—rayanalysis.Theresearchershaverecordedvaluabledatausingthenewly—developedmethod.Theexpertsintheresearchcenteraresatisfactorywiththeexperimentalresultsachievedbytheapplicationof…Thevaluableinformationcannotbeobtainedwithoutusingthemethodof?第七節(jié)展示結(jié)果(ShowingResults)一、 主要用場(WheretoUse)展示研究結(jié)果的句式用語，在英語科學(xué)論文中常見于摘要、實驗結(jié)果：結(jié)果與討論及結(jié)論等部分。展示研究結(jié)果時常用的表達：“該項研究結(jié)果說明了……，“根據(jù)該項研究結(jié)果可以得出……”，“該項工作提供了……結(jié)果”，“該項實驗取得了……結(jié)果”，"……概括了該項結(jié)果”等。二、 常用句式(UsefulSentencePatterns)該項研究說明(指出、揭示)了……ThestudieswehaveperformedShow(ed)thattheseparticlesareresponsiblefor?Thesepioneerstudiesthattheauthorsattemptedhaveindicatedmarkedvariationsin-"Wecarriedoutseveralstudieswhichhavedemonstratedthatthesubstanceactson?,Theresearchwehavedonesuggestsanincreasein…Theinvestigationcarriedoutby…h(huán)asrevealednoresistanceof?

Ourresearchhassupportedtheassumptionthat…Theirstudieshaveconfirmedtheopinionthat?Thisresearchboreouttheideathat…Laboratorystudiesof…didnotfurnishanyinformationabout…Ourresearchcarriedouttothesameeffectfailedtorevealanyvariationsin??Recentresearchintothenatureof…failstosupportthetheorythat…Mostrecentstudiesshowednochangesin…Furtherresearchrevealsnoevidenceof…Allourpreliminaryresultsthrowlightonthenatureof??根據(jù)該項實驗結(jié)果可得出……Morerecentexperimentsinthisarealeadustoconcludethatthephenomenonisrelatedto—Mostrecentexperimentstothesameeffecthaveledtheauthorstobelievethatthemechanismisoutofaction.Furtherexperimentsinthisareahaveenabledtheseworkerstosuggestthat—Asaresultofourexperiments,weconcludedthat…Fromourexperiments,theauthorscametorealizethat—Fromtheseexperiments,onecanconcludethat…該項工作提供了(沒有得出)……結(jié)果Thisfruitfulworkgivesexplanationof…Theirfundamentalworkprovidessomeknowledgeof…⑶Theauthor'spioneerworkhascontributedtoourpresentunderstandingof—Thisjointworkofmanyyearshasledtofurtherprogressin…Ourintegratedworkofthepastfewyearsaddstoourcurrentconceptof—Theresearchwork.hasbroughtaboutadiscoveryof—7Theresearchbyworkers(has)result(ed)inasolutionof—Ourworkon…(has)failedtogive---Theirinitialworkwith—didnotresultin…Thiswork,however,didnotprovide—Furtherworkinthisfieldfailedtocontributeto—Thesefindingsoftheresearchhaveledtheauthortoaconclusionthat—該項實驗(研究)取得(沒有取得)一一結(jié)果Someresultsof—areobtainedintheexperimentwith—Sufficientresultforhasbeenobservedwiththenewmethod"?Furtherprogresscanbeprovidedbytheseexperiments—Noclearadvancementhas(sofar)beenseenin—Nodirectoutcomewasthenreportedin—Nosuchfindingcouldbeavailablein…Nofurtherresultcanbefoundwiththattechnique：Noexperimentalevidencehascometothestudiesof—5.5.某數(shù)據(jù)（圖、表）總結(jié)（概括）了從一一得到的結(jié)果Figure3showstheresultsobtainedfromstudiesof??Table5presentsthedataprovidedbytheexperimentson?Thistablesummarizedthedatacollectedduringtheexperimentof-TheresultsreportedabovehavebeenShowninFigure1.Ourexperimentaldataarebrieflysummarizedasfollows—Someoftheauthors7findings