2023年12月四級(jí)真題第一套

PartIIISectionAWhentravellingoverseas,doyoubuywaterinplasticbottlesortakeyourchanceswithtapwater?Imagineyouarewandering aboutonaThaiislandor admiring 賞識(shí)的/仰慕的theruinsofAngkor.It’shotsoyougrababottleofwater fromalocalvendor.It’sthesafethingtodo,right?Thebottleis sealed封住,andthelabelsays“purewater”.But maybewhat’sinsideisnotso natural天性的/ 自然的.Wouldyoustillbedrinkingitifyouknewthatmorethan90percentofallbottledwatersoldaroundtheworld contains含microplastics?自來(lái)水冒險(xiǎn)？想象一下，你在泰國(guó)的一個(gè)島嶼上閑逛，或者在賞識(shí)吳哥的廢墟。天氣很熱，所以你從當(dāng)?shù)匦∝溎抢镔I(mǎi)了一瓶水。這是最安全的做法，對(duì)吧？瓶子是密封的，標(biāo)簽上寫(xiě)著“純潔水”。但或許里面的東西不是那么自然。假設(shè)你知道90%以上含有微塑料，你還會(huì)喝嗎？That’stheconclusionofarecentlyreleased放行公布study,whichanalysed259bottlesfrom11brandssoldinninecountries,revealing提醒a(bǔ)naverageof325plasticparticlesperlitreofwater.Thesemicroplasticsincludedasubstance材料/實(shí)質(zhì)commonlyknownasPETandwidelyusedinthemanufactureofclothingandfoodand liquid液態(tài)containers.ThestudywasconductedattheStateUniversityofNewYorkonbehalfofOrbMedia,ajournalismorganisation.Aboutamillionbottlesareboughteveryminute,notonlybythirstytouristsbutalsobymanyofthe2.1billionworldwidewholivewithunsafedrinkingwater.這是最近公布911259個(gè)瓶子，提醒平均每升水含有325個(gè)塑料顆粒PET的物質(zhì)食品和液體ORBMedia約有10021億生活在擔(dān)憂全飲用水中的人中的很多人也購(gòu)置了。Confrontedwiththis evidence依據(jù)/證明 ,severalbottled-watermanufacturersincludingNestleandCoca-Colaundertooktheirownstudiesusingthesamemethodology.Thesestudiesshowedthattheirwaterdidcontainmicroplastics,butfarlessthantheOrbstudysuggested.,edhnsdawe l潛在risksofdrinkingwaterfromplasticbottles.面對(duì)這一證據(jù)，包括雀巢和可口可樂(lè)在內(nèi)的幾家瓶裝水制造商使用一樣的方法進(jìn)展了自己的爭(zhēng)論。這些爭(zhēng)論說(shuō)明，他們的水中確實(shí)含有微塑料，但遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)低于ORB的爭(zhēng)論建議。無(wú)論如何，世界衛(wèi)生組織已經(jīng)啟動(dòng)了一項(xiàng)關(guān)于飲用塑料瓶水的潛在安康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的審查。SectionB

Thequietheroismofmaildelivery郵件遞送的悄悄英雄主義OnWednesday,apolarwindbroughtbittercoldtotheMidwest.Overnight,Chicagoreachedalowof21degreesFahrenheitbelowzero,makingitslightlycolderthanAntarctica(IIk),Alaska,andtheNorthPole.Windchillswere64degreesbelowzeroinParkRapids,Minnesotaand45degreesbelowzeroinBuffalo,NorthDakota,accordingtotheNationalWeatherService.Schools,restaurants,andbusinessesclosed,andmorethan1,000flightswerecanceled.周三，一股極地風(fēng)給中西部帶來(lái)了嚴(yán)寒。當(dāng)晚，芝加哥的氣溫降至零下21華氏度，比南極洲、阿拉斯加和北極略冷。依據(jù)美國(guó)國(guó)家氣象局(NationalWeatherService)的數(shù)據(jù)，明尼蘇達(dá)州帕克拉皮茲的風(fēng)寒為零下64度，北達(dá)科他州布法羅的風(fēng)寒為零下45度。學(xué)校、餐館和企業(yè)關(guān)閉，1000多個(gè)航班被取消。EventheUnitedEventheUnitedStatesPostalService(USPS)suspendedmaildelivery.arcticoutbreakandconcernsforthesafetyofUSPSemployees,”USPSannouncedWednesdaymorning,“thePostalServiceissuspendingdeliveryJan.30insome3-digitZIPCodelocations.”TwelveregionswerelistedasunsafeonWednesday,onThursday,eightremained.即使是美國(guó)郵政效勞公司(USPS)也暫停了郵件遞送?！坝捎谶@次北極疫情的爆發(fā)和對(duì)USPS員工安全的擔(dān)憂，”USPS1月30日暫停在一些3位數(shù)的郵政編碼地點(diǎn)的投遞。”周三，12個(gè)地區(qū)被列為擔(dān)憂全地區(qū)，周四，仍有8個(gè)地區(qū)被列為擔(dān)憂全地區(qū)。Asglobalsurfacetemperaturesincrease,sodoesthelikelihoodofextremeweather.In2023alone,wildfires,volcaniceruptions,hurricanes,mudslides,andothernaturaldisasterscostatleast$49billionin theUnitedStates.AsmycolleagueVannNewkirkreported,PuertoRicoisstillconfrontingeconomicandstructuraldestructionandresourcescarcityfrom2023’sHurricaneMaria.Naturaldisasterscanwreckacommunity’sinfrastructure,disruptingsystemsformonthsoryears.Someservices,however,remindusthatlifewilleventuallyreturn,insomeform,tonormal.隨著全球外表溫度的上升，極端天氣的可能性也在增加。僅在2023年，美國(guó)的野火、火山噴發(fā)、颶風(fēng)、泥石流和其他自然災(zāi)難就造成了至少490億美元的損失。正如我的同事范·紐柯克(VannNewkirk)報(bào)道的那樣，波多黎各仍在面臨2023年颶風(fēng)瑪麗亞(Maria)造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)和構(gòu)造破壞以及資源稀缺。自然災(zāi)難可以破壞社區(qū)的根底設(shè)施，擾亂系統(tǒng)數(shù)月或數(shù)年。然而，一些效勞提示我們，生活最終會(huì)以某種形式回歸正常。reporter.“AsIcameacrossaboxthatwasupbutwithnohouse,Ichecked,andthere wasmail—outgoingmail—init.Andsowepickedthoseupandcarriedon”.Daysafterthedeadly2023wildfiresinSantaRosa,California,adronecaughtfootageofaUSPSworker,TrevorSmith,drivingthrough burnedhomesinthatfamiliarwhitevan,collectingmailinanaffectedarea.Thevideoisstriking:Theoperationisfamiliar,butthescenelooksliketheendoftheworld.AccordingtoRaeAnnHaight,theprogrammanagerforthenational-preparednessofficeatUSPS,Smithwasfulfillingarequestmadebysomeofthehomeownerstoreporter.“AsIcameacrossaboxthatwasupbutwithnohouse,Ichecked,andthere wasmail—outgoingmail—init.Andsowepickedthoseupandcarriedon”.[D]2023年加州圣羅莎發(fā)生致命野火幾天后，一架無(wú)人機(jī)捕獲到了美國(guó)郵政總局工作天?！拔蚁駥こＲ粯友刂业穆肪€走，”史密斯告知一名記者。“當(dāng)我遇到的時(shí)候。我檢查了一個(gè)豎起但沒(méi)有房子的箱子，里面有郵件--外發(fā)郵件。所以我們把它們撿起來(lái)，連續(xù)下去。人員特雷弗·史密斯(TrevorSmith)駕駛那輛生疏的白色面包車(chē)穿過(guò)燒毀的房屋，在受影響地區(qū)收集郵件的畫(huà)面。這段視頻令人震驚：操作很生疏，但場(chǎng)景看起來(lái)像是世界末日。據(jù)美國(guó)郵政總局國(guó)家預(yù)備辦公室的工程經(jīng)理雷·安·海特(RaeAnn天?！拔蚁駥こＲ粯友刂业穆肪€走，”史密斯告知一名記者。“當(dāng)我遇到的時(shí)候。我檢查了一個(gè)豎起但沒(méi)有房子的箱子，里面有郵件--外發(fā)郵件。所以我們把它們撿起來(lái)，連續(xù)下去。theagency’stoppriorityisensuringthatemployeesareUSPShassophisticatedemergencyplansfornaturaldisasters.Acrossthecountry,285emergency-managementteamsaredevotedtocrisiscontrol.TheseteamsaretrainedannuallyusingaframeworkknownasthethreePs:people,property,theagency’stoppriorityisensuringthatemployeesaresafe.Thenitevaluatesthehealthofinfrastructure,suchastheroadsthatmailcarriersdriveon.Finally,itdecideswhenandhowtore-openoperations.Ifthedestructionisextreme,mailaddressedtothe areawillgetsentelsewhere.InresponsetoHurricaneKatrinain2023,USPSredirectedincomingNewOrleansmailtoexistingmailfacilitiesinHouston.MailthatwasalreadyprocessedinNewOrleansfacilitieswasmovedto anupperfloorsoitwouldbeprotectedfromwaterdamage.美國(guó)郵政總局有完善的自然災(zāi)難應(yīng)急打算。在全國(guó)范圍內(nèi)，285個(gè)應(yīng)急治理團(tuán)隊(duì)致力于危機(jī)掌握，這些團(tuán)隊(duì)每年都會(huì)承受被稱(chēng)為“三個(gè)P”的框架的培訓(xùn)：人員、財(cái)產(chǎn)、產(chǎn)品。在郵件效勞因天氣緣由停頓后，該機(jī)構(gòu)的首要任務(wù)是確保員工的安全，然后評(píng)估根底設(shè)施的安康狀況，如郵遞員行駛的道路。最終，它打算何時(shí)以及如何重開(kāi)放運(yùn)營(yíng)。假設(shè)破壞非常嚴(yán)峻，寄往該地區(qū)的郵件將被寄往其他地方。為了應(yīng)對(duì)2023年的卡特里娜颶風(fēng)，美國(guó)郵政總局將收到的奧爾良郵件重定向到休斯頓現(xiàn)有的郵件設(shè)施。已經(jīng)在奧爾良設(shè)施中處理的郵件被移到了上層，這樣它就可以受到保護(hù)，不會(huì)受到水的損害。addressestofilechange-of-address forms withtheirnewlocation.AfterHurricaneKatrinahitin2023,mailfacilitiesweresetupindozensoflocationsacrossthecountryinaddressestofilechange-of-address forms withtheirnewlocation.AfterHurricaneKatrinahitin2023,mailfacilitiesweresetupindozensoflocationsacrossthecountryinthetwoweeksthatUSPSwasunabletoprovidestreetdelivery.件。USPS敦促那些沒(méi)有常住地址的人在他們的地址上提交地址更改表。2023年卡特里件。USPS敦促那些沒(méi)有常住地址的人在他們的地址上提交地址更改表。2023年卡特里娜颶風(fēng)來(lái)襲后，在USPS無(wú)法供給街頭遞送的兩周內(nèi)，全國(guó)數(shù)十個(gè)地點(diǎn)建立了郵件設(shè)施。whichmeansthatjustunderhalfofpaymentsstillrelyondeliveryservicestobecompleted.Everyday,USPSprocesses,onaverage,493.4millionpiecesof mail—anythingfrom postcardstoSocialSecuritycheckstomedicine.SpokespeoplefrombothUSPSandUPStoldmeallmailisimportant. Butsomemailcanbeextremelysensitiveandtimely.whichmeansthatjustunderhalfofpaymentsstillrelyondeliveryservicestobecompleted.敏感和準(zhǔn)時(shí)。依據(jù)2023年1月公布的數(shù)據(jù)，56%的賬單是在網(wǎng)上支付的，這意味著略低于一半的支付仍舊依靠送貨效勞來(lái)完成。[H]敏感和準(zhǔn)時(shí)。依據(jù)2023年1月公布的數(shù)據(jù)，56%的賬單是在網(wǎng)上支付的，這意味著略低于一半的支付仍舊依靠送貨效勞來(lái)完成。[H]ItcanbehardtoidentifywhichparcelsarecarryingcrucialitemssuchasSocialSecuritychecks,butUSPSandUPStrytheirbesttoprioritizesensitivematerial.TheywillcoordinatewiththeSocialSecurityAdministrationtomakesurethatSocialSecuritychecks[H]可能很難確定哪些包裹攜帶著社保支票等關(guān)鍵物品，但USPS和UPS會(huì)盡最大努力對(duì)敏感材料進(jìn)展優(yōu)先排序。他們將與社會(huì)保障治理局協(xié)調(diào)，確保社會(huì)保障支票準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)合reachtherightpeopleinatimelyfashion.AfterHurricaneFlorenceandHurricaneMichaellastfall,USPSworkedwithstateandlocalelectionboardstomakesurethatabsenteeballotswereavailableand[H]可能很難確定哪些包裹攜帶著社保支票等關(guān)鍵物品，但USPS和UPS會(huì)盡最大努力對(duì)敏感材料進(jìn)展優(yōu)先排序。他們將與社會(huì)保障治理局協(xié)調(diào)，確保社會(huì)保障支票準(zhǔn)時(shí)到達(dá)合適的人手中。在去年秋天佛羅倫薩颶風(fēng)和邁克爾颶風(fēng)之后，USPS與州和地方選舉委員會(huì)合作，以確保缺席選票可用，并收到選票或時(shí)間。Mailcompaniesarelogistics(物流)companies,whichputstheminaspecialpositiontohelpwhendisasterstrikes.Ina2023USPScasestudy,theagencyemphasizeditsmassiveinfrastructureasa“uniquefederalasset”tobecalleduponinadisasterorterroristattack.“Ithinkwe’reuniqueasafederalagency,USPSofficialMikeSwigarttoldme,“becausewe’reinliterallyeverycommunityinthiscountry...We’reobligatedtodelivertothatpointonadailybasis.”[J]Privatecouriercompanies,which[J]Privatecouriercompanies,whichhavemoredollarstospend,usetheirexpertiseinlogisticstohelprevitalizedamagedareasafteradisaster.Formorethanadecade,FedEx[J]私營(yíng)快遞公司有更多的錢(qián)可花，它們利用自己在物流方面的專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)問(wèn)，幫助災(zāi)后重振受損地區(qū)。十多年來(lái)，聯(lián)邦快遞始終支持美國(guó)紅十字會(huì)努力將緊急物資送到國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)際hassupportedtheAmericanRedCrossinitsefforttogetemergencysuppliestoareasaffectedbydisasters,bothdomesticallyandinternationally. In 2023,thecompanydistributedmorethan1,200MedPackstoMedicalReserveCorpsgroupsinCalifornia.Theyalsodonatedspacefor3.1millionpoundsofcharitableshippingglobally.LastOctober,thecompany pledged$1millionincashandtransportationsupportforHurricanesFlorenceandMichael.UPS’scharitablearm,theUPSFoundation,usesthecompany’slogisticstohelpdisaster-struckareasrebuild.“Werealizethatasacompanywithpeople,trucks,warehouses,weneededtoplayalargerrole,”saidEduardoMartinez,thepresidentoftheUPSFoundation.Thecompanyemploysitstrucksandplanestodeliverfood,medicine,andwater.ThedaybeforeIspoketoMartinezinNovember,hehadbeertouringthedamagefromHurricaneMichaelinFloridawiththeAmericanRedCross.“Wehaveanobligationtomakesureourcommunities arethriving,”hesaid.[J]私營(yíng)快遞公司有更多的錢(qián)可花，它們利用自己在物流方面的專(zhuān)業(yè)學(xué)問(wèn)，幫助災(zāi)后重振受損地區(qū)。十多年來(lái)，聯(lián)邦快遞始終支持美國(guó)紅十字會(huì)努力將緊急物資送到國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)際受災(zāi)地區(qū)。2023年，該公司向加州的醫(yī)療預(yù)備隊(duì)團(tuán)體分發(fā)了1200多個(gè)藥包。他們還為全球310萬(wàn)英鎊的慈善航運(yùn)捐贈(zèng)了空間。去年10月，該公司承諾為颶風(fēng)佛羅倫薩和邁克爾供給100萬(wàn)美元的現(xiàn)金和交通支持。UPS的慈善機(jī)構(gòu)UPS基金會(huì)利用該公司的物流來(lái)幫助受災(zāi)地區(qū)重建。UPS基金會(huì)主席愛(ài)德華多·馬丁內(nèi)斯(EduardoMartinez)說(shuō)，“我們意識(shí)到，作為一家擁有人員、卡車(chē)和倉(cāng)庫(kù)的公司，我們需要發(fā)揮更大的作用。”該公司雇傭卡車(chē)和飛機(jī)運(yùn)送食物、藥品和水。11月，在我與馬丁內(nèi)斯交談的前一天，他和美國(guó)紅十字會(huì)一起喝著啤酒，參觀佛羅里達(dá)州邁克爾颶風(fēng)造成的破壞?！拔覀冇辛x務(wù)確保我們的社區(qū)富強(qiáng)興旺，”他說(shuō)。[K]Rebuildingcantakealongtime,andeventhen,impressions ofthedisastermaystillremain. Returningtoanormallifecanbedifficult,butsomesmallroutines—mailtheircommunities.“Whentheyseethatcarrierbackoutonthestreet,”Swigarttheircommunities.“Whentheyseethatcarrierbackoutonthestreet,”Swigartsaid,“that’sthefirstsigntothemthatlifeisstartingtoreturntonormal.”們的社區(qū)仍舊是他們的社區(qū)。斯威加特說(shuō)：“當(dāng)他們看到那艘航母重消滅在街上時(shí)，這對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)是生活開(kāi)頭恢復(fù)正常的第一個(gè)跡象?！盵K]重建可能需要很長(zhǎng)時(shí)間，即使到那時(shí)，人們對(duì)災(zāi)難的印象可能仍舊存在?；謴?fù)正常生活可能很困難，但一些小的例行公事-郵件遞送就是其中之一-可能會(huì)幫助居民記住，他們的社區(qū)仍舊是他們的社區(qū)。斯威加特說(shuō)：“當(dāng)他們看到那艘航母重消滅在街上時(shí)，這對(duì)他們來(lái)說(shuō)是生活開(kāi)頭恢復(fù)正常的第一個(gè)跡象。”TheUnitedStatesPostalServicehasasystemtoensureitsemployees’safety.EOneofficialsaysUSPSisuniqueinthatithasmoredirectreachtocommunitiescomparedwithotherfederalagencies.INaturaldisasterscanhavealong-lastingimpactoncommunitylife.CMaildeliveryserviceisstillresponsibleforthecompletionofalmosthalfofpayments.GThesightofamailmanonthestreetisareassuringsignoflifebecomingnormalagain.KAfterHurricaneKatrinainterruptedroutinedeliverytemporary臨時(shí)mailservicepointsweresetup.FPostalserviceinsomeregionsintheU.S.wassuspended，duetoextremecoldweather.BPrivatepostalcompaniesalsosupportdisasterreliefeffortsbydistributing分發(fā)urgentsupplies.JAdedicatedUSPSemployeewasonthejobcarryingoutdutiesinspiteofextremeconditions.DPostalservicesworkhardtoidentifyitemsthatrequireprioritytreatment.H36.美國(guó)郵政效勞公司有一套系統(tǒng)來(lái)確保其員工的安全。一位官員表示，USPS的獨(dú)特之處在于，與其他聯(lián)邦機(jī)構(gòu)相比，它更直接地接觸到了社區(qū)。自然災(zāi)難會(huì)對(duì)社區(qū)生活產(chǎn)生長(zhǎng)久的影響。郵遞效勞仍舊負(fù)責(zé)完成幾乎一半的付款。在街上看到郵遞員是生活恢復(fù)正常的一個(gè)令人放心的跡象?？ㄌ乩锬蕊Z風(fēng)中斷日常投遞后，設(shè)立了臨時(shí)郵件效勞點(diǎn)。由于極端嚴(yán)寒的天氣，美國(guó)一些地區(qū)的郵政效勞暫停。私營(yíng)郵政公司也通過(guò)分發(fā)緊急物資來(lái)支持救災(zāi)工作。一名盡職盡責(zé)的USPS員工不顧極端條件仍在工作中履行職責(zé)。郵政效勞努力識(shí)別需要優(yōu)先處理的物品。SectionCPassageOneAIbutthatwasn’tenoughstudents.todealwith theoverwhelmingnumberofdailyquestionsfromProfessorAshokGoelofGeorgiaTechdevelopedanartificiallyintelligentteachingassistanttohelphandletheenormousnumberofstudentquestionsintheonlineclass,Knowledge-BasedArtificialIntelligence.ThisonlinecourseisacorerequirementofGeorgiaTech’sonlineMasterofSciencebutthatwasn’tenoughstudents.todealwith theoverwhelmingnumberofdailyquestionsfromManystudentsdropoutofonlinecoursesbecauseofthelackofteachingsupport. Whenstudentsfeelisolatedorconfusedandreachoutwithquestionsthatgounanswered,theirmotivationtocontinuebeginstofade.ProfessorGoeldecidedtodosomethingtoremedythissituationandhissolutionwastocreateavirtualassistantnamedJillWatson,whichisbasedontheIBMWatsonplatform.Thevirtualassistantbecamesoadvancedandrealisticthatthestudentsdidn’tknowshewasacomputer.Goelandhisteamdevelopedseveralversions版本ofJillWatsonbeforereleasinghertotheonlineforums. Atfirst,thevirtualassistantwasn’ttoogreat.ButGoelandhisteamsourcedtheonlinediscussionforumtofindall40,000questionsthathadeverbeenaskedsincetheclasswaslaunched.ThentheybegantofeedJillwiththequestionsandanswers.Aftersomeadjustments,andThevirtualassistantbecamesoadvancedandrealisticthatthestudentsdidn’tknowshewasacomputer.ThegoalofProfessorGoel’svirtualassistantnextyearThegoalofProfessorGoel’svirtualassistantnextyearistotakeoveranswering40%ofallthequestionsposedbystudentsontheonlineforum.ThenameJillWatsonwill,ofcourse,changetosomethingelsenextsemester.ProfessorGoelhasamuchrosieroutlookonthefutureofartificialintelligencethan,say,ElonMusk,questionsposedbystudentsontheonlineforum.佐治亞理工學(xué)院的阿肖克·戈?duì)柦淌陂_(kāi)發(fā)了一種人工智能教學(xué)助手，以幫助處理在線課生每天提出的壓倒性問(wèn)題。堂上大量的學(xué)生問(wèn)題，這是一種基于學(xué)問(wèn)的人工智能。這門(mén)在線課程是佐治亞理工學(xué)院在線計(jì)算機(jī)科學(xué)碩士課程的核心要求。戈埃爾教授已經(jīng)有了八名助教，但這還缺乏以處理學(xué)生每天提出的壓倒性問(wèn)題。由于缺乏教學(xué)支持，很多學(xué)生退出了在線課程。當(dāng)學(xué)生感到孤立或困惑，并提出一些沒(méi)有得到答復(fù)的問(wèn)題時(shí)，他們連續(xù)學(xué)習(xí)的動(dòng)力就會(huì)開(kāi)頭消退。GoelIBMWatson平臺(tái)的名為JillWatson·沃森公布到在線論壇之前，開(kāi)發(fā)了幾個(gè)版本的吉爾·沃森。起初，虛擬助理并不是很棒。但Goel和他的團(tuán)隊(duì)在網(wǎng)上論壇上找到了自課程推出以來(lái)提出的全部4萬(wàn)個(gè)問(wèn)題。然后他們開(kāi)頭向吉爾灌輸問(wèn)題和答案。經(jīng)過(guò)一些調(diào)整和充分的時(shí)間，吉爾能夠在97%的時(shí)間內(nèi)正確答復(fù)學(xué)生的問(wèn)題。虛擬助理變得如此先進(jìn)和逼真，以至于學(xué)生們都不知道她是一臺(tái)計(jì)算機(jī)。這些學(xué)習(xí)人工智能的學(xué)生正在與虛擬助手互動(dòng)，無(wú)法將其與真人區(qū)分開(kāi)來(lái)。直到426爾的真實(shí)身份。事實(shí)上，學(xué)生們對(duì)這次經(jīng)受格外樂(lè)觀。戈埃爾教授的虛擬助理明年的目標(biāo)是接手答復(fù)學(xué)生在在線論壇上提出的全部問(wèn)題的40%。固然，吉爾·沃森下學(xué)期將改名為其他名字。與埃隆·馬斯克(ElonMusk)、斯蒂芬·霍金(StephenHawking)、比爾·蓋茨(BillGates)或史蒂夫·沃茲尼亞(SteveWozniak)等人相比，戈埃爾教授對(duì)人工智能的將來(lái)前景更為樂(lè)觀。WhatdowelearnaboutKnowledge-BasedArtificialIntelligenceB) Itisacoursedesignedfor專(zhuān)為studentstolearnB) Itisacoursedesignedfor專(zhuān)為studentstolearnonline.Itisahigh-techdevicethatrevolutionizes變革teaching.Itisacomputerprogramthataidsstudentlearning.47.WhatproblemdidProfessorGoelmeetwithHisstudentswereunsatisfiedwiththeassistants.C) Students’questionsweretoomanytohandle.HiscourseC) Students’questionsweretoomanytohandle.A) Sheturnedouttobeagreatsuccess.D) Toomanystudentsdroppedoutof退出his48.WhatA) Sheturnedouttobeagreatsuccess.B) Shegotalongprettywellwithstudents.C〕Shewasunstudentsatfirst.D) Shewasreleasedonlineasanexperiment.HowdidthestudentsfeelaboutJillWatson?Theythoughtshewasabittooartificial.Theyfoundhernotascapableasexpected.D) Theycouldnottell---from區(qū)分arealperson.TheyD) Theycouldnottell---from區(qū)分arealperson.WhatdoesProfessorGoelplantodonextwithJillWatson?Launchdifferentversionsofheronline.C) 指派studentsC) 指派studentsquestions.D) Encouragestudentstointeractwithhermorefreely.46.我們從基于學(xué)問(wèn)的人工智能中學(xué)到了什么。b)這是一門(mén)專(zhuān)為學(xué)生設(shè)計(jì)的在線學(xué)習(xí)課程。它是一個(gè)可以答復(fù)學(xué)生問(wèn)題的機(jī)器人。b)這是一門(mén)專(zhuān)為學(xué)生設(shè)計(jì)的在線學(xué)習(xí)課程。c)它是一種使教學(xué)發(fā)生革命性變化的高科技設(shè)備。d)這是一個(gè)幫助學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)的計(jì)算機(jī)程序。戈埃爾教授遇到了什么問(wèn)題。a)他的學(xué)生對(duì)助手不滿足。c)學(xué)生的問(wèn)題太多，無(wú)法處理。b)他的課程對(duì)學(xué)生來(lái)說(shuō)太難了。c)學(xué)生的問(wèn)題太多，無(wú)法處理。d)他的課程退學(xué)的學(xué)生太多了。a)事實(shí)證明，她取得了巨大的成功。我們對(duì)吉爾·沃森大學(xué)有什么了解。a)事實(shí)證明，她取得了巨大的成功。b)她和學(xué)生相處得很好。c)她起初不受學(xué)生歡送。d)她被放到網(wǎng)上做試驗(yàn).學(xué)生們對(duì)吉爾·沃森感覺(jué)如何？a)他們認(rèn)為她有點(diǎn)太做作了。他們覺(jué)察她不像預(yù)期的那樣有力量。d)他們分不清她和真人。他們不得不鄙視她的學(xué)識(shí)。d)他們分不清她和真人。戈埃爾教授下一步打算怎么處理吉爾·沃森？a)在網(wǎng)上推出她的不同版本。c)指派她答復(fù)更多的學(xué)生問(wèn)題。b)向她灌輸?shù)膯?wèn)題和答案。c)指派她答復(fù)更多的學(xué)生問(wèn)題。d)鼓舞學(xué)生更自由地與她互動(dòng)。PassageTwo科學(xué)籌款Thinkingsmall,beingengaging,andhavingasenseofhumordon’thurt.Thoseareafewofthetraitsofsuccessfulsciencecrowdfundingeffortsthatemergefromarecentstudythatexaminednearly400campaigns.Buthavingalargenetworkandsomepromotional skillsmaybemorecrucial.Someraisedmorethantwicetheirgoals,butothershavefallenSomeraisedmorethantwicetheirgoals,butothershavefallenshortofreachingevenmodesttargets.Todeterminewhatseparatessciencecrowdfundingtriumphsfromfailures,ateamledby sciencecommunicationsscholarMikeSchaferoftheUniversityofZurichTodeterminewhatseparatessciencecrowdfundingtriumphsfromfailures,aengagewithpotentialdonors,sinceprojectsthatansweredquestionsfrominteresteddonorsfaredbetter.Fourtraitsstoodoutforthosethatachievedtheirgoals,theresearchersreportinTel?/ieUnderstandingofScience.Forone,theyuseacrowdfundingplatformthatspecializesinraisingmoneyforscience,andnotjustanykindofproject.AlthoughsiteslikeKickstartertakeallcomers,platformssuchasExperiment.comand Petridish.orgonlypresentscientificprojects.Foranother,theypresenttheprojectwithafunnyvideoengagewithpotentialdonors,sinceprojectsthatansweredquestionsfrominteresteddonorsfaredbetter.with30%receivinglessthan$1000.Themoremoneyaprojectsought,thelowerthechanceitreachedwith30%receivinglessthan$1000.Themoremoneyaprojectsought,thelowerthechanceitreacheditsgoal,goal,theresearchersfound.Otherfactorsmayalsosignificantlyinfluenceaproject’ssuccess,mostnotably,thesizeofascientist’spersonalandprofessionalnetworks,andhowmucharesearcherpromotesaprojectontheir own. Thosetwofactorsarebyfarmorecriticalthanthecontentonthe.Crowdfundingcanbepartofresearchers’effortstoreachthepublic,andpeoplegivebecause“theyfeelaconnectiontotheperson”whoisdoingthefundraising—notnecessarilytothescience.小題大做、有吸引力、有幽默感都無(wú)傷大雅。最近的一項(xiàng)爭(zhēng)論檢查了近400個(gè)活動(dòng)，這些都是成功的科學(xué)眾籌努力的幾個(gè)特征。但擁有一個(gè)浩大的網(wǎng)絡(luò)和一些推廣技能可能更重要。眾籌是通過(guò)在線呼吁為一個(gè)工程籌集資金，近年來(lái)在從電影制作到生產(chǎn)節(jié)水小玩意兒的一切領(lǐng)域都蓬勃進(jìn)展?？茖W(xué)家們也試圖利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)捐贈(zèng)者，結(jié)果好壞參半。一些人提高了兩倍以上的目標(biāo)，但另一些人甚至沒(méi)有到達(dá)適度的目標(biāo)。為了確定科學(xué)眾籌成功與失敗的區(qū)分，蘇黎世大學(xué)的科學(xué)傳播學(xué)家邁克·謝弗領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的一371項(xiàng)最近活動(dòng)的網(wǎng)頁(yè)內(nèi)容。爭(zhēng)論人員在“科學(xué)的理解”(TEL>/IE)上報(bào)道，那些實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的人有四個(gè)突出的特點(diǎn)。首幽默感有助于成功。他們中的大多數(shù)都與潛在的捐贈(zèng)者接觸，由于答復(fù)感興趣捐贈(zèng)者問(wèn)題的工程進(jìn)展更好。他們的目標(biāo)是少量的錢(qián)。納入爭(zhēng)論的工程平均募集資金4，000美元，其30%1，000幽默感有助于成功。他們中的大多數(shù)都與潛在的捐贈(zèng)者接觸，由于答復(fù)感興趣捐贈(zèng)者問(wèn)題的工程進(jìn)展更好。他們的目標(biāo)是少量的錢(qián)。納入爭(zhēng)論的工程平均募集資金4，000美元，其30%1，000美元。爭(zhēng)論人員覺(jué)察，一個(gè)工程尋求的資金越多，到達(dá)目標(biāo)的時(shí)機(jī)就越低。到了與進(jìn)展籌款的人的聯(lián)系”--不肯定是與科學(xué)有關(guān)。其他因素也可能顯著影響工程的成功，最明顯的是，科學(xué)家的個(gè)人和專(zhuān)業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的規(guī)模，以及爭(zhēng)論人員自己對(duì)工程的推動(dòng)程度。到目前為止，這兩個(gè)因素比頁(yè)面上的內(nèi)容更關(guān)到了與進(jìn)展籌款的人的聯(lián)系”--不肯定是與科學(xué)有關(guān)。Whatdowelearnaboutthescientiststryingtoraisemoneyonlinefortheirprojects?A)Theydidnotraisemuchduetomodest適度的targets.C)Notallofthemachievedtheiranticipated預(yù)期的C)Notallofthemachievedtheiranticipated預(yù)期的goals.D)Mostofthemputmoviesonlineforthepurpose.B)Toidentifyreasonsfortheirdifferentoutcom