（完整版）美國文學(xué)史-知識點(diǎn)梳理

（完整版）美國文學(xué)史-知識點(diǎn)梳理PartITheLiteratureofColonialAmericaI．HistoricalIntroductionThecolonialperiodstretchedroughlyfromthesettlementofAmericaintheearly17thcenturythroughtheendofthe18th.ThefirstpermanentsettlementinAmericawasestablishedbyEnglishin1607.(AgroupofpeoplewassentbytheEnglishKingJamesItohuntforgold.TheyarrivedatVirginiain1607.TheynamedtheJamesRiverandbuildtheJamestown.)II．Thepre-revolutionarywritinginthecolonieswasessentiallyoftwokinds:1)Practicalmatter-of-factaccountsoffarming,hunting,travel,etc.designedtoinformpeople"athome"whatlifewaslikeinthenewworld,and,often,toinducetheirimmigration2)Highlytheoretical,generallypolemical,discussionsofreligiousquestions.III．TheFirstAmericanWriterThefirstwritingsthatwecallAmericanwerethenarrativesandjournalsofthesesettlements.Theywroteabouttheirvoyagetothenewland,theirlivesinthenewland,theirdealingswithIndians.CaptainJohnSmithisthefirstAmericanwriter.ATrueRelationofsuchOccurrencesandAccidentsofNoteasHathHappenedinVirginiaSincetheFirstPlantingofThatColony(1608)AMapofVirginia:ADescriptionoftheCountry(1612)GeneralHistoryofVirginia(1624):theIndianprincessPocahontasCaptainJohnSmithwasoneofthefirstearly17th-centuryBritishsettlersinNorthAmerica.HewasoneofthefoundersofthecolonyofJamestown,Virginia.HiswritingsaboutNorthAmericabecamethesourceofinformationabouttheNewWorldforlatersettlers.OneofthethingshewroteaboutthathasbecomeanAmericanlegendwashiscapturebytheIndiansandhisrescuebythefamousIndianPrincess,Pocahontas.IV．EarlyNewEnglandLiteratureWilliamBradfordandJohnWinthropJohnCottonandRogerWilliamsAnneBradstreetandEdwardTaylorV．PuritanThoughts1.TheoriginofpuritanInthemediaevalEurope,therewaswidespreadreligiousrevolution.Inthe16thCentury,theEnglishKingHenryVIII(Atthattime,theCatholicswerenotallowedtodivorceunlesstheyhavethePope'spermission.HenryVIIIwantedtodivorcehiswifebecauseshecouldn'tbearhimason.ButthePopedidn'tallowhimtodivorce,sohe)brokeawayfromtheRomanCatholicChurch&establishedtheChurchofEngland.ButtherewasnoradicaldifferencebetweenthedoctrinesoftheChurchofEnglandandtheCatholicChurch.AgroupofpeoplethoughttheChurchofEnglandwastooCatholicandwantedtopurifythechurch.ThencamethenamePuritans.2.Puritanism--basedonCalvinism(1)predestination:God'selectPuritansbelievedtheyarepredestinedbeforetheywereborn.Nothingornogoodworkcanchangetheirfate.Theybelievedthesuccessofone'sbusinessisthesigntoshowheistheGod'select.SothePuritansworksveryhard,spendverylittleandinvestmoreforthefuturebusiness.Theylivedaveryfrugallife.Thisistheirethics.(2)OrigianlsinandtotaldepravityManisbornsinful.Thisdeterminessomepuritanspessimisticattitudetowardslife.(3)Limitedatonement(thesalvationofaselectedfew)(4)theocracyTheycombinedstatewithreligion.Theirgovernmentisatleastnotaliberalone.ThePuritansestablishedAmericantradition--intolerantmoralism.Theystrictlypunisheddrunks,adultery&heretics.Puritanschangedgraduallyduetotheseverityoffrontierenvironment3.InfluenceonAmericanLiterature(1)ItsoptimismAmericanliteraturewasfromtheoutsetconditionedbythePuritanheritage.ItcanbesaidAmericanliteratureisbasedontheBiblicalmythoftheGardenofEden.Afterthat,manhaveanillusiontorestoretheparadise.Thepuritans,afterarrivingatAmerica,believingthatGodmusthavesentthemtothisnewlandtorestorethelostparadise,tobuildthewildernessintoanewGardenofEden.Firedwithsuchastrongsenseofmission,theytreatedlifewithatremendousamountofoptimism.TheoptimisticPuritanhasexertedagreatinfluenceonAmericanliterature.(2)Puritan'smetaphoricalmodeofperceptionchangedgraduallyintoaliterarysymbolism.PartIITheLiteratureofReasonAndRevolutionI．HistoricalIntroductionWiththegrowth,especiallyofindustry,thereappearedtheintensestrainwithEngland.TheBritishgovernmentdidnotwantcolonialindustriescompetingwiththoseinEngland.TheBritishwantedthecoloniestoremainpoliticallyandeconomicallydependentonthemothercountry.Theytookaseriesofmeasurestoinsurethisdependence.TheypreventedcolonialeconomybyrequiringAmericanstoshiprawmaterialsabroadandtoimportfinishedgoodsatpriceshigherthanthecostofmakingtheminthiscountry.Politically,theBritishgovernmentforceddependencebyrulingthecoloniesfromoverseasandbytaxingthecolonieswithoutgivingthemrepresentationinParliament.However,bythemid-eighteenthcentury,freedomwaswonasmuchbythefieryrhetoricofThomasPaine'sCommonSenseandtheeloquenceoftheDeclarationofIndependenceasbytheweaponsofWashington.Intheseventiesofthe18thcentury,theEnglishcoloniesinNorthAmericaroseinarmsagainsttheirmothercountry.TheWarforIndependencelastedfor8years(1776-1783)andendedintheformationofafederativebourgeoisdemocraticrepublic--theUnitedStatesofAmerica.II．AmericanEnlightenmentItwassupportedbyallprogressiveforcesofthecountrywhichopposedthemselvestotheoldcolonialorderandreligiousobscurantism.Itdealtadecisiveblowuponthepuritantraditionsandbroughttolifeseculareducationandliterature.Thespirituallifeduringthatperiodwastoagreatdegreemouldedbyit.Therepresentativessetthemselvesthetaskofdisseminatingknowledgeamongthepeopleandadvocatingrevolutionaryideas.ThewritersinjectedaninvigoratingveinintotheEnglishlanguageinAmericaastheyaimedatclarityandprecisionoftheirwritings.AttheinitialperiodthespreadoftheideasoftheEnlightenmentwaslargelyduetojournalism.WritingsofEuropewerewidelyreadinAmerica.ThesecularidealsoftheAmericanEnlightenmentwereexemplifiedinthelifeandcareerofBenjaminFranklin.III．BenjaminFranklin(1706-1790)TheAutobiographyPoorRichard’sAlmanacLifeBenjaminFranklincamefromaCalvinistbackground.Hewasbornintoapoorcandle-maker’sfamily.Hehadverylittleeducation.Helearnedinschoolonlyfortwoyears,buthewasavoraciousreader.At12,hewasapprenticedtohiselderhalf-brother,aprinter.At16,hebegantopublishessaysunderthepseudonym“SilenceDogood”.At17,heranawaytoPhiladelphiatomakehisownfortune.Hesethimselfupasanindependentprinterandpublisher.In1727hefoundedtheJuntoclub.Multipleidentities:aprinteraleadingauthorapoliticianascientistainventoradiplomatacivicactivistFranklin’sContributionstoSocietyHehelpedfoundthePennsylvaniaHospital.HefoundedanacademywhichledtotheUniversityofPennsylvania.AndhehelpedfoundtheAmericanPhilosophicalSociety.Franklin’sContributionstoScienceHewasalsorememberedforvolunteerfiredepartments,effectivestreetlighting,theFranklinstove,bifocalglassesandefficientheatingdevices.Andforhislightning-rod,hewascalled“thenewPrometheuswhohadstolenfirefromheaven.”Franklin’sContributionstotheU.S.HewastheonlyAmericantosignthefourdocumentsthatcreatedtheUnitedStates:TheDeclarationofIndependence,TheTreatyofAlliancewithFrance,TheTreatyofPeacewithEngland,TheConstitutionTheAutobiographyTheAutobiographyofBenjaminFranklinwasprobablythefirstofitskindinliterature.Itisthesimpleyetimmenselyfascinatingrecordofamanrisingtowealthandfamefromastateofpovertyandobscurityintowhichhewasborn,thefaithfulaccountofthecolorfulcareerofAmerica’sfirstself-mademan.TheAutobiographyis,firstofall,aPuritandocument.ItisPuritanbecauseitisarecordofself-examinationandself-improvement.Themeticulouschartof13virtueshesetforhimselftocultivatetocombatthetemptingvices,thestupendousefforthemadetoimprovehisownperson,thebeliefthatGodhelpsthosewhohelpsthemselvesandthateverycallingisaservicetoGod–alltheseindicatethatFranklinwasintenselyPuritan.Then,thebookisalsoaconvincingillustrationofthePuritanethicthat,inordertogetonintheworld,onehastobeindustrious,frugal,andprudent.TheAutobiographyisalsoaneloquentelucidationofthefactthatFranklinwasspokesmanfortheneworderofeighteenth-centuryenlightenment,andthatherepresentedinAmericaallitsideas,thatmanisbasicallygoodandfreebynature,endowedbyGodwithcertaininalienablerightsoflibertyandthepursuitofhappiness.AlookatthestyleofTheAutobiographywillreadilyrevealthatitisthepatternofPuritansimplicity,directnessandconcision.Theplainnessofitsstyle,thehomelinessofimagery,thesimplicityofdiction,syntaxandexpressionaresomeofthesalientfeatureswecannotmistake.Thelucidityofthenarrative,theabsenceofornamentsinwordingandofcomplex,involvedstructuresinsyntax,andthePuritanabhorrenceofparadoxareallgraphicallydemonstratedinthewholeofthebook.Takenasawhole,itissafetosaythatthebookisanexemplaryillustrationoftheAmericanstyleofwriting.IV．ThomasPaine(1737-1809)CommonSenseAmericanCrisisV．ThomasJefferson(1743-1826)TheDeclarationofIndependenceVI．PhilipFreneau(1752-1832)“PoetoftheAmericanRevolution”“FatherofAmericanPoetry”“PioneeroftheNewRomanticism”“Agiftedandversatilelyricpoet”Works“TheWildHoneySuckle”“TheIndianBuryingGround”“ToaCaty-Did”FreneauasFatherofAmericanPoetry:Hismajorthemesaredeath,nature,transition,andthehumaninnature.Allofthesethemesbecomeimportantin19thcenturywriting.LifeExperienceHewasborninNewYork.At16,heenteredtheCollegeofNewJersey(nowPrincetonUniversity).Hedecidedtodoapostgraduatestudyintheology.Buttwoyearslaterhegaveitup.Whilestillanundergraduate,hewroteincollaborationwithoneofhisfriends(H.H.Brackenridge)apoementitled“TheRisingGloryofAmerica”.LaterheattendedtheWarofIndependence,andhewascapturedbyBritisharmyin1780.Afterbeingreleased,hepublished“TheBritishPrisonShip”in1781.Inthesameyear,hepublished“TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans”.Afterwar,hesupportedJefferson,andcontributedgreatlytoAmericangovernment.Butafter50yearsold,helivedinpoverty.Andatlasthediedinablizzard.MainWorks“TheRisingGloryofAmerica”(1772)《美洲光輝的興起》“TheHouseofNight”(1779,1786)《夜之屋》“TheBritishPrisonShip”(1781)《英國囚船》“TotheMemoryoftheBraveAmericans”(1781)《紀(jì)念美國勇士》?“”TheWildHoneySuckle”(1786)《野忍冬花》“TheIndianBuryingGround”(1788)《印第安人墓地》野忍冬花（黃杲炘譯）美好的花呀，你長得：這么秀麗，卻藏身在這僻靜沉悶的地方——甜美的花兒開了卻沒人親昵，招展的小小枝梢也沒人觀賞；沒游來蕩去的腳來把你踩碎，沒東攀西摘的手來催你落淚。大自然把你打扮得一身潔白，她叫你避開庸俗粗鄙的目光，她布置下樹蔭把你護(hù)衛(wèi)起來，又讓潺潺的柔波淌過你身旁；你的夏天就這樣靜靜地消逝，這時候你日見萎蔫終將安息。?那些難免消逝的美使我銷魂，想起你未來的結(jié)局我就心疼，別的那些花兒也不比你幸運(yùn)——雖開放在伊甸園中也已凋零，無情的寒霜再加秋風(fēng)的威力，會叫這花朵消失得一無蹤跡。?朝陽和晚露當(dāng)初曾把你養(yǎng)育，讓你這小小的生命來到世上，原來若烏有，就沒什么可失去，因?yàn)槟愕乃雷屇阃惹耙粯?；這來去之間不過是一個鐘點(diǎn)——這就是脆弱的花享有的天年。Thispoemisdividedintofourstanzas.Eachstanzaconsistsofsixlines,rhyming“ababcc”,andsoundsjustlikemusic.Inthefirsttwostanzas,Freneaudevotedmoreattentiontotheenvironmentoftheflowerinwhichhefounditthantotheappearanceoftheflower.Heconmentedonthesecludednatureoftheplacewherethehoneysucklegrew,drawingaconclusionthatitwasduetonature'sprotectivenessthattheflowerwasabletoleadapeacefullifefreefrommen’sdisturbanceanddestruction.Butthenextstanzaimmediatelychangedthetonefromsilentadmirationandappreciationtooutrightlamentationoverthe“future’sdoom”oftheflower–evennaturewasunabletosavetheflowerfromitsdeath.Andthen,Freneausaid,“ifnothingonce,younothinglose.”Itistrueinpeople’sexistence.Thereisfateforthelifeanddeath.Afterone’sdeath,theonlythinghecantakeawayiswhathebroughtwhenhegavebirthtothisworld.PartIIITheLiteratureofRomanticismI．HistoricalIntroductionfromearly19thcenturythroughtheoutbreakoftheCivilWar1.nativefactorsItisaperiodfollowingAmericanIndependence.Inthisperiod,democracyandpoliticalequalitybecametheidealsofthenewnation.Americawasinaneconomicboom.Thereisatremendoussenseofoptimismandhopeamongthepeople.Thespiritofthetimeis,insomemeasure,responsiblefortheoutburstofromanticfeeling.2.foreigninfluenceRomanticismemergedinEnglandfrom1798to1832.ItaddedimpetustothegrowthofRomanticisminAmerica.InEnglandthegeneralfeaturesoftheworksoftheromanticsisadissatisfactionwiththebourgeoissociety.BritishRomanticisminspiredtheAmericanimagination.ThusAmericanRomanticismwasinawayderivative.II．AmericanRomanticism:AmericanRenaissanceRomanticism(appearedinEnglandinthelastyearsofthe18thcenturyandspreadtocontinentalEuropeandthen)cametoAmericaearlyinthe19thcentury.Itwaspluralistic;itsmanifestationswereasvaried,asindividualistic,andasconflictingastheculturesandtheintellectsfromwhichitsprang.Yetromanticsfrequentlysharedcertaingeneralcharacteristics:moralenthusiasm,faithinthevalueofindividualismandintuitiveperception,andapresumptionthatthenaturalworldwasasourceofgoodnessandman'ssocietiesasourceofcorruption.Itexaltedtheindividual,whichsuitedthenation'srevolutionaryheritageanditsfrontieregalitarianism.Itrevoltedagainsttraditionalartforms,whichgratifiedthosecrampedbythestrictlimitsofneoclassicliterature,painting,andarchitecture.Itrejectedrationalism,whichgladdenedthosewhowereopposedtocool,intellectualreligiouswrappedwiththeremnantsofCalvinism.Romanticwritersplacedincreasingvalueonthefreeexpressionofemotionanddisplayincreasingattentiontothespiritualstatesoftheircharacters.Heroesandheroinesexhibitedextremesofsensitivityandexcitement.Thenovelofterrorbecametheprofitableliterarystaplethatitremainstoday.Writersofgothicnovelssoughttoarouseintheirreadersaturbulentsenseoftheremote,thesupernatural,andtheterrifyingbydescribingcastlesandlandscapesilluminatedbymoonlightandhauntedbyghosts.ApreoccupationwiththedemonicandthemysteryofevilmarkedbytheworksofPoe,Hawthorne,Melville,andahostoflesserwriters.EarlyAmericanromanticismwasbestrepresentedbyNewEnglandpoetsWilliamCullenBryant(1794-1878)andHenryWadsworthLongfellow(1807-1882)inpoetry,andJamesFenimoreCooper(1789-1851)andWashingtonIrving(1783-1859)infiction.Thelater/peakperiodisrepresentedbyRalphWaldoEmerson(1803-1882)andHenryDavidThoreau(1817-1862).III．WashingtonIrving1.RipVanWinkleThestory,writtenwhileIrvingwasstayingwithhissisterSarahandherhusbandHenryvanWartinBirmingham,England,issetintheyearsbeforeandaftertheAmericanRevolutionaryWar.AvillagerofDutchdescentescapeshisnaggingwifebywanderingupKaaterskillClovenearhishometownofPalenville,NewYorkintheCatskillMountains.Aftervariousadventures(inoneversionofthetale,heencountersthespiritsofHenryHudsonandhiscrewplayingninepinsatthetopofKaaterskillFalls),hesettlesdownunderashadytreeandfallsasleep.Hewakesup20yearslaterandreturnstohisvillage.Hefindsoutthathiswifeisdeadandhisclosefriendshavediedinawarorgonesomewhereelse.HeimmediatelygetsintotroublewhenhehailshimselfaloyalsubjectofGeorgeIII,notknowingthatinthemeantimetheAmericanRevolutionhastakenplaceandheisnotsupposedtobealoyalsubjectofanyHanoveriananylonger.Thestoryhasbecomeapartofculturalmythology:evenforthosewhohaveneverreadtheoriginalstory,"RipVanWinkle"meanseitherapersonwhosleepsforalongperiodoftime,oronewhoisinexplicably(perhapsevenblissfully)unawareofcurrentevents.RipVanWinklehasbeenseenasasymbolofseveralaspectsofAmerica.Rip,likeAmerica,isimmature,self-centered,careless,anti-intellectual,imaginative,andjollyastheovergrownchild.ThetownitselfsymbolizesAmerica–foreverandrapidlychanging.WashingtonIrvinghasRipsleepthroughhisowncountry’shistory,throughwhatwemightcallthebirthpangsofAmerica,andreturntothe“busy,bustling,disputatious”self-consciouslyadultUnitedStatesofAmerica.Hisconflictsanddreamsarethoseofthenation–theconflictofinnocenceandexperience,workandleisure,theoldandthenew,theheadandtheheart.2.TheLegendofSleepyHollowThestoryissetcirca1790intheDutchsettlementofTarryTown,inasecludedglencalledSleepyHollow.IttellsthestoryofIchabodCrane,asycophantic,lean,lanky,andextremelysuperstitiousschoolmasterfromConnecticut,whocompeteswithAbraham"BromBones"VanBrunt,thetownrowdy,forthehandof18-year-oldKatrinaVanTassel,thedaughterandsolechildofawealthyfarmer,BaltusVanTassel.AsCraneleavesapartyheattendedattheVanTasselhomeonanautumnnight,heispursuedbytheHeadlessHorseman,whoissupposedlytheghostofaHessiantrooperwhohadhisheadshotoffbyastraycannonballduring"somenamelessbattle"oftheAmericanRevolutionaryWar,andwho"ridesforthtothesceneofbattleinnightlyquestofhishead".Ichabodmysteriouslydisappearsfromtown,leavingKatrinatomarryBromBones,whowas"tolookexceedinglyknowingwheneverthestoryofIchabodwasrelated".AlthoughthenatureoftheHeadlessHorsemanisleftopentointerpretation,thestoryimpliesthattheHorsemanwasreallyBromBonesindisguise.ThecreationofarchetypesisaparticularlysubtlefeatofIrving’sconsummatecraftsmanship.WemayseeinIchabodCraneaprecocious,effectNewEnglander,shrewd,commercial,acity-slicker,whoisratheraninterloper,asomewhatdestructiveforce,andwhocomesalongtoswindlethevillagers.Hisbooklearningturnsonhim,andheisdrivenawayfromwherehedoesnotbelong,sothattheserenevillageremainspermanentlygoodandhappy.BromBones,ontheotherhand,isofaHuckFinn-typeofcountrybumpkin,rough,vigorous,boisterousbutinwardlyverygood,afrontiertypeputouttheretoshiftforhimself.Thus,therivalryinlovebetweenIchabodandBrom,viewedinthisway,suddenlyassumesthedimensionsoftwoethicalgroupslockedinakindofhistoriccontest.Astothestyleofthepiece,itrepresentsIrvingathisbest.Theassociationbetweenacertainlocalandtheinwardmovementofacharacter,theemotionalloadingofalmosteverylineofthestory,theireffectonthefivesenseofthereaderwhoseattentionissofullyengagedandwhofeelssomuchinvolvedinwhatishappening–allthesehaveplacedthisandotherIrvingstoriesamongthebestofAmericanshortstories.3.Irving’sStyle(1)Irvingavoidsmoralizingasmuchaspossible.Hewritessimplytoentertainrathertoenlighten.(2)Heisgoodatsettinghisstoriesinamagicandfantasticatmosphere.Therichnessoftheatmospherecompensatesfortheslimnessofhisplot.(3)Hischaractersarevividandtruetolife.Theytendtolingerinthemindofthereader.(4)Hiswritingisfullofhumorandsatire.(5)twoimportantthemes,i.e.thethemesofchangeandsearchforidentify.ThesethemescapturethespiritofIrving’stimesandreflecthisphilosophicalthinkingoncontemporaryAmericansociallife.IV.JamesFenimoreCooper詹姆斯費(fèi)尼莫爾庫珀(1789--1851)--launchedtwokindsofimmenselypopularstories→theseaadventuretaleandthefrontiersagaTheLeatherstockingTales《皮襪子故事集》，regardas“thenearestapproachyettoanAmericanepic.”（開創(chuàng)了美國文學(xué)的一個重要主題—文明的發(fā)展對大自然和它代表的崇高品德的摧殘與破壞）Itscentralfigureinthenovels,NattyBumppo(美國文學(xué)的一個重要的原型人物—獨(dú)立不羈、逃避社會、在大自然中需求完美精神世界的班波).Cooper’sWorks(1)Precaution(1820,hisfirstnovel,imitatingAusten’sPrideandPrejudice)(2)TheSpy(hissecondnovelandgreatsuccess)(3)LeatherstockingTales(hismasterpiece,aseriesoffivenovels)TheDeerslayer,TheLastoftheMohicans,ThePathfinder,ThePioneer,ThePrairieCooper’sStyle(1)highlyimaginative(2)goodatinventingtales(3)goodatlandscapedescription(4)conservative(5)characterizationwoodenandlackinginprobability(6)languageanduseofdialectnotauthenticLiteraryAchievementsHecreatedamythabouttheformativeperiodoftheAmericannation.IfthehistoryoftheUnitedStatesis,inasense,theprocessoftheAmericansettlersexploringandpushingtheAmericanfrontierforeverwestward,thenCooper’sLeatherstockingTaleseffectivelyapproximatestheAmericannationalexperienceofadventureintotheWest.HeturnedthewestandfrontierasauseablepastandhehelpedtointroducewesterntraditiontoAmericanliterature.V.WilliamCullenBryant威廉卡倫布賴恩特(1794-1878)--thefirstAmericantogainthestatureofamajorpoet.ToaWaterfowl《致水鳥》TheYellowViolet《黃色的堇香花》VI.EdgarAllenPoe(1809-1849)Americanwriter,knownasapoetandcriticbutmostfamousasthefirstmasteroftheshort-storyform,especiallytalesofthemysteriousandmacabre.TheliterarymeritsofPoe'swritingshavebeendebatedsincehisdeath,buthisworkshaveremainedpopularandmanymajorAmericanandEuropeanwritershaveprofessedtheirartisticdebttohim.ForalongtimeafterhisdeathPoeremainedprobablythemostcontroversialandmostmisunderstoodliteraryfigureinthehistoryofAmericanliterature.Emersondismissedhiminthreewords,“thejingleman.”MarkTwaindeclaredhisprosetobeunreadable.HenryJamesmadetheruthlessstatementthat“anenthusiasmforPoeisthemarkofadecidedlyprimitivestateofdevelopment.”Whitman,whowastheonlyfamousliteraryfigurepresentatthePoeMemorialCeremonyinBaltimorein1875,hadmixedfeelingsabouthim:hedidadmitPoe’sgenius,butitwas“itsnarrowrangeandunhealthy,luridquality”thatmostimpressedhim.T.S.Eliotproclaimedhimacriticofthefirstrank,butchargedhimwith“slipshodwriting.”Poe’sWorksPoetry:TheRaven《烏鴉》HorrorFiction:TheFalloftheHouseofUsher《厄舍大廈的倒塌》Whodunit:MurdersintheRueMorgue《莫格街謀殺案》致海倫海倫，你的美在我的眼里，有如往日尼西亞的三桅船船行在飄香的海上，悠悠地把已倦于漂泊的困乏船員送回他故鄉(xiāng)的海岸。早已習(xí)慣于在怒海上飄蕩，你典雅的臉龐，你的鬈發(fā)，你水神般的風(fēng)姿帶我返航，返回那往時的希臘和羅馬，返回那往時的壯麗和輝煌。看哪！壁龕似的明亮窗戶里，我看見你站著，多像尊雕像，一盞瑪瑙的燈你拿在手上！塞姬女神哪，神圣的土地才是你家鄉(xiāng)！Inthefirststanza,Helen’sbeautyissoothing.Itprovidessecurityandsafety.PerhapsthereaderisexpectedtoassociateMarlowe’sfamousline:“Wasthisthefacethatlaunchedathousandships”toHelen’sbeauty,forherbeautyisashypnoticforthespeakerasweretheshipsthattransportedanotherwanderer–Ulysses-homefromTroy.Throughoutthepoem,Poeusesallusionstoclassicalnamesandplaces,aswellascertainkindsofimagestocreatetheimpressionofafar-offidealized,unrealwoman,likeaGreekstatue.Wordsthatsupporttheimageofanidealwomanare“hyacinth”and“classic”(line7),“Naiadairs”(line8),and“statue-like”(line12).Helenstands,notlikearealwoman,butlikeasaintina“window-niche”(line11).Shebecomesasymbolbothofbeautyandoffrustration,aromanticallyidealized,yetinaccessibleimageoftheheart’sdesire.烏鴉從前一個陰郁的子夜，我獨(dú)自沉思，慵懶疲竭，沉思許多古怪而離奇、早已被人遺忘的傳聞——當(dāng)我開始打盹，幾乎入睡，突然傳來一陣輕擂，仿佛有人在輕輕叩擊，輕輕叩擊我的房門?！坝腥藖砹?，”我輕聲嘟喃，“正在叩擊我的房門——唯此而已，別無他般?！迸叮仪宄赜浀媚鞘窃谑捝氖?；每一團(tuán)奄奄一息的余燼都形成陰影伏在地板。我當(dāng)時真盼望翌日；——因?yàn)槲乙呀?jīng)枉費(fèi)心機(jī)想用書來消除悲哀——消除因失去麗諾爾的悲嘆——因那被天使叫作麗諾爾的少女，她美麗嬌艷——在這兒卻默默無聞，直至永遠(yuǎn)。那柔軟、暗淡、颯颯飄動的每一塊紫色窗布使我心中充滿前所未有的恐怖——我毛骨驚然；為平息我心兒停跳．我站起身反復(fù)叨念“這是有人想進(jìn)屋，在叩我的房門——。更深夜半有人想進(jìn)屋，在叩我的房門；——唯此而已，別無他般?！焙芸煳业男淖兊脠?jiān)強(qiáng)；不再猶疑，不再彷徨，“先生，”我說，“或夫人，我求你多多包涵；剛才我正睡意昏昏，而你來敲門又那么輕，你來敲門又那么輕，輕輕叩擊我的房門，我差點(diǎn)以為沒聽見你”——說著我拉開門扇；——唯有黑夜，別無他般。凝視著夜色幽幽，我站在門邊驚懼良久，疑惑中似乎夢見從前沒人敢夢見的夢幻；可那未被打破的寂靜，沒顯示任何跡象。“麗諾爾？”便是我囁嚅念叨的唯一字眼，我念叨“麗諾爾！”，回聲把這名字輕輕送還，唯此而已，別無他般。我轉(zhuǎn)身回到房中，我的整個心燒灼般疼痛，很快我又聽到叩擊聲，比剛才聽起來明顯?！翱隙ǎ蔽艺f，“肯定有什么在我的窗欞；讓我瞧瞧是什么在那里，去把那秘密發(fā)現(xiàn)——讓我的心先鎮(zhèn)靜一會兒，去把那秘密發(fā)現(xiàn)；——那不過是風(fēng)，別無他般！”我猛然推開窗戶，。心兒撲撲直跳就像打鼓，一只神圣往昔的健壯烏鴉慢慢走進(jìn)我房間；它既沒向我致意問候；也沒有片刻的停留；而以紳士淑女的風(fēng)度，棲在我房門的上面——棲在我房門上方一尊帕拉斯半身雕像上面——棲坐在那兒，僅如此這般。于是這只黑鳥把我悲傷的幻覺哄騙成微笑，以它那老成持重一本正經(jīng)溫文爾雅的容顏，“雖然冠毛被剪除，”我說，“但你肯定不是懦夫，你這幽靈般可怕的古鴉，漂泊夜的彼岸——請告訴我你尊姓大名，在黑沉沉的冥府陰間！”烏鴉答日“永不復(fù)述?！甭犚娙绱酥甭实幕卮?，我驚嘆這丑陋的烏鴉，雖說它的回答不著邊際——與提問幾乎無關(guān)；因?yàn)槲覀儾坏貌怀姓J(rèn)，從來沒有活著的世人曾如此有幸地看見一只鳥棲在他房門的面——鳥或獸棲在他房間門上方的半身雕像上面，有這種名字“永不復(fù)還?！钡侵华?dú)棲于肅穆的半身雕像上的烏鴉只說了這一句話，仿佛它傾瀉靈魂就用那一個字眼。然后它便一聲不吭——也不把它的羽毛拍動——直到我?guī)缀跏遣覆缸哉Z“其他朋友早已消散——明晨它也將離我而去——如同我的希望已消散。”這時那鳥說“永不復(fù)還?！斌@異于那死寂漠漠被如此恰當(dāng)?shù)幕卦挻蚱?，“肯定，”我說，“這句話是它唯一的本錢，從它不幸動主人那兒學(xué)未。一連串無情飛災(zāi)曾接踵而至，直到它主人的歌中有了這字眼——直到他希望的挽歌中有了這個憂傷的字眼‘永不復(fù)還，永不復(fù)還。’”但那只烏鴉仍然把我悲傷的幻覺哄騙成微笑，我即刻拖了張軟椅到門旁雕像下那只鳥跟前；然后坐在天鵝絨椅墊上，我開始冥思苦想，浮想連著浮想，猜度這不祥的古鳥何出此言——這只猙獰丑陋可怕不吉不祥的古鳥何出此言，為何聒噪‘永不復(fù)還?！蔽易孪肽且庖姷珱]對那鳥說片語只言。此時，它炯炯發(fā)光的眼睛已燃燒進(jìn)我的心坎；我依然坐在那兒猜度，把我的頭靠得很舒服，舒舒服服地靠在那被燈光凝視的天鵝絨襯墊，但被燈光愛慕地凝視著的紫色的天鵝絨襯墊，她將顯出，啊，永不復(fù)還！接著我想，空氣變得稠密，被無形香爐熏香，提香爐的撒拉弗的腳步聲響在有簇飾的地板?！翱蓱z的人，”我呼叫，“是上帝派天使為你送藥，這忘憂藥能中止你對失去的麗諾爾的思念；喝吧如吧，忘掉對失去的麗諾爾的思念！”烏鴉說“永不復(fù)還?！薄跋戎?！”我說“兇兆！——仍是先知，不管是鳥還是魔！是不是魔鬼送你，或是暴風(fēng)雨拋你來到此岸，孤獨(dú)但毫不氣餒，在這片妖惑鬼崇的荒原——在這恐怖縈繞之家——告訴我真話，求你可憐——基列有香膏嗎？——告訴我——告訴我，求你可憐！”烏鴉說“永不復(fù)還?！薄跋戎?！”我說，“兇兆！——仍是先知、不管是鳥是魔！憑我們頭頂?shù)纳n天起誓——憑我們都崇拜的上帝起誓——告訴這充滿悲傷的靈魂。它能否在遙遠(yuǎn)的仙境擁抱被天使叫作麗諾爾的少女，她纖塵不染——擁抱被天使叫作麗諾爾的少女，她美麗嬌艷?！睘貘f說“永不復(fù)還?！薄白屵@話做我們的道別之辭，鳥或魔！”我突然叫道——“回你的暴風(fēng)雨中去吧，回你黑沉沉的冥府陰間！別留下黑色羽毛作為你的靈魂謊言的象征！留給我完整的孤獨(dú)！——快從我門上的雕像滾蛋！從我心中帶走你的嘴；從我房門帶走你的外觀！”烏鴉說“永不復(fù)還?！蹦菫貘f并沒飛去，它仍然棲息，仍然棲息在房門上方那蒼白的帕拉斯半身雕像上面；而它的眼光與正在做夢的魔鬼眼光一模一樣，照在它身上的燈光把它的陰影投射在地板；而我的靈魂，會從那團(tuán)在地板上漂浮的陰暗被擢升么——永不復(fù)還！TheRavenisanarrativepoembyAmericanwriterEdgarAllanPoe,firstpublishedinJanuary1845.Itisoftennotedforitsmusicality,stylizedlanguage,andsupernaturalatmosphere.Ittellsofatalkingraven'smysteriousvisittoadistraughtlover,tracingtheman'sslowdescentintomadness.Thelover,oftenidentifiedasbeingastudent,islamentingthelossofhislove,Lenore.Theravenseemstofurtherinstigatehisdistresswithitsconstantrepetitionoftheword"Nevermore".Thepoemmakesuseofanumberoffolkandclassicalreferences.安娜貝爾.李很久很久以前，在一個濱海的國度里，住著一位少女你或許認(rèn)得，她的芳名叫安娜貝爾.李；這少女活著沒有別的愿望，只為和我倆情相許。那會兒我還是個孩子，她也未脫稚氣，在這個濱海的國度里；可我們的愛超越一切，無人能及——我和我的安娜貝爾.李；我們愛得那樣深，連天上的六翼天使也把我和她妒嫉。這就是那不幸的根源，很久以前在這個濱海的國度里，夜里一陣寒風(fēng)從白云端吹起，凍僵了我的安娜貝爾.李；于是她那些高貴的親戚來到凡間把她從我的身邊奪去，將她關(guān)進(jìn)一座墳?zāi)乖谶@個濱海的國度里。這些天使們在天上，不及我們一半快活，于是他們把我和她妒嫉——對——就是這個緣故（誰不曉得呢，在這個濱海的國度里）云端刮起了寒風(fēng)，凍僵并帶走了我的安娜貝爾.李?？晌覀兊膼矍檫h(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)地勝利那些年紀(jì)長于我們的人——那些智慧勝于我們的人——無論是天上的天使，還是海底的惡魔，都不能將我們的靈魂分離，我和我美麗的安娜貝爾.李。因?yàn)樵铝恋拿恳唤z清輝都勾起我的回憶夢里那美麗的安娜貝爾.李群星的每一次升空都令我覺得秋波在閃動那是我美麗的安娜貝爾.李就這樣，伴著潮水，我整夜躺在她身旁我親愛的——我親愛的——我的生命，我的新娘，在海邊那座墳塋里，在大海邊她的墓穴里。"AnnabelLee"isthelastcompletepoemcomposedbyEdgarAllanPoe.LikemanyofPoe'spoems,itexploresthethemeofthedeathofabeautifulwoman.Thenarrator,whofellinlovewithAnnabelLeewhentheywer