計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語(yǔ)課件Unit 02

ContentsPart1ReadingandTranslatingSectionA:RandomAccessMemory(RAM):TheGeniusofMemorySectionB:TouchScreenTechnology:HowtheScreenIsSoSmartPart2SimulatedWriting:UncoveringtheSecretsofClearWriting(II)Part3ListeningandSpeakingDialogue:HowRadioFrequencyIdentification(RFID)ReadersWorkListeningComprehension:Moore'sLawDictation:SensorsGetDataWeNeverHadBefore1.1SectionA:RandomAccessMemory(RAM):TheGeniusofMemoryWordsbus[b?s]n.[計(jì)]（電腦的）總線slate[sleit]n.石板,板巖capacitor[k??p?sit?(r)]n.電容器，電容etch[et?]v.蝕刻，浸蝕wafer['weif?(r)]n.[電]薄片，圓片，晶片burst[b?:st]n.短暫的突然發(fā)作，一陣charge[t?a:d?]v.使充電discharge[dis't?a:d?]v.放電Phrasestaketheformof表現(xiàn)為…的形式，采取…的形狀bitline位線，數(shù)元線wordline字線workas充當(dāng)，擔(dān)任allover到處，渾身1.1SectionA:RandomAccessMemory(RAM):TheGeniusofMemoryNotes[1]Original:Thememorycontrollerorganizestherequestandsendsthecolumnandrowaddressinanelectricalchargealongtheappropriateaddresslines,whichareverythinelectricallinesetchedintotheRAMchip. Translation:存儲(chǔ)器控制器可將這些存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)的請(qǐng)求組織起來(lái)，并通過(guò)沿著合適的地址線——蝕刻在RAM芯片上的很細(xì)的電線——發(fā)送電荷中的列和行的地址。1.1SectionA:RandomAccessMemory(RAM):TheGeniusofMemoryNotes[2]Original:Ateverypointalongtheaddresslinewhereacapacitorisholdingacharge,thecapacitordischargesthroughthecircuitcreatedbytheclosedtransistors,sendingelectricalchargesalongthedatalines. Translation:沿著電容器存放電荷的地址線上的每個(gè)點(diǎn)，電容器通過(guò)由閉合的晶體管所構(gòu)成的電路來(lái)放電，并沿著數(shù)據(jù)線發(fā)送電荷。1.1SectionA:RandomAccessMemory(RAM):TheGeniusofMemoryExercisesI.Readthefollowingstatementscarefully,anddecidewhethertheyaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothetext.1.Afteryouswitchoffacomputer,RAMstillkeepsitsdata.2.Acapacitorchargeoveracertainvoltagelevelrepresentsthebinaryvalue0.3.Asinglebyteofdataconsistsofthecombinationof1sand0sfromeightdatalines.4.Aseriesofmemorycelladdressesputtogetherformtheaddressofacharacter.5.Anunchargedcapacitorrepresentsa1bit.1.1SectionA:RandomAccessMemory(RAM):TheGeniusofMemoryII.Choosethebestanswertoeachofthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothetext.1.Whichofthefollowingworksaselectronicstoragethatholdsanelectricalcharge?A.Externalstorage B.ControllersforvideodisplayC.Capacitor D.Peripheraldevices2.Whichofthefollowingcomponentscanmakeitaccesstheoperatingsystemfiles,programs,andanydatacurrentlybeingusedbyitwrittentoandstoredinRAM?A.PowerconnectorsB.ProcessorC.ExpansioncardslotsD.Non-volatilememorychips1.1SectionA:RandomAccessMemory(RAM):TheGeniusofMemory3.Whichofthefollowingisrightaboutacapacitor?A.Eachchargedcapacitoralongtheaddresslinerepresentsa1bit.B.Acapacitorworksaselectronicstoragethatholdsanelectricalcharge.C.Anunchargedcapacitorrepresentsa0bit.D.Alloftheabove.1.1SectionA:RandomAccessMemory(RAM):TheGeniusofMemoryⅢ.Identifytheletterofthechoicethatbestmatchesthephraseordefinition.a.ASCIIb.bytec.parallelprocessingd.RAM(randomaccessmemory)e.UniversalSerialBus(USB)1.Aprocessingtechniquethatusesmultipleprocessorsorprocessingcoressimultaneously,usuallytoprocessasinglejobasfastaspossible2.Afixed-length,binarycodingsystemusedtorepresenttext-baseddataforcomputerprocessingonmanytypesofcomputers3.Agroupof8bits4.Auniversalbususedtoconnectupto127peripheraldevicestoacomputerwithoutrequiringtheuseofadditionalexpansioncards5.Chipsconnectedtothemotherboardthatprovideatemporarylocationforthecomputertoholddataandprograminstructionswhiletheyareneeded1.1SectionA:RandomAccessMemory(RAM):TheGeniusofMemoryV.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChineseWhydoesaSmartphoneNeedaDual-coreProcessor?Dualcoreprocessorsallowsmartphonestodeliverincreasedperformance,whiledeliveringbetterbatterylife.Thereasonforthisisthatthetasksthatrunonasmartphonehavewidelydifferentperformanceneeds;forinstance,comparewritinganSMStextmessagewithplayinga3Dgame.Toprovidethisscalabilityofperformanceandpowerintoday'sadvancedchipmanufacturingprocessessuchas28nm(1nm1billionthofameter),itisbettertohavemultiplesmallercoresversusonelargemonolithiccore.Withdual-coreprocessors,youcanswitchonecoreofffortaskssuchasSMS(tosavepower),andthenyoucanswitchbothcoresonwhenmaximumperformanceisneeded.1.1SectionA:RandomAccessMemory(RAM):TheGeniusofMemory

1.2SectionB:TouchScreenTechnology:HowtheScreenIsSoSmartWordspoint-of-sale銷售點(diǎn)的，售貨點(diǎn)的capacitive[k?'p?sitiv]adj.電容性的resistive[ri?zistiv]adj.抗[耐、防]…的；電阻的coat[k?ut]v.給…涂上（或蓋上、裹上）metallic[m??t?lik]adj.金屬的，金屬性的spacer['speis?]n.墊片，隔圈，隔離物，襯墊affordable[?'f?:d?bl]adj.買得起的，價(jià)格實(shí)惠的，經(jīng)濟(jì)適用的，價(jià)格適中的infrared[?infr?'red]adj.紅外線的diode['dai?ud]n.二極管1.2SectionB:TouchScreenTechnology:HowtheScreenIsSoSmartPhrasesautomatedtellermachine自動(dòng)出納機(jī)，自動(dòng)柜員機(jī)remotecontrol遙控，遠(yuǎn)程控制，遙控裝置TabletPC平板電腦，平板型計(jì)算機(jī)zoomin拉近，放大electricalcharge電荷AbbreviationsGPSGlobalPositionSystem全球定位系統(tǒng)，導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)1.2SectionB:TouchScreenTechnology:HowtheScreenIsSoSmart1.2SectionB:TouchScreenTechnology:HowtheScreenIsSoSmartNotes[1]Original:Thefirsttouchscreensdevelopedalloweduserstopressonlyoneareaatatimewiththetipoftheirfinger,andtheyweremuchlessaccuratethantoday'stouchscreens. Translation:最初研制的觸摸屏僅允許用戶用手指一次觸摸一個(gè)區(qū)域，并且它們的準(zhǔn)確性和今日的同類產(chǎn)品相比相差甚遠(yuǎn)。[2]Original:Touchingthescreenabsorbsportionsofthewaves,whichthenallowsthetouchscreencontrollertocalculatethepositionatwhichtheobjecttouchedthescreen. Translation:當(dāng)觸摸屏幕時(shí)，部分聲波會(huì)被吸收，從而使得觸摸屏控制器可以計(jì)算出對(duì)象觸摸屏幕的位置1.2SectionB:TouchScreenTechnology:HowtheScreenIsSoSmartExercisesI.Readthefollowingstatementscarefully,anddecidewhethertheyaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothetext.1.Thefirsttouchscreensdevelopedweremoreaccuratethantoday'stouchscreens.2.Touchscreenshavedecreasedproductivitybyallowingpeopletointeractwithdevicesmorequicklythantheycanwithamouseorkeyboard.3.Additionaltypesoftouchscreentechnologiesareusedaswidelyasthecapacitive,resistive,andsurfacewavetouchscreens.4.Capacitive,resistive,andsurfacewavetouchscreensarethreetypesoftouchscreensmostinusetoday.5.Aresistivetouchscreenhasalayerofmaterialthatstoreselectricalchargescoatingthesurface.1.2SectionB:TouchScreenTechnology:HowtheScreenIsSoSmartII.Choosethebestanswertoeachofthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothetext.1.Whenhastouchscreentechnologyevolvedsinceitscreation?A.inthelate1990sB.inthelate1970s C.inthelate1960s D.inthelate1980s2.Whichofthefollowingiswrongaboutsurfacewavetechnology?A.Itiseasyforoutsideelementstodamagethedevicebecauseultrasonicwavespassoverthetouchscreen.B.Themostadvancedofthethreetypesistouchscreensusingsurfacewavetechnology.C.Surfacewavetechnologypassesultrasonicwavesoverthetouchscreen.D.Touchscreensusingsurfacewavetechnologyarethecheapestofthethreetypes.1.2SectionB:TouchScreenTechnology:HowtheScreenIsSoSmart3.Whichofthefollowingisrightaboutacapacitivetouchscreen?A.Capacitivetouchscreenstypicallyarelow-quality.B.Althoughcapacitivetouchscreensusuallyaremoreaffordablethanresistivetouchscreens,theyarenotasclearandcanbedamagedmoreeasily.C.Capacitivetouchscreenstypicallyareaffectedbyitemsthatdonotconductelectricalcharges.D.Opticaltouchscreensisnotusedaswidelyascapacitivetouchscreens.Ⅲ.Identifytheletterofthechoicethatbestmatchesthephraseordefinition.a.cacheb.flashmemoryc.multicored.PlugandPlaye.port1.Agenerictermthatisassociatedwiththeabilitytoattachanydeviceontoacomputerandhaveitplayorworkimmediately.2.AtypeofmultiprocessorchipthatprovidestwoormoreseparateandindependentCPUs.3.Asocketforexternaldevicestoconnecttothesystemunit.4.AtypeofmemorythatprovidesacombinationoffeaturesofRAMandROM.5.Atypeofmemorythatimprovesprocessingbyactingasatemporaryhigh-speedholdingareabetweenthememoryandtheCPU.1.2SectionB:TouchScreenTechnology:HowtheScreenIsSoSmart1.2SectionB:TouchScreenTechnology:HowtheScreenIsSoSmartV.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.CacheMemoryItisinstructivetocomparethememoryfacilitieswithinacomputerinrelationtotheirfunctionality.Registersareusedtoholdthedataimmediatelyapplicabletotheoperationathand;mainmemoryisusedtoholddatathatwillbeneededinthenearfuture;andmassstorageisusedtoholddatathatwilllikelynotbeneededintheimmediatefuture.Manymachinesaredesignedwithanadditionalmemorylevel,calledcachememory.1.2SectionB:TouchScreenTechnology:HowtheScreenIsSoSmartV.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.CacheMemoryCachememoryisaportion(perhapsseveralhundredKB)ofhigh-speedmemorylocatedwithintheCPUitself.Inthisspecialmemoryarea,themachineattemptstokeepacopyofthatportionofmainmemorythatisofcurrentinterest.Inthissetting,datatransfersthatnormallywouldbemadebetweenregistersandmainmemoryaremadebetweenregistersandcachememory.Anychangesmadetocachememoryarethentransferredcollectivelytomainmemoryatamoreopportunetime.TheresultisaCPUthatcanexecuteitsmachinecyclemorerapidlybecauseitisnotdelayedbymainmemorycommunication.2.SimulatedWriting:UncoveringtheSecretsofClearWriting(II)ClearWriting3.說(shuō)明數(shù)據(jù)當(dāng)需要對(duì)比數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)，可以使用圖表來(lái)說(shuō)明。使用圖形來(lái)代表數(shù)據(jù)可以使信息更加易于理解和記憶。圖形可以使數(shù)字信息有意義，可揭示其背后的趨勢(shì)和模式，簡(jiǎn)化復(fù)雜的關(guān)系，并且給文檔增加視覺(jué)吸引力。要熟悉最流行的圖表類型，它們的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，以及什么時(shí)候使用它們才合適。表里列出了在企業(yè)文檔中使用圖表的注意事項(xiàng)。2.SimulatedWriting:UncoveringtheSecretsofClearWriting(II)說(shuō)明數(shù)據(jù)的注意事項(xiàng)

圖表類型適合提到盡量避免條形圖和柱狀圖展示隨時(shí)間變化的數(shù)據(jù)比較項(xiàng)目在比較持續(xù)時(shí)間時(shí)選擇柱狀圖比較過(guò)多的項(xiàng)目，5個(gè)或6個(gè)是比較典型的上限當(dāng)類別有很長(zhǎng)的名字時(shí)不要使用條形圖，而是使用柱狀圖線形圖展示數(shù)據(jù)的趨勢(shì)或模式如果數(shù)值被均勻分割，使用線形圖，例如按月或年劃分餅圖展示一類數(shù)據(jù)的大小相對(duì)于其他類和整體的比例在餅圖中展示多余一個(gè)類別的數(shù)據(jù)過(guò)程圖展示過(guò)程中的步驟使用常見(jiàn)的形狀來(lái)表示過(guò)程中的部分改變常見(jiàn)形狀的意義層次圖展示一個(gè)組織中的匯報(bào)關(guān)系在圖內(nèi)的每個(gè)方框中包含過(guò)多的細(xì)節(jié)2.SimulatedWriting:UncoveringtheSecretsofClearWriting(II)ClearWriting3.說(shuō)明數(shù)據(jù)（1）條形圖和柱狀圖

條形圖和柱狀圖表示以間距歸類的分類數(shù)據(jù)和數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)，例如每月的銷售額或每個(gè)產(chǎn)品的費(fèi)用。條形圖的每一個(gè)類別都包含一個(gè)橫向的條形，并且，每一個(gè)條形的高度或長(zhǎng)度代表著那一類別的值。柱狀圖與其相似，只是使用縱向的條形。圖2-3展示了柱狀圖的實(shí)例。（2）線形圖

線形圖揭示了數(shù)據(jù)的趨勢(shì)和模式。線形圖展示了兩個(gè)數(shù)值是如何彼此關(guān)聯(lián)的。縱軸（y）通常表示數(shù)量，例如金額或者百分比。橫軸（x）通常表示時(shí)間單元。因此，用線形圖展示隨時(shí)間變化的數(shù)量最為理想。圖2-3同樣展示了線形圖。2.SimulatedWriting:UncoveringtheSecretsofClearWriting(II)ClearWriting3.說(shuō)明數(shù)據(jù)（3）餅圖

餅圖可以被分割成若干個(gè)楔形塊，每塊都代表一個(gè)類別。有時(shí)，為了特別強(qiáng)調(diào)，將一個(gè)楔形塊從餅圖中分離出來(lái)。餅圖可以將整體和其各部分進(jìn)行對(duì)比。圖2-3同樣展示了帶有重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)的楔形塊的餅圖。（4）過(guò)程圖

過(guò)程圖展示了一個(gè)過(guò)程中的若干步驟，有時(shí)稱作流程圖。不同的形狀代表各種不同類型的活動(dòng)。例如，圓形或橢圓代表過(guò)程的開(kāi)始和結(jié)束，菱形代表必須進(jìn)行的決策和選擇，而矩形代表過(guò)程的主要活動(dòng)或者步驟。2.SimulatedWriting:UncoveringtheSecretsofClearWriting(II)ClearWriting3.說(shuō)明數(shù)據(jù)（5）組織結(jié)構(gòu)圖（或?qū)哟螆D）

當(dāng)人們和物體按照一定層次組織在一起時(shí)，可以使用一個(gè)組織結(jié)構(gòu)圖來(lái)代表他們。組織結(jié)構(gòu)圖通常畫(huà)為一個(gè)水平的或豎直的樹(shù)，使用幾何圖形來(lái)代表其不同的元素。線將各種形狀連接起來(lái)表明元素之間的關(guān)系。

組織結(jié)構(gòu)圖展示了企業(yè)的正式結(jié)構(gòu)。層次圖展示了對(duì)象間的關(guān)系。下圖同樣展示了一個(gè)組織結(jié)構(gòu)圖的例子。2.SimulatedWriting:UncoveringtheSecretsofClearWriting(II)圖的例子

2.SimulatedWriting:UncoveringtheSecretsofClearWriting(II)ClearWriting4.在文檔中添加表格和圖片讓文檔變得更有吸引力和易于閱讀的一個(gè)方法就是插入圖形、照片和插圖。這些視覺(jué)元素可以吸引眼球，并且有助于將讀者的注意力吸引到文字上來(lái)。表格也提供視覺(jué)上的吸引力，而且被設(shè)計(jì)用來(lái)比較信息的列表。2.SimulatedWriting:UncoveringtheSecretsofClearWriting(II)ClearWriting3.說(shuō)明數(shù)據(jù)（1）在合適的時(shí)候使用插圖

僅當(dāng)它們能夠提升文檔的價(jià)值并且支持內(nèi)容的時(shí)候才插入圖形。例如，在公司文檔上使用公司徽標(biāo)。插入圖形不要僅僅為了裝飾頁(yè)面、分割文本或增加文檔長(zhǎng)度的視覺(jué)資料。下圖展示了帶有附加圖片的InfoSource手冊(cè)。（2）給圖片加上標(biāo)簽

每一個(gè)圖片和表格通常都包含一個(gè)標(biāo)簽和題注來(lái)標(biāo)記它們。使用“圖#”來(lái)標(biāo)記圖片，比如圖表、示意圖、照片、地圖和繪圖。使用“表#”來(lái)標(biāo)記表格。給圖片和表格單獨(dú)按順序編號(hào)。表格的標(biāo)簽通常出現(xiàn)在表格的上方，圖片的標(biāo)簽出現(xiàn)在插圖的下方。在標(biāo)簽后面加一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短的說(shuō)明來(lái)描述展示的內(nèi)容，例如“圖1云端的客戶服務(wù)”。2.SimulatedWriting:UncoveringtheSecretsofClearWriting(II)添加到InfoSource小冊(cè)子的圖片

2.SimulatedWriting:UncoveringtheSecretsofClearWriting(II)ClearWriting3.說(shuō)明數(shù)據(jù)（3）引用每一個(gè)圖片或表格

在文字的附近，插入所包含的每一個(gè)引用圖片和表格。參考圖號(hào)理論上應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在圖片的前面，例如“圖1展示了云端的客戶服務(wù)的照片”。（4）調(diào)整插圖的大小

當(dāng)在文檔中插入照片、圖表和圖形時(shí)，它們會(huì)以原始大小和分辨率顯示。如果必要，調(diào)整圖像的大小來(lái)適應(yīng)頁(yè)面和平衡內(nèi)容。確保在調(diào)整大小的時(shí)候保持縱橫比不變。（5）將插圖放在適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢?/p>

將圖形放在適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢靡允鬼?yè)面布局平衡。例如，兩張圖形都在頁(yè)面的左邊而所有的文字都在右邊，這可能看起來(lái)不平衡。2.SimulatedWriting:UncoveringtheSecretsofClearWriting(II)添加小冊(cè)子中的圖片和標(biāo)題

3.1Dialogue:HowRadioFrequencyIdentification(RFID)ReadersWorkWordslivestock['laivst?k]n.牲畜，家畜barcode條形碼，條碼技術(shù)cardboard[?kɑ?db??d]n.硬紙板cost-prohibitive成本高昂的commonplace['k?m?npleis]adj.普通的，普遍的checkout['t?ekaut]n.(在超級(jí)市場(chǎng))對(duì)購(gòu)物的核算付款，結(jié)賬3.1Dialogue:HowRadioFrequencyIdentification(RFID)ReadersWorkWordspalette['p?lit]n.調(diào)色板，顏料checkstand['t?ek,st?nd]n.（超級(jí)市場(chǎng)的）點(diǎn)貨收款臺(tái)fraudulent['fr?:djul?nt]adj.欺騙性的，不正的charge[t?ɑ:d?]n.費(fèi)用authorization[,?:θ?rai'zei??n,-ri'z-]n.授權(quán)，認(rèn)可

3.1Dialogue:HowRadioFrequencyIdentification(RFID)ReadersWorkPhrasescomeacross偶然遇見(jiàn) lineofsight視線，瞄準(zhǔn)線ringup 把(售貨金額)記入現(xiàn)金收入記錄機(jī)，給…打電話AbbreviationsRFID RadioFrequencyIdentification無(wú)線射頻識(shí)別UPCUniversalProductCode商品通用條碼(掃描后可結(jié)賬、盤(pán)存貨物等)PINPersonalIdentificationNumber個(gè)人識(shí)別密碼

3.1Dialogue:HowRadioFrequencyIdentification(RFID)ReadersWork3.2ListeningComprehension:Moore'sLawListentothearticleandanswerthefollowing3questionsbasedonit.Afteryouhearaquestion,therewillbeabreakof15seconds.Duringthebreak,youwilldecidewhichoneisthebestansweramongthefourchoicesmarked(A),(B),(C)and(D).Questions1.HowmanyyearsdoesittakeforthenumberoftransistorspersquareinchonchipsGordonMooreobservedtodoublesincetheintegratedcircuitwasinvented?(A)One(B)Two(C)Three(D)