計(jì)算機(jī)專業(yè)英語課件Unit 02

ContentsPart1ReadingandTranslatingSectionA:RandomAccessMemory(RAM):TheGeniusofMemorySectionB:TouchScreenTechnology:HowtheScreenIsSoSmartPart2SimulatedWriting:UncoveringtheSecretsofClearWriting(II)Part3ListeningandSpeakingDialogue:HowRadioFrequencyIdentification(RFID)ReadersWorkListeningComprehension:Moore'sLawDictation:SensorsGetDataWeNeverHadBefore1.1SectionA:RandomAccessMemory(RAM):TheGeniusofMemoryWordsbus[b?s]n.[計(jì)]（電腦的）總線slate[sleit]n.石板,板巖capacitor[k??p?sit?(r)]n.電容器，電容etch[et?]v.蝕刻，浸蝕wafer['weif?(r)]n.[電]薄片，圓片，晶片burst[b?:st]n.短暫的突然發(fā)作，一陣charge[t?a:d?]v.使充電discharge[dis't?a:d?]v.放電Phrasestaketheformof表現(xiàn)為…的形式，采取…的形狀bitline位線，數(shù)元線wordline字線workas充當(dāng)，擔(dān)任allover到處，渾身1.1SectionA:RandomAccessMemory(RAM):TheGeniusofMemoryNotes[1]Original:Thememorycontrollerorganizestherequestandsendsthecolumnandrowaddressinanelectricalchargealongtheappropriateaddresslines,whichareverythinelectricallinesetchedintotheRAMchip. Translation:存儲(chǔ)器控制器可將這些存儲(chǔ)數(shù)據(jù)的請求組織起來，并通過沿著合適的地址線——蝕刻在RAM芯片上的很細(xì)的電線——發(fā)送電荷中的列和行的地址。1.1SectionA:RandomAccessMemory(RAM):TheGeniusofMemoryNotes[2]Original:Ateverypointalongtheaddresslinewhereacapacitorisholdingacharge,thecapacitordischargesthroughthecircuitcreatedbytheclosedtransistors,sendingelectricalchargesalongthedatalines. Translation:沿著電容器存放電荷的地址線上的每個(gè)點(diǎn)，電容器通過由閉合的晶體管所構(gòu)成的電路來放電，并沿著數(shù)據(jù)線發(fā)送電荷。1.1SectionA:RandomAccessMemory(RAM):TheGeniusofMemoryExercisesI.Readthefollowingstatementscarefully,anddecidewhethertheyaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothetext.1.Afteryouswitchoffacomputer,RAMstillkeepsitsdata.2.Acapacitorchargeoveracertainvoltagelevelrepresentsthebinaryvalue0.3.Asinglebyteofdataconsistsofthecombinationof1sand0sfromeightdatalines.4.Aseriesofmemorycelladdressesputtogetherformtheaddressofacharacter.5.Anunchargedcapacitorrepresentsa1bit.1.1SectionA:RandomAccessMemory(RAM):TheGeniusofMemoryII.Choosethebestanswertoeachofthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothetext.1.Whichofthefollowingworksaselectronicstoragethatholdsanelectricalcharge?A.Externalstorage B.ControllersforvideodisplayC.Capacitor D.Peripheraldevices2.Whichofthefollowingcomponentscanmakeitaccesstheoperatingsystemfiles,programs,andanydatacurrentlybeingusedbyitwrittentoandstoredinRAM?A.PowerconnectorsB.ProcessorC.ExpansioncardslotsD.Non-volatilememorychips1.1SectionA:RandomAccessMemory(RAM):TheGeniusofMemory3.Whichofthefollowingisrightaboutacapacitor?A.Eachchargedcapacitoralongtheaddresslinerepresentsa1bit.B.Acapacitorworksaselectronicstoragethatholdsanelectricalcharge.C.Anunchargedcapacitorrepresentsa0bit.D.Alloftheabove.1.1SectionA:RandomAccessMemory(RAM):TheGeniusofMemoryⅢ.Identifytheletterofthechoicethatbestmatchesthephraseordefinition.a.ASCIIb.bytec.parallelprocessingd.RAM(randomaccessmemory)e.UniversalSerialBus(USB)1.Aprocessingtechniquethatusesmultipleprocessorsorprocessingcoressimultaneously,usuallytoprocessasinglejobasfastaspossible2.Afixed-length,binarycodingsystemusedtorepresenttext-baseddataforcomputerprocessingonmanytypesofcomputers3.Agroupof8bits4.Auniversalbususedtoconnectupto127peripheraldevicestoacomputerwithoutrequiringtheuseofadditionalexpansioncards5.Chipsconnectedtothemotherboardthatprovideatemporarylocationforthecomputertoholddataandprograminstructionswhiletheyareneeded1.1SectionA:RandomAccessMemory(RAM):TheGeniusofMemoryV.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChineseWhydoesaSmartphoneNeedaDual-coreProcessor?Dualcoreprocessorsallowsmartphonestodeliverincreasedperformance,whiledeliveringbetterbatterylife.Thereasonforthisisthatthetasksthatrunonasmartphonehavewidelydifferentperformanceneeds;forinstance,comparewritinganSMStextmessagewithplayinga3Dgame.Toprovidethisscalabilityofperformanceandpowerintoday'sadvancedchipmanufacturingprocessessuchas28nm(1nm1billionthofameter),itisbettertohavemultiplesmallercoresversusonelargemonolithiccore.Withdual-coreprocessors,youcanswitchonecoreofffortaskssuchasSMS(tosavepower),andthenyoucanswitchbothcoresonwhenmaximumperformanceisneeded.1.1SectionA:RandomAccessMemory(RAM):TheGeniusofMemory

1.2SectionB:TouchScreenTechnology:HowtheScreenIsSoSmartWordspoint-of-sale銷售點(diǎn)的，售貨點(diǎn)的capacitive[k?'p?sitiv]adj.電容性的resistive[ri?zistiv]adj.抗[耐、防]…的；電阻的coat[k?ut]v.給…涂上（或蓋上、裹上）metallic[m??t?lik]adj.金屬的，金屬性的spacer['speis?]n.墊片，隔圈，隔離物，襯墊affordable[?'f?:d?bl]adj.買得起的，價(jià)格實(shí)惠的，經(jīng)濟(jì)適用的，價(jià)格適中的infrared[?infr?'red]adj.紅外線的diode['dai?ud]n.二極管1.2SectionB:TouchScreenTechnology:HowtheScreenIsSoSmartPhrasesautomatedtellermachine自動(dòng)出納機(jī)，自動(dòng)柜員機(jī)remotecontrol遙控，遠(yuǎn)程控制，遙控裝置TabletPC平板電腦，平板型計(jì)算機(jī)zoomin拉近，放大electricalcharge電荷AbbreviationsGPSGlobalPositionSystem全球定位系統(tǒng)，導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)1.2SectionB:TouchScreenTechnology:HowtheScreenIsSoSmart1.2SectionB:TouchScreenTechnology:HowtheScreenIsSoSmartNotes[1]Original:Thefirsttouchscreensdevelopedalloweduserstopressonlyoneareaatatimewiththetipoftheirfinger,andtheyweremuchlessaccuratethantoday'stouchscreens. Translation:最初研制的觸摸屏僅允許用戶用手指一次觸摸一個(gè)區(qū)域，并且它們的準(zhǔn)確性和今日的同類產(chǎn)品相比相差甚遠(yuǎn)。[2]Original:Touchingthescreenabsorbsportionsofthewaves,whichthenallowsthetouchscreencontrollertocalculatethepositionatwhichtheobjecttouchedthescreen. Translation:當(dāng)觸摸屏幕時(shí)，部分聲波會(huì)被吸收，從而使得觸摸屏控制器可以計(jì)算出對象觸摸屏幕的位置1.2SectionB:TouchScreenTechnology:HowtheScreenIsSoSmartExercisesI.Readthefollowingstatementscarefully,anddecidewhethertheyaretrue(T)orfalse(F)accordingtothetext.1.Thefirsttouchscreensdevelopedweremoreaccuratethantoday'stouchscreens.2.Touchscreenshavedecreasedproductivitybyallowingpeopletointeractwithdevicesmorequicklythantheycanwithamouseorkeyboard.3.Additionaltypesoftouchscreentechnologiesareusedaswidelyasthecapacitive,resistive,andsurfacewavetouchscreens.4.Capacitive,resistive,andsurfacewavetouchscreensarethreetypesoftouchscreensmostinusetoday.5.Aresistivetouchscreenhasalayerofmaterialthatstoreselectricalchargescoatingthesurface.1.2SectionB:TouchScreenTechnology:HowtheScreenIsSoSmartII.Choosethebestanswertoeachofthefollowingquestionsaccordingtothetext.1.Whenhastouchscreentechnologyevolvedsinceitscreation?A.inthelate1990sB.inthelate1970s C.inthelate1960s D.inthelate1980s2.Whichofthefollowingiswrongaboutsurfacewavetechnology?A.Itiseasyforoutsideelementstodamagethedevicebecauseultrasonicwavespassoverthetouchscreen.B.Themostadvancedofthethreetypesistouchscreensusingsurfacewavetechnology.C.Surfacewavetechnologypassesultrasonicwavesoverthetouchscreen.D.Touchscreensusingsurfacewavetechnologyarethecheapestofthethreetypes.1.2SectionB:TouchScreenTechnology:HowtheScreenIsSoSmart3.Whichofthefollowingisrightaboutacapacitivetouchscreen?A.Capacitivetouchscreenstypicallyarelow-quality.B.Althoughcapacitivetouchscreensusuallyaremoreaffordablethanresistivetouchscreens,theyarenotasclearandcanbedamagedmoreeasily.C.Capacitivetouchscreenstypicallyareaffectedbyitemsthatdonotconductelectricalcharges.D.Opticaltouchscreensisnotusedaswidelyascapacitivetouchscreens.Ⅲ.Identifytheletterofthechoicethatbestmatchesthephraseordefinition.a.cacheb.flashmemoryc.multicored.PlugandPlaye.port1.Agenerictermthatisassociatedwiththeabilitytoattachanydeviceontoacomputerandhaveitplayorworkimmediately.2.AtypeofmultiprocessorchipthatprovidestwoormoreseparateandindependentCPUs.3.Asocketforexternaldevicestoconnecttothesystemunit.4.AtypeofmemorythatprovidesacombinationoffeaturesofRAMandROM.5.Atypeofmemorythatimprovesprocessingbyactingasatemporaryhigh-speedholdingareabetweenthememoryandtheCPU.1.2SectionB:TouchScreenTechnology:HowtheScreenIsSoSmart1.2SectionB:TouchScreenTechnology:HowtheScreenIsSoSmartV.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.CacheMemoryItisinstructivetocomparethememoryfacilitieswithinacomputerinrelationtotheirfunctionality.Registersareusedtoholdthedataimmediatelyapplicabletotheoperationathand;mainmemoryisusedtoholddatathatwillbeneededinthenearfuture;andmassstorageisusedtoholddatathatwilllikelynotbeneededintheimmediatefuture.Manymachinesaredesignedwithanadditionalmemorylevel,calledcachememory.1.2SectionB:TouchScreenTechnology:HowtheScreenIsSoSmartV.TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.CacheMemoryCachememoryisaportion(perhapsseveralhundredKB)ofhigh-speedmemorylocatedwithintheCPUitself.Inthisspecialmemoryarea,themachineattemptstokeepacopyofthatportionofmainmemorythatisofcurrentinterest.Inthissetting,datatransfersthatnormallywouldbemadebetweenregistersandmainmemoryaremadebetweenregistersandcachememory.Anychangesmadetocachememoryarethentransferredcollectivelytomainmemoryatamoreopportunetime.TheresultisaCPUthatcanexecuteitsmachinecyclemorerapidlybecauseitisnotdelayedbymainmemorycommunication.2.SimulatedWriting:UncoveringtheSecretsofClearWriting(II)ClearWriting3.說明數(shù)據(jù)當(dāng)需要對比數(shù)據(jù)時(shí)，可以使用圖表來說明。使用圖形來代表數(shù)據(jù)可以使信息更加易于理解和記憶。圖形可以使數(shù)字信息有意義，可揭示其背后的趨勢和模式，簡化復(fù)雜的關(guān)系，并且給文檔增加視覺吸引力。要熟悉最流行的圖表類型，它們的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)，以及什么時(shí)候使用它們才合適。表里列出了在企業(yè)文檔中使用圖表的注意事項(xiàng)。2.SimulatedWriting:UncoveringtheSecretsofClearWriting(II)說明數(shù)據(jù)的注意事項(xiàng)

圖表類型適合提到盡量避免條形圖和柱狀圖展示隨時(shí)間變化的數(shù)據(jù)比較項(xiàng)目在比較持續(xù)時(shí)間時(shí)選擇柱狀圖比較過多的項(xiàng)目，5個(gè)或6個(gè)是比較典型的上限當(dāng)類別有很長的名字時(shí)不要使用條形圖，而是使用柱狀圖線形圖展示數(shù)據(jù)的趨勢或模式如果數(shù)值被均勻分割，使用線形圖，例如按月或年劃分餅圖展示一類數(shù)據(jù)的大小相對于其他類和整體的比例在餅圖中展示多余一個(gè)類別的數(shù)據(jù)過程圖展示過程中的步驟使用常見的形狀來表示過程中的部分改變常見形狀的意義層次圖展示一個(gè)組織中的匯報(bào)關(guān)系在圖內(nèi)的每個(gè)方框中包含過多的細(xì)節(jié)2.SimulatedWriting:UncoveringtheSecretsofClearWriting(II)ClearWriting3.說明數(shù)據(jù)（1）條形圖和柱狀圖

條形圖和柱狀圖表示以間距歸類的分類數(shù)據(jù)和數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)，例如每月的銷售額或每個(gè)產(chǎn)品的費(fèi)用。條形圖的每一個(gè)類別都包含一個(gè)橫向的條形，并且，每一個(gè)條形的高度或長度代表著那一類別的值。柱狀圖與其相似，只是使用縱向的條形。圖2-3展示了柱狀圖的實(shí)例。（2）線形圖

線形圖揭示了數(shù)據(jù)的趨勢和模式。線形圖展示了兩個(gè)數(shù)值是如何彼此關(guān)聯(lián)的?？v軸（y）通常表示數(shù)量，例如金額或者百分比。橫軸（x）通常表示時(shí)間單元。因此，用線形圖展示隨時(shí)間變化的數(shù)量最為理想。圖2-3同樣展示了線形圖。2.SimulatedWriting:UncoveringtheSecretsofClearWriting(II)ClearWriting3.說明數(shù)據(jù)（3）餅圖

餅圖可以被分割成若干個(gè)楔形塊，每塊都代表一個(gè)類別。有時(shí)，為了特別強(qiáng)調(diào)，將一個(gè)楔形塊從餅圖中分離出來。餅圖可以將整體和其各部分進(jìn)行對比。圖2-3同樣展示了帶有重點(diǎn)強(qiáng)調(diào)的楔形塊的餅圖。（4）過程圖

過程圖展示了一個(gè)過程中的若干步驟，有時(shí)稱作流程圖。不同的形狀代表各種不同類型的活動(dòng)。例如，圓形或橢圓代表過程的開始和結(jié)束，菱形代表必須進(jìn)行的決策和選擇，而矩形代表過程的主要活動(dòng)或者步驟。2.SimulatedWriting:UncoveringtheSecretsofClearWriting(II)ClearWriting3.說明數(shù)據(jù)（5）組織結(jié)構(gòu)圖（或?qū)哟螆D）

當(dāng)人們和物體按照一定層次組織在一起時(shí)，可以使用一個(gè)組織結(jié)構(gòu)圖來代表他們。組織結(jié)構(gòu)圖通常畫為一個(gè)水平的或豎直的樹，使用幾何圖形來代表其不同的元素。線將各種形狀連接起來表明元素之間的關(guān)系。

組織結(jié)構(gòu)圖展示了企業(yè)的正式結(jié)構(gòu)。層次圖展示了對象間的關(guān)系。下圖同樣展示了一個(gè)組織結(jié)構(gòu)圖的例子。2.SimulatedWriting:UncoveringtheSecretsofClearWriting(II)圖的例子

2.SimulatedWriting:UncoveringtheSecretsofClearWriting(II)ClearWriting4.在文檔中添加表格和圖片讓文檔變得更有吸引力和易于閱讀的一個(gè)方法就是插入圖形、照片和插圖。這些視覺元素可以吸引眼球，并且有助于將讀者的注意力吸引到文字上來。表格也提供視覺上的吸引力，而且被設(shè)計(jì)用來比較信息的列表。2.SimulatedWriting:UncoveringtheSecretsofClearWriting(II)ClearWriting3.說明數(shù)據(jù)（1）在合適的時(shí)候使用插圖

僅當(dāng)它們能夠提升文檔的價(jià)值并且支持內(nèi)容的時(shí)候才插入圖形。例如，在公司文檔上使用公司徽標(biāo)。插入圖形不要僅僅為了裝飾頁面、分割文本或增加文檔長度的視覺資料。下圖展示了帶有附加圖片的InfoSource手冊。（2）給圖片加上標(biāo)簽

每一個(gè)圖片和表格通常都包含一個(gè)標(biāo)簽和題注來標(biāo)記它們。使用“圖#”來標(biāo)記圖片，比如圖表、示意圖、照片、地圖和繪圖。使用“表#”來標(biāo)記表格。給圖片和表格單獨(dú)按順序編號(hào)。表格的標(biāo)簽通常出現(xiàn)在表格的上方，圖片的標(biāo)簽出現(xiàn)在插圖的下方。在標(biāo)簽后面加一個(gè)簡短的說明來描述展示的內(nèi)容，例如“圖1云端的客戶服務(wù)”。2.SimulatedWriting:UncoveringtheSecretsofClearWriting(II)添加到InfoSource小冊子的圖片

2.SimulatedWriting:UncoveringtheSecretsofClearWriting(II)ClearWriting3.說明數(shù)據(jù)（3）引用每一個(gè)圖片或表格

在文字的附近，插入所包含的每一個(gè)引用圖片和表格。參考圖號(hào)理論上應(yīng)該出現(xiàn)在圖片的前面，例如“圖1展示了云端的客戶服務(wù)的照片”。（4）調(diào)整插圖的大小

當(dāng)在文檔中插入照片、圖表和圖形時(shí)，它們會(huì)以原始大小和分辨率顯示。如果必要，調(diào)整圖像的大小來適應(yīng)頁面和平衡內(nèi)容。確保在調(diào)整大小的時(shí)候保持縱橫比不變。（5）將插圖放在適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢?/p>

將圖形放在適當(dāng)?shù)奈恢靡允鬼撁娌季制胶?。例如，兩張圖形都在頁面的左邊而所有的文字都在右邊，這可能看起來不平衡。2.SimulatedWriting:UncoveringtheSecretsofClearWriting(II)添加小冊子中的圖片和標(biāo)題

3.1Dialogue:HowRadioFrequencyIdentification(RFID)ReadersWorkWordslivestock['laivst?k]n.牲畜，家畜barcode條形碼，條碼技術(shù)cardboard[?kɑ?db??d]n.硬紙板cost-prohibitive成本高昂的commonplace['k?m?npleis]adj.普通的，普遍的checkout['t?ekaut]n.(在超級市場)對購物的核算付款，結(jié)賬3.1Dialogue:HowRadioFrequencyIdentification(RFID)ReadersWorkWordspalette['p?lit]n.調(diào)色板，顏料checkstand['t?ek,st?nd]n.（超級市場的）點(diǎn)貨收款臺(tái)fraudulent['fr?:djul?nt]adj.欺騙性的，不正的charge[t?ɑ:d?]n.費(fèi)用authorization[,?:θ?rai'zei??n,-ri'z-]n.授權(quán)，認(rèn)可

3.1Dialogue:HowRadioFrequencyIdentification(RFID)ReadersWorkPhrasescomeacross偶然遇見 lineofsight視線，瞄準(zhǔn)線ringup 把(售貨金額)記入現(xiàn)金收入記錄機(jī)，給…打電話AbbreviationsRFID RadioFrequencyIdentification無線射頻識(shí)別UPCUniversalProductCode商品通用條碼(掃描后可結(jié)賬、盤存貨物等)PINPersonalIdentificationNumber個(gè)人識(shí)別密碼

3.1Dialogue:HowRadioFrequencyIdentification(RFID)ReadersWork3.2ListeningComprehension:Moore'sLawListentothearticleandanswerthefollowing3questionsbasedonit.Afteryouhearaquestion,therewillbeabreakof15seconds.Duringthebreak,youwilldecidewhichoneisthebestansweramongthefourchoicesmarked(A),(B),(C)and(D).Questions1.HowmanyyearsdoesittakeforthenumberoftransistorspersquareinchonchipsGordonMooreobservedtodoublesincetheintegratedcircuitwasinvented?(A)One(B)Two(C)Three(D)