大學(xué)英語語言學(xué)練習(xí)題(考試必考題)

I.Directions:Fillintheblankineachofthefollowingstatementswithoneword,thefirstletterofwhichisalreadygivenasaclue.NotethatyouaretofillinONEwordonly.1.Clear［1］anddark[?]areallophonesofthesameonephoneme/1/.Theynevertakethesamepositioninsoundcombinations,thustheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.(P24)

2.Morphologyisthesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguage.(P32)3.Consonantsoundscanbeeither

voicelessorvoiced,whileallvowelsoundsarevoiced.(P16)4.Inmakingconversation,thegeneralprinciplethatallparticipantsareexpectedtoobserveiscalledtheCooperative

principleproposedbyJ.Grice.(P86-87)5.

Languageexistsintimeandchangesthroughtime.Thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeiscalledasynchronicstudyoflanguage.(P4)6.

Anessentialdifferencebetweenconsonantsandvowelsiswhethertheaircomingupfromthelungsmeetswithanyobstructionwhenasoundisproduced.(P18)7.

XPmaycontainmorethanjustX.Forexample,theNP“theboywholikesthispuppy”consistsofDet,NandS,withDetbeingthespecifier,NtheheadandSthecomplement.(P46)9.

Whilethemeaningofasentenceisabstractanddecontextualized,thatofanutteranceisconcreteandcontext-dependent.(P70)11.Psycholinguisticsrelatesthestudyoflanguagetopsychology.Itaimstoanswersuchquestionsashowthehumanmindworkswhenpeopleuselanguage.(P70)12.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy,itstudiesthehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime.(P70)13.Languageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerlevel,thereisastructureofmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbecombinedintoalargenumberofmeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdesignfeatureiscalledduality.(P70)14.Thearticulatoryapparatusofahumanbeingiscontainedinthreeimportantareas:thepharyngealcavity,theoralcavityandthenasalcavity.(P15)16.Suprasegmentalfeaturessuchasstress,toneandintonationcaninfluencetheinterpretationofmeaning.(P70)18.Homonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.(P70)19.Thethreebranchesofphoneticsarelabeledasarticulatoryphonetics,auditoryphoneticsandacousticphoneticsrespectively.(P15)21.

Syntax_studiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.(P70)22.

Thenoun“tear”andtheverb“tear”arehomonymy.(P70)23.Speechacttheoryisanimportanttheoryinthepragmaticstudyoflanguage.(P70)24.Themodernlinguisticsisdescriptive,notprescriptive,anditsinvestigationsarebasedonauthenticandmainlyspokenlanguagedata.(P70)25.Languereferstothelanguagesystemsharedbyacommunityofspeakerwhileparolecontrastedwithlangueistheconcreteactofspeakinginactualsituationsbyanindividualspeaker.(P70)26.Insemantictriangle,therelationbetweenawordandathingitreferstoisnotdirect,anditismediatedbyconcept.(P70)27.H.Sweetmadeadistinctionbetweennarrowandbroadtranscription.(P70)28.Inthecooperativeprinciple,Griceintroducedfourcategoriesofmaxims.Theyaremaximofquality,maximofquantity,maximofrelationandmaximofmanner.(P70)29.Pragmaticsisthestudyoflanguageinuse.(P70)30.Historicallinguisticsstudieslanguagechangeorhistoricaldevelopmentoflanguage.(P70)II.Directions：Decidewhethereachofthefollowingstatementsistrueorfalse.PutaTfortrueorFforfalseinthebracketsinfrontofeachstatement.(T)1.Languageisarbitraryinthesensethatthereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenwordsandwhatthesewordsactuallyreferto.(T)2.Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,andyetthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.(T)3.Twopeoplewhoarebornandbroughtupinthesametownandspeakthesameregionaldialectmayspeakdifferentlybecauseofanumberofsocialfactors.(T)4.Inmodernlinguisticstudies,thespokenformoflanguageisgivenmoreemphasisthanthewrittenformforanumberofreasons.(F)5.Thecompoundword“reading-room”istheplacewhereapersoncanreadbooks.Thisindicatesthatthemeaningofacompoundisthesumtotalofthemeaningsofitscomponents.(T)6.OnlywhenamaximunderCooperativePrincipleisblatantlyviolatedandthehearerknowsthatitisbeingviolateddoconversationalimplicaturesarise.(T)7.InEnglish,longvowelsarealsotensevowelsbecausewhenwepronouncealongvowelsuchas/i:/,thelarynxisinastateoftension.Apairofsoundcombinationswhichareidenticalineverywayexceptonesoundsegmentwhichoccursinthesamepositioninthestrings,e.g./pit/and/bit/.9.homonymyHomonymyreferstothephenomenonthatwordshavingdifferentmeaningsareidenticalinsoundorspelling,orinboth.eg.night/knight;leadv./leadn.;fastadj./fastv.10.hyponymyItreferstomeaninginclusiveness,

thatis,thesenserelationbetweenamoregeneral,moreinclusivewordandamorespecificword.e.g.Therelationshipof“flower”,“violet”,“rose”and“tulip”ishyponymy.11.culturaltransmission(asadefiningfeatureofhumanlanguage)Oneofthemajordefiningfeaturesofhumanlanguage.Humansarebornwiththeabilitytoacquirealanguage,butdifferentfromanimals,theactualuseofhumanlanguageisnotgeneticallytransmitted,ratheritisculturallytransmitted,i.e.ithastobetaughtandlearnt.12.allophonesAllophonesarethedifferentphonesthatrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.13.morphologyMorphologyisabranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsandtherulesbywhichwordsareformed.14.dualityLanguageisasystem,whichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Atthelowerlevel,thereisastructureofmeaninglesssounds,whichcanbecombinedintoalargenumberofmeaningfulunitsatthehigherlevel.Thisdesignfeatureiscalledduality.15.pragmaticsItreferstothestudyoflanguageinuse.16.boundmorphemeThemorphemesthatdonotoccuralone.17.arbitrarinessTheformsoflinguisticsignsbearnonaturalrelationshiptotheirmeaning.18.syntaxSyntaxstudiesthesentencestructureoflanguage.IV.Answerthefollowingquestions.

1.Whatarethefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple?（P86-87）AccordingtoGrice,therearefourmaximsunderthecooperativeprinciple:A.Themaximofquantity1)Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasrequired(forthecurrentpurposeoftheexchange).2)Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.B.Themaximofquality1)Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.2)Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.C.ThemaximofrelationBerelevant.D.Themaximofmanner1)Avoidobscurityofexpression.

2)Avoidambiguity.3)Bebrief(avoidunnecessaryprolixity).

4)Beorderly.2.

Howaresentencemeaningandutterancemeaningrelated,andhowdotheydiffer?(P79)Themeaningofasentenceisabstractandde-contextualized,whilethemeaningofanutteranceisconcreteandcontext-dependent.Utterancemeaningisbasedonsentencemeaning,anditistherealizationoftheabstractmeaningofasentenceinarealsituationofcommunication,orsimplyinacontext.3.HowisSaussure’sdistinctionbetweenlangueandparolesimilartoChomsky’sdistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformance?Whatdotheydiffer?(P4-5)1)Languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity,andparolereferstotherealizationoflangueinactualuse.Chomskydefinescompetenceastheidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage,andperformancetheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.2)BothSaussureandChomskymakethedistinctionbetweentheabstractlanguagesystemandtheactualuseoflanguage.Theirpurposeistosingleoutthelanguagesystemforseriousstudy.SimilartoSaussure,Chomskythinkswhatlinguistshouldstudyistheidealspeaker’scompetence,andthetaskoflinguistsistodiscoverandspecifytherulesoflanguage.3)TwolinguistsdifferinthatSaussuretookasociologicalviewoflanguage,whileChomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofview.4.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenmodernlinguisticsandtraditionalgrammar?(P5-6)A.Linguisticsisdescriptive,notprescriptiveB.Linguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.C.LinguisticsdiffersfromtraditionalgrammarinthatitdoesnotforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.5.WhatisthespeechacttheoryadvancedbyJohnAustin?(P80-81)Speechacttheoryisthefirstmajortheoryinthepragmaticstudyoflanguage,whichwasoriginatedwithJohnAustinandaimstoanswerthequestion“Whatdowedowhenusinglanguage”.First,hemadeadistinctionbetween“constatives”（述事話語）and“performatives”（行事話語）.Lateron,hesetupanothermodeltoexplainthewayactswereperformedbymeansoflanguage.Accordingtohisnewmodel,aspeakermightbeperformingthreeactssimultaneouslywhenspeaking:thatis,Thelocutionaryact（言內(nèi)行為）----anactofsayingsomething,i.e.anactofconveyingliteralmeaningbymeansofsyntax,lexiconandphonology.Theillocutionaryact（言外行為）----anactofexpressingthespeaker’sintention;itistheactperformedinsayingsomething.Theperlocutionaryact（言后行為）----anactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething.6.Analyzetheillocutionaryactsofthefollowingseeminglyincoherentconversationbetweenacouple:----(thetelephonerings)----H:That’thephone.(1)----W:I’minthebathroom.(2)----H:Okay.(3)Thisseeminglyincoherentconversationgoesonsuccessfullybecausethespeakersunderstandeachother’sillocutionaryacts:(1)

Makingarequestofhiswifetogoandanswerthephone.(2)

Are