社會(huì)工作專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ) 課件 chapter 5 Social Group Work

Chapter5SocialGroupWorkChapter5I.GroupProcessII.DifferentKindsofGroupandGroupworkIII.GroupPurpose,FunctionandOutcomesIV.LifeCourseofaPlannedGroupV.LifeCourseofOngoingandNaturallyOccurringGroupsVI.GroupworkNowKeyPoints1.Groupsarecentraltohumanexperience.Socialgroupworkisjustaspecializedexampleofbeingtogetherandactingcollectively.2.Groupworkisoneofthefourpillarsofsocialworkmethods----individualcasework,familywork,groupworkandcommunitywork.3.Groupworkisabroadtermandcanrefertothecontextofsocialworkpractice(inagroupmilieu)ortoaconscious,skilleduseofgroupprocess.4.Therearemanydifferentkindsofgroupwork(cognitivebehavioral,psycho-therapeutic,etc.),andgroupshavemanypossiblepurposes.Whatmakesthisall‘groupwork’istheactiveuseofgroupprocessandthegroup-as-a-whole.5.Theprevalenceofgroupworkishardtodetermine,butitseemslikelythatitisnotaswidelyusedinsocialworkasformerly.Thisreflectsageneraldeclineintheuseofspecificmethodsinsocialworkpractice.Introduction小組工作是社會(huì)工作傳統(tǒng)工作方法中的重要方法之一，是指以團(tuán)體或小組為對(duì)象，并通過(guò)小組或團(tuán)體的活動(dòng)為其成員提供社會(huì)服務(wù)的方法。其目的是促進(jìn)團(tuán)體或小組及其成員的發(fā)展，使個(gè)人能借助集體生活加快自身的社會(huì)化；協(xié)調(diào)和發(fā)展個(gè)人與個(gè)人、個(gè)人與團(tuán)體以及團(tuán)體與團(tuán)體之間的社會(huì)關(guān)系；發(fā)揮團(tuán)體或組織的社會(huì)功能，促進(jìn)社會(huì)的進(jìn)步與健康發(fā)展。小組工作主要有四種模式：1.社會(huì)目標(biāo)模式：社會(huì)目標(biāo)模式主要運(yùn)用于計(jì)劃發(fā)展的項(xiàng)目或領(lǐng)域，其注重的是社會(huì)責(zé)任和社會(huì)變遷，強(qiáng)調(diào)培養(yǎng)公民的社會(huì)責(zé)任、社會(huì)參與和社會(huì)行動(dòng)的能力。2.互惠模式：互動(dòng)模式亦稱(chēng)交互模式或互惠模式，是基于人與環(huán)境和人際之間的關(guān)系而建立的一種小組模式，旨在通過(guò)組員之間、組員與小組及社會(huì)環(huán)境之間、小組與社會(huì)環(huán)境的互動(dòng)關(guān)系，促進(jìn)組員在小組這個(gè)共同體的相互依存中得到成長(zhǎng)，增強(qiáng)組員的社會(huì)功能，提升其發(fā)展能力。3.治療模式：治療模式是一種社會(huì)治療或社會(huì)康復(fù)模式，旨在治療和解決個(gè)人的社會(huì)問(wèn)題，改變個(gè)人的社會(huì)行為。治療模式是精神醫(yī)學(xué)、心理學(xué)和社會(huì)學(xué)的結(jié)合與運(yùn)用，具有獨(dú)特的理論與技術(shù)，主要針對(duì)一些行為失范或有特定問(wèn)題的人群，如醫(yī)院的病人、吸毒人員、社區(qū)矯正對(duì)象等。4.發(fā)展性模式：發(fā)展模式亦稱(chēng)過(guò)程模式或發(fā)展性小組模式，旨在解決和預(yù)防服務(wù)對(duì)象社會(huì)功能的衰減問(wèn)題、恢復(fù)和發(fā)展服務(wù)對(duì)象的社會(huì)功能。這一模式的應(yīng)用范圍極其廣泛，如各種困難人群、面臨危機(jī)的人群以及尋求更大自我發(fā)展的人群等等。IntroductionGroupworkisoneofthefourpillarsofsocialwork.Itwascentraltotheoriginsofsocialworkinthenineteenth-centurySettlements.Groupworkdevelopedasamilieuforworkingwithpeoplethroughadulteducationandtherecreation

movement,whereactivitieswereseennotjustasleisurebutaspartofasocialprocess.031970sIntheUnitedKingdom,newlyformedsocialservicesdepartmentsbroughtthevarioussocialworkservicestogetherandtherewasaburgeoningofgroupwork,particularlywithyoungpeople,familyservicesandmentalhealthwork.Insomeprobationdepartmentsgroupworkbecamethedefaultmethodofpractice.021950s-1960switnessedthedevelopmentoftheoriesofgroupdevelopmentandmodelsforunderstandinggrouppracticesuchasthesocialgoals,reciprocalandremedial

models(PapellandRothman,1966).011930sgroupworkwasaligningwiththedevelopingprofessionofsocialwork,certainlyintheUnitedStates.I.GroupProcessGroupprocessistheawarenessofwhatishappeninginagroupatthelevelofeachofindividualandwiththegroupasawhole.Thisknowledgeisthenusedtoimprovecommunicationinthegroupsothatthegroupcanachieveitspurposes.Thisissometimesalsoreferredtoasgroupdynamics,mostnotablyconceptualizedbyKurtLewin.Inadditiontothedynamicsofcommunicationandrelationshipsinthegroup,processalsoreferstothephasesandstagesofgroups.Atitsbroadest,thesearethebeginnings,middlesandendings,eachofwhichhavedifferentcharacteristics,butsometheoristsdetectotherpatternsandstagesingroups.Groupprocessissometimesunderstoodintermsofsystems,suchasthemembershipsystemandtheleadershipsystem.Thiscanhelpexploregroupphenomenasuchas‘wheelandspoke’,whereonesystem(groupmembers)communicatesviaanother(thegroupleaders).Ifthiscommunicationpatternbecomesentrenched,itlimitsthegroup’spotential.Askilledgroupworkeractivelychangesgroupprocessbyusingmethodsthatencouragemember-to-member

communication.II.DifferentKindsofGroupandGroupworkTherearemanywaysinwhichonegroupmightdifferfromanother.Forinstance,somegroupsareopen-endedandothershaveanagreedtimelimit.Belowaretwelvedimensionswhichcanbeusedtodevelopaprofileofaparticulargroup.Eachgrouphasitsownpositionalongeachofthetwelvecontinua(seefigure1).1Adapted/existingGrouphistoryCreated/planned2OpenJoiningandleavingClosed3DifferenceGroupmixSameness4Self-helpLeadershipPractitioner-led5Open-endedDurationTime-limited6LongExtentShort7SeldomIntervalFrequent8LargeSizeSmall9Outward-lookingFocusInward-looking10VoluntaryChoiceCompulsory11LooseStructureTight12DiffuseSpaceDense/intimateII.DifferentKindsofGroupandGroupworkMemberswillexperienceeachgroupquitedifferently.However,despitethesevariations,experiencedgroupworkerscanworkwithverydifferentgroupsbecauseoftheirunderstandingofgroupprocessandtheirabilitytousethisunderstandingtohelpgroupsachievetheirpurposes,howeverdifferentthesepurposesmightbe.Anotherdifferenceisthetheoreticalperspectiveororientationthatinfluencesthechoiceofgroupmethods.Apsycho-dynamicgroupworkermightfocusonintro-psychicforces,unconsciousmotivationsandearlyconflictedchildhoodexperiences,usinggroupprocesstoexploretransferenceandcounter-transference.atask-centeredgroupworkerwouldleadthegroupthroughanexplorationofproblemstoagreedgoals,usinggroupprocesstodevelopandrehearsetasksthathelpachievethesegoalsandreviewprogress.Aself-helpgroupmighttakeapragmatic,adhocapproach,focusingonthegroup’semotionalandpracticalsupport.III.GroupPurpose,FunctionandOutcomesGroupscanhaveawiderangeofpurposeandfunction.Onemodelconsidersseventypesoffunction:consultative,educational,socialaction,socialcontrol,socialsupport,taskandtherapeutic(DoelandOrchard,2006,pp.23-24).Thesearenotmutuallyexclusive,sothatanyonegroupmightincorporateanumberofthesefunctionstoalesserorgreaterextent.Somegroupshaveclearlyexpressedpurposeswithexpectedoutcomes,othersareorganic,allowingpurposetoclarify(ornot)withthedevelopmentofthegroup.Theagenciesthatsponsorgroupsarelesslikelytotoleratethosewithorganicpurposesandthereisoftenanassumptionthatgroupsmustworktogoalsthatareagreedbeforeoratthestartofthegroup,withdisregardforthe‘soft’outcomesthatarefrequentlyachieved.Theseareoutcomesthatarenotidentifiedintheplanningandopeningstagesofthegroupbutwhichemergeasaresultofgroupprocess.Groupworkresearchersandtheoristsshouldpayregardtothissoftevidence,i.e.outcomesthatwereunintendedandhardtomeasure,butareneverthelessbeneficial.IV.LifeCourseofaPlannedGroup1.Researchingtheneedforagroup2.Planningandofferingthegroup(pre-groupcontact)3.Leadership4.Thefirstsession5.Whatdoesthegroupdo?6.Documentingthegroup7.Reviewing,endingandfollow-upIV.LifeCourseofaPlannedGroup1.ResearchingtheneedforagroupGroupsarecreatedtorespondtoaneedthatisnototherwisebeingmet.Insomecases,theneedisself-evidentandinothersitmightrequiresomeresearch.Forinstance,youbecomeawarethatthereareanumberofwomenwithsevereandenduringmentalhealthproblemsinaparticularneighbourhood:wouldtheybenefitfrommeetingtogetherinagroupand,ifso,whatkindofgroup?IV.LifeCourseofaPlannedGroup2.Planningandofferingthegroup(pre-groupcontact)Onceaneedhasbeenestablished,detailedplanningisrequired.Whatarethelikelypurposesofthegroupandwhatresourceswillbeneededtomeetthesepurposes?Thisincludesgroupworkers’timeandpracticalissuessuchasvenue,transport,equipment,refreshmentsandapossiblebudgetforthegroup.Thereissomeevidencetosuggestthatofferingthegroupworkservicetoindividualspriortotheplannedfirstsessionislikelytoincreasethesuccessofthegroupitself[Doel,M.,&Sawdon,C.(1999).

Theessentialgroupworker:Teachingandlearningcreativegroupwork.JessicaKingsleyPublishers.].Itisachancetoshareexpectationsandrefinethegroup’spurposesinthelightofprospectivemembers’ideas;itcangivethemtheconfidencetoattendthefirstsessionofthegroup.IV.LifeCourseofaPlannedGroup3.LeadershipThenature,styleandlocationofthegroup’sleadershipiscritical.Insomegroupsthesocialworkeristhecentralperson;inothersinternalleadershipdevelopsamongstgroupmembers;yetothersareself-help,withoutanyformalleadership.Leadershipstyleshaveclassicallybeendescribedasdemocratic,authoritarianandlaissez-faire:sinceacentralvalueofgroupworkisstrengththroughcollectiveaction.Allleadersshouldbeaimingtoempowergroupstobecomeself-directingwheneverthisispossible.IV.LifeCourseofaPlannedGroup4.ThefirstsessionThenatureandpurposeofthegroupshoulddeterminehowstructuredeachgroupsessionis.However,eveninalooselystructuredgroup,thefirstsessionbenefitsfromcarefulplanning.Tuningintohowgroupmembersarelikelytobefeelingastheyturnupforthefirstmeetinghelpsgroupleaderstoplananappropriateresponse.Groupworkersshouldalwaysbereadytochangetheirplansandevendiscardthemifthegroupprocessandpurposerequiresit.Theaimisflexibility,notsingle-mindednessontheonehand,nordriftontheother.Subgroupsmightbecreated(pairs,trios,etc.)tohelpbuildconfidenceamongstpeoplewhofindithardinitiallytocontributetothefullgroup.Incontrast,theleadersofagroupforadolescentsmightfocusonhowbesttoavoidtooseveresubgroupingandharnesstheyoungpeople’senergiestothegroupasawhole.Thereisnosingletemplateforthefirstsession,onlytheneedtoplancarefullywiththeknowledgeoftheindividualswhowillbecomingtothegroup.IV.LifeCourseofaPlannedGroup5.Whatdoesthegroupdo?Theclassiceight-stronggroupmeetsforanhourandahalffor8to12weeks,sitsinacircleorhorseshoe,andrelieson‘talktherapy’.Butthisisonlyonetemplateamongstahugevariationofgroupshapes.Thoughdiscussionisstillprobablythemostcommonmediumusedingroupwork,thereisanenormousvarietyofactivityingroupwork,sometimescalledactiontechniques:1)Spokenword--suchasdiscussionandroleplay2)Writtenword--questionnaires,letters,etc.3)Graphictechniques--flipchartdrawings,artwork,dreams,spiderdiagramsandthelike4)Hardwareequipment--usingaudio-vision,photography,computers5)Props--anyobjectorartefactcanbeusedforgrouppurpose,suchaschairs,tokens,masks,evensmells6)Physical(sometimesreferredtoaskinesthetics)--suchasdance,relaxationandnumerousactivitiesandgames.Withsucharangeofactivitiestochoosefrom,itisimportanttoletgroupprocessandpurposeguidethechoiceofactivitiesandnotviceversa.Groupmembersshouldleaveagroupwithfeelingsofbelonging,acceptanceandsolidarity,notawedbythe‘fireworks’letoffbygroupleaders.IV.LifeCourseofaPlannedGroup6.DocumentingthegroupAgenciesthatregularlysupportgroupsmighthavetheirownproformasfordocumentingthegroup;ifnot,groupworkerswillneedtodeveloptheirownrecordingmaterialsandmethods,perhapsintheshapeofagrouplogthatbrieflycapturesgroupprocessandindividuals’progressthroughthelifeofthegroup.Groupmembersshouldbeinvolvedasmuchaspossible,sothattherecordbelongstothegroup,ratherthanderivingsolelyfromtheworkers’observationsofthegroup.Theremightbenumerousdocuments,suchasindividualportfoliosforeachgroupmember(aplacewheretheykeeptheirownworkinthegroupandtheirreflections)andagroupdocument,opentoall,whichcontainsthingslikeflip-chartsheetsandartefactsusedormadebythegroupasawhole.IV.LifeCourseofaPlannedGroup7.Reviewing,endingandfollow-upGroupworkersshouldmakesurethatthegrouphasaregularopportunitytoreviewboththeprocessandoutcome.Attheendofeachsessionitisusualtohavea‘round’forimmediatefeedback.Somegroupsmightuseaformal‘pre-test’and‘post-test’questionnairetomeasurechangesandtheimpactofthegroup.Follow-upisfrequentlyneglected.Itisimportantthatafteranagreedtime,thegroupleaderscontactgroupmembers(assumingtheyarenolongerworkingwiththem)inordertofindoutwhetherthegrouphashadalastingeffect.Mostgroupsregisterimmediatesatisfaction(theso-called‘happy-clappy’effect),soitisimportanttoestablishwhetherthissatisfactionissustainedandwhetheranychangeshavehadalastingimpact.V.LifeCourseofOngoingandNaturallyOccurringGroupsInadditiontogroupsthatarecreatedforaparticularpurposeandhaveaplannedstartandfinish,therearemanygroupsthatareongoing.Theseincludemostsocial,politicalandreligiousgroups.Socialworkersmighthavesomekindofinvolvementwithongoinggroupssuchaspainmanagementgroups,Alzheimer’ssupportgroupsandgroupsforyoungpeoplewhoareincare(‘a(chǎn)ccommodated’)andleavingforindependentliving.Thoughtheirmembershipsareverydifferent,allofthesegroupshavethefollowingcharacteristicsincommon.1.Changingmembership2.Possibledrift3.Naturallyoccurringgroups4.Self-helpgroups5.TeamsasgroupsV.LifeCourseofOngoingandNaturallyOccurringGroups1.ChangingmembershipOngoinggroupsexperiencechangingmembership.Itisimportant,then,thatthesegroupsconsiderhownewmembersarewelcomedandincluded,andhowthedeparturesofexistingmemberscanbemarked,dependingonthenatureoftheexit.V.LifeCourseofOngoingandNaturallyOccurringGroups2.PossibledriftTheinitialpurposesofanongoinggroupmightnotsuitthechangingmembership,soitisimportantthattherearereviewpointswhenthegroupcantakestockanddecidewhetheritwantstochangedirectionorperhapsithasinadvertentlychangeditsdirection.V.LifeCourseofOngoingandNaturallyOccurringGroups3.NaturallyoccurringgroupsGroupsareanaturalpartofhumanlifeandsocialworkersengagewithsomeofthesekindsofgroup;forinstance,streetgroupsofchildrenandyoungpeoples’gangs.Socialworkersmustfindwaysofgainingaccesstotheseexistinggroups,sometimestotrytodissolvethemorre-divertthemwhentheyaredestructive.V.LifeCourseofOngoingandNaturallyOccurringGroups4.Self-helpgroupsTherearemanyexamplesofself-helpgroups,themostfamousbeingalcoholicsanonymous.Somecreatedgroupsdecidetocontinuebeyondthedepartureoftheprofessionalswhocreatedthegrouptobecomeaself-helpgroup.V.LifeCourseofOngoingandNaturallyOccurringGroups5.TeamsasgroupsAmuch-neglectedtopicistheteam-as-a-group.Ifteamsareconceptualizedasongoinggroupsitbecomespossibletorecognizetheimportanceofgroupprocessintheteam,leadingtoimprovementsincommunicationpatternsandteamfunction.Toooften,problemsinteamsaretheresultofproblemsintheteamdynamicsandafailuretoseetheteamasagroup.VI.GroupworkNowGroupsarecentraltohumanlife,butformalgroupworkismoreunusual.Theprevalenceofsocialgroupworkishardtogaugebutthereissomeevidencethatgroupworkisdeclininginmainstreamsocialworkpracticeandthatithasreducedinthesocialworkeducationcurriculum.Itseemsthatmoregroupsarebeingfacilitatedbyprofessionalsotherthansocialworkersandtherehasbeenatendencyfor‘caseworkingroups’ratherthan‘real’groupwork,inwhichgroupprocessisusedactivelywithafocusonthegroupasawhole.Itisimportanttorecognizegroupprocessindailyexperiences,suchas‘flashgroups’thatarisespontaneously.Inthisway,theconnectionscanbemadebetweeneverydaygroupworkandprofessionalgroupwork.VI.GroupworkNowNewformsofgroupworkThenewtechnologieshavehadastrikingimpactonwhatitmeanstobeagroup.Video-conferencingandSkypeallowgroupstomeetacrossgreatdistances,andonlinediscussionnetworksmeantheycanparticipateatdifferenttimes.Thischallengesconventionalviewsofwhatgroupworkis.Theimplicationsofthesenewformsofgroupworkareasyetunclear:cantheytrulyreplacethepersonalcontactofpeopleinthesameroomatthesametime?Whatevertheprevalenceorshapeofcontemporarygroupwork,thepowerofgroupsisbeyonddisputeandtheneedforgroupworkwithsocialworkserviceusersisasstrongasever.Thefeelingofbelongingandthecollectivestrengthofagroupofpeopleworkingandbeingtogethermakesgroupworkanidealmethodandcanturntherhetoricofempowermentintoareality.ChapterSummaryGroupworkisoneofthefourpillarsofsocialwork:individual,family,groupandcommunitywork.Groupprocessistheawarenessofwhatishappeninginagroupatthelevelofeachofindividualandwiththegroupasawhole.Therearemanywaysinwhichonegroupmightdifferfromanother.Groupscanhaveawiderangeofpurposeandfunction,suchasconsultative,educational,socialaction,socialcontrol,socialsupport,taskandtherapeutic.Groupsarecentraltohumanlife,butformalgroupworkismoreunusual.Thenewtechnologieshavehadastrikingimpactonwhatitmeanstobeagroup.Video-conferencingandSkypeallowgroupstomeetacrossgreatdistances,andonlinediscussionnetworksmeantheycanparticipateatdifferenttimes.Whatevertheprevalenceorshapeofcontemporarygroupwork,thepowerofgroupsisbeyonddisputeandtheneedforgroupworkwithsocialworkserviceusersisasstrongasever.GlossaryGroupwork（小組工作）：小組是指在社會(huì)工作者的指導(dǎo)下，將兩個(gè)以上且具有共同需求或相似的社會(huì)問(wèn)題的成員組織在一起而開(kāi)展互動(dòng)性活動(dòng)的團(tuán)體。小組工作是社會(huì)工作的基本方法之一，經(jīng)由社會(huì)工作者的策劃與指導(dǎo)，通過(guò)小組活動(dòng)過(guò)程及組員之間的互動(dòng)和經(jīng)驗(yàn)分享，幫助小組成員改善其社會(huì)功能，促進(jìn)其轉(zhuǎn)變和成長(zhǎng)，以達(dá)到預(yù)防和解決有關(guān)社會(huì)問(wèn)題的目標(biāo)。Socialgoalsmodel（社會(huì)目標(biāo)模式）：培養(yǎng)公民社會(huì)意識(shí)，增強(qiáng)其社會(huì)責(zé)任感，推動(dòng)公民參與解決社會(huì)問(wèn)題。Remedialmodel（治療模式）：通過(guò)小組工作的方式，使個(gè)人的社會(huì)關(guān)系與社會(huì)適應(yīng)方面的問(wèn)題得到治療和康復(fù)，改變?cè)袉?wèn)題行為模式，重新習(xí)得合理的行為模式。Reciprocalmodel（互惠模式）：通過(guò)組員與組員、組員與環(huán)境、小組與環(huán)境之間的互動(dòng)，促進(jìn)組員的成長(zhǎng)，增強(qiáng)社會(huì)功能和發(fā)展能力。Developmentalmodel（發(fā)展模式）：強(qiáng)調(diào)以人的發(fā)展為核心，促進(jìn)組員與小組共同成長(zhǎng)，關(guān)注組員社會(huì)功能的提升。Grouptarget（小組目標(biāo)）：小組在一定時(shí)期內(nèi)必須達(dá)到的目的和指標(biāo)。GroupLeadership（小組領(lǐng)導(dǎo)）：一是指“小組領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者”，即在小組運(yùn)作過(guò)程中負(fù)責(zé)組織、帶領(lǐng)、引導(dǎo)小組成員走向和達(dá)到小組目標(biāo)的那個(gè)人。二是指小組的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)過(guò)程。Groupdynamics（小組動(dòng)力）：是描述小組在實(shí)現(xiàn)目標(biāo)的過(guò)程中，參與小組生命發(fā)展的各種復(fù)雜力量及其交互作用和交互方式，這個(gè)過(guò)程包括小組的形成、啟動(dòng)、發(fā)展、成熟、落幕、結(jié)束、跟進(jìn)等所有過(guò)程。DifficultSentences1.Groupworkdevelopedasamilieuforworkingwithpeoplethroughadulteducationandtherecreationmovement,whereactivitieswereseennotjustasleisurebutaspartofasocialprocess.小組工作發(fā)展成為一個(gè)通過(guò)成人教育和娛樂(lè)運(yùn)動(dòng)促進(jìn)人際合作的環(huán)境，在那里，活動(dòng)不僅被視為休閑，而且被視為社會(huì)進(jìn)程的一部分。2.Groupmembersshouldbeinvolvedasmuchaspossible,sothattherecordbelongstothegroup,ratherthanderivingsolelyfromtheworkers’observationsofthegroup.小組成員應(yīng)該盡可能多地參與進(jìn)來(lái)，做好小組記錄，而不是僅僅來(lái)自與社會(huì)工作者對(duì)小組的觀(guān)察。3.Whatevertheprevalenceorshapeofcontemporarygroupwork,thepowerofgroupsisbeyonddisputeandtheneedforgroupworkwithsocialworkserviceusersisasstrongasever.無(wú)論當(dāng)代小組工作的流行程度或形式如何，群體的力量都是無(wú)可爭(zhēng)議的，而在社會(huì)工作服務(wù)中