2024屆高考英語二輪專題復(fù)習(xí)與測試專題一閱讀理解第三講主旨大意題-辨主干細(xì)加工

第三講主旨大意題——辨主干細(xì)加工主旨大意題是閱讀理解中學(xué)生失分最多的題目，因為該類題目不僅考查略讀文章、領(lǐng)會大意的能力，也對歸納概括能力提出了較高的要求。該類題目在文章中沒有明顯的解題依據(jù)，需要從文章中提煉、抽取一些關(guān)鍵詞、主干句進(jìn)行加工概括，才能歸納出文章的主旨。一、了解題型特點與設(shè)問方式[命題解讀]1．主旨大意題考查的是對文章內(nèi)容的深層次理解，它要求在充分理解全文的前提下，對整篇文章的主旨大意有一個較為清晰的印象。主旨大意題分為標(biāo)題歸納類和文章大意類。2．標(biāo)題歸納類要求學(xué)生選出文章的最佳標(biāo)題，文章大意類(內(nèi)容)考查文章或段落的主旨大意。[題型特點]1．把握主旨大意題常見的設(shè)問方式。Thebesttitleforthepassageis________．Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage?Thepassageismainlyabout________．Whatisthetextmainlyabout?Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyis________．Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?2．掌握主旨大意題的考查角度。(1)高頻考點：標(biāo)題歸納題、文章大意題。(2)低頻考點：段落大意題。二、掌握主旨大意題的解題捷徑——熟知主旨大意題的解題捷徑——題型特點解題捷徑主題類(內(nèi)容)考查文章或段落的主旨大意找主題句四竅門：①段落中出現(xiàn)表示轉(zhuǎn)折的詞語(如however、but、infact、actually等)時，該句很可能是主題句。②首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該問題的回答很可能就是文章主旨。③作者有意識地重復(fù)的觀點，通常是主旨；反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞語，一般為體現(xiàn)文章主旨的關(guān)鍵詞。④表示總結(jié)或結(jié)論的句子常包含therefore、thus、inshort、conclude、conclusion等詞標(biāo)題類要求選出文章的最佳標(biāo)題文章標(biāo)題三特點：①形式一般為單詞、短語或句子，短語居多。②短小精悍，精確性強(qiáng)。③涵蓋性強(qiáng)，能覆蓋全文大意——明了主旨大意題的正確選項和干擾選項的特征——正確選項特征干擾選項特征1．涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文或全段2．確定的范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太小3．精確性強(qiáng)，不會改變語言表意的程度及色彩過于籠統(tǒng)，不知所云所給選項內(nèi)容概括的范圍過大，超出文章所述內(nèi)容以偏概全，主次不分所給選項只闡述了文章的一部分內(nèi)容，或以文章中的細(xì)節(jié)信息或個別詞作為選項的設(shè)置內(nèi)容，或以次要的事實或細(xì)節(jié)充當(dāng)全文的主要觀點移花接木，偷換概念所給選項，命題者有意識地把本屬于A的內(nèi)容放在B上，若不留神，極易選錯答案無中生有，生搬硬套所給選項的關(guān)鍵詞雖然在文章中談到了，但經(jīng)過仔細(xì)閱讀分析，會發(fā)現(xiàn)選項的內(nèi)容與文章的內(nèi)容毫無聯(lián)系——破解主旨大意題的三大類型——類型1標(biāo)題歸納題標(biāo)題歸納題要求在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上，結(jié)合文章的體裁和結(jié)構(gòu)，從所給選項中選出適合文章的標(biāo)題。注意最佳標(biāo)題的特點：精準(zhǔn)性強(qiáng)(不改變原文的意義和感情色彩)，覆蓋性強(qiáng)(能概括全文并體現(xiàn)文章的主旨)理解標(biāo)題的3大特點巧用三大方法確定文章標(biāo)題(1)正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上揣摩哪個選項能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨。(2)反面否定法：撇開原文，拿各個備選項去設(shè)想如果它們作標(biāo)題寫出來的文章將是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文對照，一一排除不符選項。(3)研讀備選項本身：研讀備選項里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、概括性等[典例](2022·全國乙卷)Canasmallgroupofdrones(無人機(jī))guaranteethesafetyandreliabilityofrailwaysand，atthesametime，helprailwayoperatorssavebillionsofeuroseachyear？Thatistheverylikelyfutureofapplyingtoday's“eyesinthesky”technologytomakingsurethatthemillionsofkilometresofrailtracksandinfrastructure(基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施)worldwidearesafefortrainsona24/7basis.Dronesarealreadybeingusedtoexaminehigh-tensionelectricallines.Theycoulddopreciselythesamethingtoinspectrailwaylinesandothervitalaspectsofrailinfrastructuresuchasthecorrectpositionofrailwaytracksandswitchingpoints.Themoreregularlytheycanbeinspected，themorerailwaysafety，reliabilityandon-timeperformancewillbeimproved.Costswouldbecutandoperationswouldbemoreefficient(高效)acrosstheboard.Thatincludeshugesavingsinmaintenancecostsandbetterprotectionofrailwaypersonnelsafety.ItiscalculatedthatEuropeanrailwaysalonespendapproximately20billioneurosayearonmaintenance，includingsendingmaintenancestaff，oftenatnight，toinspectandrepairtherailinfrastructure.Thatcanbedangerousworkthatcouldbeavoidedwithdronesassistingthecrews'efforts.Byusingthelatesttechnologies，dronescouldalsostartprovidinghigher-valueservicesforrailways，detectingfaultsintherailorswitches，beforetheycancauseanysafetyproblems.Toperformthesetasks，dronesforraildon'tneedtobeflyingoverhead.Engineersarenowworkingonanewconcept:theraildronesofthefuture.Theywillbemovingonthetrackaheadofthetrain，andprogrammedtorunautonomously.VerysmalldroneswithadvancedsensorsandAIandtravellingaheadofthetraincouldguideitlikeaco-pilot.Withtheirabilitytoseeahead，theycouldsignalanyproblem，sothatfast-movingtrainswouldbeabletoreactintime.31．Whichisthemostsuitabletitleforthetext?A．WhatFaultsCanBeDetectedwithDronesB．HowProductionofDronesCanBeExpandedC．WhatDifficultyDroneDevelopmentWillFaceD．HowDronesWillChangetheFutureofRailways[解題示范]第一步：讀文章，理清結(jié)構(gòu)第二步：析選項，斟酌判斷A無人機(jī)可以檢測到哪些故障本文在最后一段提到檢測到故障，但文中說在“軌道或開關(guān)出現(xiàn)任何安全問題之前”B如何擴(kuò)大無人機(jī)生產(chǎn)文中并未提到擴(kuò)大無人機(jī)生產(chǎn)C無人機(jī)發(fā)展將面臨什么困難文中并未提到無人機(jī)發(fā)展的困難D無人機(jī)將如何改變鐵路的未來從無人機(jī)在鐵路領(lǐng)域的應(yīng)用的介紹以及對未來無人機(jī)的發(fā)展展望可知，在未來，無人機(jī)將會保證鐵路的安全性和可靠性，或許會成為鐵路安全的新未來。此標(biāo)題全面、精煉地概括了文章內(nèi)容第三步：對比選項得出答案[答案]D類型2文章大意題文章大意是作者在文章中所要表達(dá)的主要內(nèi)容，是全文的核心思想，也是作者在文章中通過行文邏輯和各種細(xì)節(jié)來闡明的中心話題。應(yīng)掌握尋找文章主題的三個小竅門，快速確定文章大意主題句法解答文章大意題，找準(zhǔn)文章的主題句是關(guān)鍵。下面介紹兩種快速找出主題句的方法。（1）根據(jù)文體和寫作手法來定位主題句：（2）根據(jù)行文標(biāo)志來定位主題句：轉(zhuǎn)折詞如but、however、infact、actually等，其后的內(nèi)容往往是作者真正想要表達(dá)的觀點總結(jié)詞如therefore、thus、inshort、conclude等，其后的內(nèi)容往往是文章的主題句疑問句若首段出現(xiàn)疑問句時，對該問題的回答可能是文章的主題句高頻詞法若全文無明顯主題句，我們可以利用文章中的高頻詞找出文章的主題句。任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個主題展開的，因此，有的文章最明顯的特點之一是文中有一個反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即高頻詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住它，便容易抓住文章的中心逆向思維法在兩個選項看上去都十分正確且無法選擇時，試著從選項出發(fā)，想象一下如果自己以此選項來寫文章會有哪些內(nèi)容，然后把它與文章的內(nèi)容相比較，接近的即為正確選項[典例]（2023·浙江卷）Livewithroommates？Havefriendsandfamilyaroundyou？Chancesarethatifyou'relookingtoliveamoresustainablelifestyle，noteveryonearoundyouwillbereadytojumponthatbandwagonＷ.IexperiencedthiswhenIstartedswitchingtoazerowastelifestylefiveyearsago，asIwaslivingwithmyparents，andIcontinuetoexperiencethiswithmyhusband，asheisnotcompletelyzerowastelikeme.I'velearnedafewthingsalongthewaythough，whichIhopeyou'llfindencouragingifyou'redoingyourbesttofigureouthowyoucanmakethechangeinanot-always-supportivehousehold.Zerowastewasaradicallifestylemovementafewyearsback.IremembershowingmyparentsavideoofBeaJohnson，sharinghowcoolIthoughtitwouldbetobuygrocerieswithjars，andhavesolittletrash！Afewdayslater，Icamebackwithmyfirstjarsofzerowastegroceries，andmydadcommentedonhowsillyitwasformetocarryjarseverywhere.Itcameoffasabitdiscouraging.Yetasthemonthsofreducingwastecontinued，IdidwhatIcouldthatwaswithinmyownreach.Ihadmyownbedroom，soIworkedonremovingthingsIdidn'tneed.SinceIhadmyowntoiletries（洗漱用品），Iwasabletostartpersonalisingmyroutinetobemoresustainable.Ialsoofferedtocookeverysooften，soIportionedoutabitofthecupboardformyownzerowastegroceries.Perhapsyourhouseholdwon'tentirelymaketheswitch，butyoumayhavesomecontroloveryourownpersonalspacestomakethechangesyoudesire.Asyoumakeyourlifestylechanges，youmayfindyourselfwantingtospeakupforyourselfifotherscommentonwhatyou'redoing，whichcanturnitselfintoawholehouseholddebate.Ifyouhaveindividualswhoarenotonboard，yourwordsprobablywon'tdomuchandcanoftenleaveyoufeelingmorediscouraged.Sohereismyadvice：Leadbyaction.27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout？A.Howtogetonwellwithotherfamilymembers.B.Howtohaveone'sownpersonalspaceathome.C.Howtoliveazerowastelifestyleinahousehold.D.Howtocontrolthebudgetwhenbuyinggroceries.[解題示范]第一步：讀文章，概括文意第二步：析選項，斟酌判斷A如何與其他家庭成員和睦相處無中生有，生搬硬套B如何在家里擁有自己的私人空間無中生有，曲解文意C如何在家庭中實現(xiàn)零浪費(fèi)的生活方式。文章二、三段作者開始轉(zhuǎn)向“零廢棄”的生活方式，第四段為實現(xiàn)“零廢棄”生活方式做出改變，最后兩段“用行動發(fā)揮引領(lǐng)作用”是最好方法，由此可知，整篇文章都在講如何過“零廢棄”的生活方式涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文D購買雜貨時如何控制預(yù)算無中生有，生搬硬套第三步：對比選項得出答案[答案]C類型3段落大意題段落大意題主要考查段落的主要意思，是對某個段落基本內(nèi)容的簡縮和概括。概括、總結(jié)、歸納段落大意就是用準(zhǔn)確的、簡練的語言把一個段落的主要意思明確而完整地表達(dá)出來定位段落主題句，首尾兼顧定段意常用的寫作架構(gòu)每一文段都要圍繞一個特定的主題，按照一定的邏輯順序展開，所以段落的結(jié)構(gòu)也有一定的規(guī)律性。做題時要特別注意“首尾兼顧”，即問題所涉及段落的首句和尾句。一是因為它們往往體現(xiàn)主旨要義，二是因為利用這些信息可以迅速提煉段落結(jié)構(gòu)框架，在框架下判斷主旨，其準(zhǔn)確性更高[典例]（2022·新高考Ⅰ卷）TheteamshowedthatthischangeinbitewasconnectedwiththedevelopmentofagricultureintheNeolithicperiod.Foodbecameeasiertochewatthispoint.Thejawbonedidn'thavetodoasmuchworkandsodidn'tgrowtobesolarge.AnalysesofalanguagedatabasealsoconfirmedthattherewasaglobalchangeinthesoundofworldlanguagesaftertheNeolithicage，withtheuseof“f”and“v”increasingremarkablyduringthelastfewthousandyears.Thesesoundsarestillnotfoundinthelanguagesofmanyhunter-gathererpeopletoday.34.Whatisparagraph2mainlyabout？A.Supportingevidencefortheresearchresults.B.Potentialapplicationoftheresearchfindings.C.Afurtherexplanationoftheresearchmethods.D.Areasonabledoubtabouttheresearchprocess.第一步：首尾兼顧定段意選文第一段提到人類語音及牙齒咬合的變化與新石器時代農(nóng)業(yè)的發(fā)展有關(guān),而第二段主要說明了一項語言數(shù)據(jù)庫的分析也證實,在新石器時代之后，世界語言的發(fā)音發(fā)生了全球性的變化，因此第二段主要是為上文的研究結(jié)果提供證據(jù)。本段第一句中的confirm(證實)是關(guān)鍵詞。第二步：析選項，斟酌判斷A為研究結(jié)果提供證據(jù)。選段第二段主要列出一些可以使研究結(jié)果更令人信服的證據(jù)涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全段B研究成果的潛在應(yīng)用。原文提及研究成果，但是沒有提及潛在應(yīng)用以偏概全，曲解文意C進(jìn)一步說明研究方法。原文未提及相關(guān)內(nèi)容無中生有，生搬硬套D對研究過程的合理懷疑。原文未提及相關(guān)內(nèi)容無中生有，生搬硬套第三步：對比選項得出答案[答案]A

A（2023·遼寧名校聯(lián)盟高三聯(lián)考）Whenromanticpartnersargueoverthingslikefinances，jealousy，orotherinterpersonalissues，theytendtoemploytheircurrentfeelingsasfuelforaheatedargument.Butthinkingaboutthefuturehelpsovercomerelationshipconflicts，accordingtoaUniversityofWaterloostudyjustpublishedonlineinSocialPsychologicalandPersonalityScience.AlexHuynh，adoctoralcandidateinpsychology，istheleadauthorofthestudy，whichhepublishedwithIgorGrossmannfromtheUniversityofWaterloo，andDanielYangfromYaleUniversity.Previousresearchhasshownthatthird-perspectivereasoningcanbeapositivestrategyforreconciliation（調(diào)解）ofinterpersonalstruggles.Huynhandhiscollaboratorsinvestigatedwhethersimilarbenefitscanbeinducedbysimplythinkingaboutthefuture.Studyparticipantswereinstructedtoreflectonarecentconflictwitharomanticpartneroraclosefriend.Onegroupofparticipantswerethenaskedtodescribehowtheywouldfeelabouttheconflictoneyearinthefuture，whileanothergroupwasaskedtodescribehowtheyfeelinthepresent.Theteamexaminedparticipants'writtenresponsesthroughatext-analysisprogramfortheiruseofpronouns—suchasI，me，she，he.Thesechoicesofpronounswereusedtocaptureparticipants'focusonthefeelingsandbehaviourofthoseinvolvedintheconflict.Writtenresponseswerealsoexaminedforforgivenessandreinterpretingtheconflictmorepositively，bothofwhichimpliedtheparticipants'useofreasoningstrategies.Theresearchersfoundthatenvisioning（展望）futurerelationshipaffectedbothparticipants'focusontheirfeelingsandtheirreasoningstrategies.Asaresult，participantsreportedmorepositivityabouttheirrelationshipaltogether，especiallywhenstudyparticipantsextendedtheirthinkingabouttherelationshipayearintothefuture.“Ourstudydemonstratesthatadoptingafuture-orientedperspectiveinthecontextofarelationshipconflict—reflectingonhowonemightfeelayearfromnow—maybeavaluablecopingtoolforone'spsychologicalhappinessandrelationshipwell-being，”saidHuynh.【語篇解讀】文章主要介紹了一項研究，研究結(jié)果表明，思考未來關(guān)系有助于克服人際關(guān)系沖突，保持長遠(yuǎn)的目光才是維持人際關(guān)系的好方法。1.Whatdoromanticpartnersdointhefaceofmostdisagreements？A.Theylosefaithintheirfuture.B.Theylookforwardtoafierceconflict.C.Theyfocusontheirpresentfeelings.D.Theycaremoreaboutfinancialproblems.解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段中的“Whenromanticpartnersargueoverthingslikefinances，jealousy，orotherinterpersonalissues，theytendtoemploytheircurrentfeelingsasfuelforaheatedargument.”可知，面對大多數(shù)分歧時，大部分戀人注重當(dāng)時的感受。故選C項。答案：C2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“induced”inParagraph2mostprobablymean？A.Explained.B.Caused.C.Reduced.D.Improved.解析：詞句猜測題。根據(jù)畫線詞上文“Previousresearchhasshownthatthird-perspectivereasoningcanbeapositivestrategyforreconciliation（調(diào)解）ofinterpersonalstruggles.”可知，先前的研究已經(jīng)表明，第三視角的理性觀點是一種積極的人際矛盾調(diào)解策略；結(jié)合倒數(shù)第二段描述的研究結(jié)果“Asaresult，participantsreportedmorepositivityabouttheirrelationshipaltogether”可推知，畫線詞所在句意為：Huynh和他的合作者調(diào)查了僅僅通過簡單地思考未來是否就能產(chǎn)生類似的好處。induce意為“導(dǎo)致，引起”，故選B項。答案：B3.Whatdoweknowaboutthestudy？A.Thereasoningstrategiesinparticipants'writtenresponseswerewellworthyofnote.B.Studyparticipantsdescribedtheirrecentrelationshipwiththeirromancepartnersorfriends.C.Atext-analysisprogramwasemployedtoexamineparticipants'useofnegativewords.D.Allthestudyparticipantsdescribedhowtheyfeltbothinthepresentandinthefuture.解析：推理判斷題。根據(jù)第三段中的“Writtenresponseswerealsoexaminedforforgivenessandreinterpretingtheconflictmorepositively，bothofwhichimpliedtheparticipants'useofreasoningstrategies.”可知，參與者書面回答中的寬恕度和正面重述都表明了參與者使用了推理策略，由此可以推知，參與者書面回答中的推理策略很值得注意。故選A項。答案：A4.Whatcanbethebesttitleofthetext？A.YouHaveaYeartoSolveYourInterpersonalProblems！B.BeneficialReasoningIsaPositiveStrategyforReconciliation！C.YourCurrentFeelingsAretheRealCauseofYourHeatedArguments！D.ThinkingAbouttheFutureIsEssentialforRelationshipMaintenance！解析：標(biāo)題歸納題。根據(jù)文章第一段中的“Butthinkingaboutthefuturehelpsovercomerelationshipconflicts，accordingtoaUniversityofWaterloostudyjustpublishedonlineinSocialPsychologicalandPersonalityScience.”和最后一段“Ourstudydemonstratesthatadoptingafuture-orientedperspectiveinthecontextofarelationshipconflict—reflectingonhowonemightfeelayearfromnow—maybeavaluablecopingtoolforone'spsychologicalhappinessandrelationshipwell-being...”可知，文章主要介紹一項研究，研究結(jié)果表明，思考未來關(guān)系有助于解決人際關(guān)系沖突。D項“考慮未來對維持關(guān)系至關(guān)重要”最適合作為文章標(biāo)題，故選D項。答案：DB（2023·廣東湛江雷州三中高三5月沖刺考試）Willskippingbreakfastmakemefat？Thegoodnewsforthosewhodon'thavebreakfastisthatputtingonweightisn'tinevitable—aslongasyoucontrolthosehigh-caloriedesiresandstayactive.Researchshowsthatalthoughavoidingbreakfastwillmakeyouhungrierandyoumightmakeupforthatwithabiggerlunch，thiswon'tnecessarilymakeyou“fatter”—onaverage，thosewhoskipbreakfastdon'teatmoreacrossthewholedaythaniftheydidn'tskipit.Someresearchershavefoundthatyoumayeveneatfewercaloriesoverall，andendupusingyourbody'sfatreservesforenergy，whichcanactuallyhelpyouloseweight.However，weightisn'ttheonlyconsideration：studiesshowthatbreakfast-skippersarelikelytoexerciseless.Thismaybebecausetheyhavelowerenergylevels－aftereighthoursorsowithoutfood，thebodywillhaveusedupmostofitsstoresofeasy-to-accessenergyduringsleep.Morningfastersarealsomorelikelytohaveunhealthy，butappetite-suppressinghabits，suchassmokingordrinkingalotofcoffee.Ifyouwanttoensurethatyoueataregular，nutritiousbreakfast，trypreparingitthenightbeforedon'tleaveituntilthemorning，whenyourbrainstrugglestomakegooddecisions.Ifyoudoskipbreakfast...?Don'tmakeupforitwithahugelunch，otherwiseyou'llsufferovereating.?Makesureyoueatsomethingbeforeyouexercise，oryourisk“hittingthewall”.?Don'tmakeupforlackofenergywithcoffee－itcanmakeyouloseyourappetiteandmakeyouanxiousandnervous.【語篇解讀】這是一篇說明文。文中主要就不吃早餐是否會變胖的問題展開論述，引用了各種研究結(jié)果和發(fā)現(xiàn)。5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“inevitable”meaninParagraph2？A.Unbelievable.B.Unavoidable.C.Uncomfortable.D.Unbearable.解析：詞句猜測題。根據(jù)后文“aslongasyoucontrolthosehigh-caloriedesiresandstayactive.（只要你控制對高熱量食物的渴望并保持活躍）”可知，只要控制對高熱量食物的渴望并保持活躍，對于那些不吃早餐的人來說，好消息是體重并不是不可避免的，故畫線詞意思是“不可避免的”。故選B。答案：B6.Whydosomebreakfast-skippersloseweight？A.Theydomoreexercise.B.Theystayactiveallday.C.Theyreservetheirbodyfat.D.Theytakeinfewercalories.解析：細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段