沖刺全真?？奸喿x卷練習(xí)

Youshouldspendabout20minutesonReadingPassage1AttitudestoItisnoteasytobesystematicandobjectiveaboutstudy.PopularYoushouldspendabout20minutesonReadingPassage1AttitudestoItisnoteasytobesystematicandobjectiveaboutstudy.Popularlinguisticdebateregularlydeterioratesinvectiveandpolemic.Languagebelongstoeveryone,sopeoplefeeltheyhavearighttoholdanoptionaboutit.whenoptionsdiffer,emotionscanrunhigh.ArgumentscanaseasilyoverminorpointsofusageasovermajorpolicieslinguisticLanguage,moreover,isaverypublicbehavior,soisfordifferentusagestobenotedandcriticised.parteducationalstandards,jobaptitude,andmanyotherareasidentityandsocialsurvival.Asaresult,iteasytoandtobehurt,whenlanguageuseisInitsmostgeneralprescriptivismisviewthatvarietyoflanguageinherentlyhighervaluethanandthatthisoughtimposedonthewholeofthecommunity.Theviewpropoundedespeciallyinrelationwithpronunciation.Thevarietywhichisfavoured,inthisisusuallyaversionof‘standard’writtenespeciallyasencounteredwithpronunciation.Thevarietywhichisfavoured,inthisisusuallyaversionof‘standard’writtenespeciallyasencounteredliterature,orinthelanguagedeviationsfromitaresaidtobemainstudiedespeciallyincenturyapproachtothewritinggrammaranddictionaries.Theaimsoftheseearlywerethreefold:(a)wantedtocodifytheprinciplestheirlanguages,tothattherewasasystembeneathapparentchaosof(b)theywantedameansofdisputesoverusage,and(c)theywantedtopointoutwhatfelttobecommonerrors,inorderto‘improve’theTheauthoritariannatureoftheapproachisbestbyitsrelianceon‘rules’ofgrammar.Someusages‘prescribed’,tolearntandfollowedaccurately;are‘proscribed’,beavoided.Inthisearlyperiod,werenohalf-usagewaseitherrightorwrong,andbuttopronouncejudgmentuponaremotivatewidespreadmaintained.Nevertheless,thereisanalternativepointofthatisconcernedlessaremotivatewidespreadmaintained.Nevertheless,thereisanalternativepointofthatisconcernedlesswithstandardsthanwiththefactslinguisticusage.Thisissummarizedinthegrammariantodescribe,thatitisthetaskofprescribe—torecordtheoflinguisticdiversity,nottoattemptthetasksofevaluatingvariationorhaltinglanguagechange.Inthesecondhalfthe18thcentury,wealreadyfindadvocatesofthisview,asJosephPriestley,whoseRudimentsofEnglishGrammarinsiststhatcustomofspeakingistheoriginalandjuststandardanylanguage’.Linguisticissues,itargued,cannotsolvedbylogiclegislation.AndviewhasbecomethetenetofthelinguisticapproachgrammaticalInourowntime,theopposition‘descriptivists’‘prescriptivists’hasoftenbecomeextreme,withbothpaintingunrealpicturesoftheother.Descriptivehavebeenpresentedaspeoplewhodonotcareaboutbecauseofthewaytheyseeallformsofusageasequallyatradition.presentedinquasi-politicalterms—ofradicalliberalismelitistQuestion1—thefollowingagreewiththeatradition.presentedinquasi-politicalterms—ofradicalliberalismelitistQuestion1—thefollowingagreewiththeReadingPassageboxes1—8onyoursheet,TRUEifthestatementwiththeFALESifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationon11ThereareunderstandablereasonswhyargumentsTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththe[B]FALESifstatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENthereisnoinformationonABC選擇答22PeoplefeelmorestronglyaboutlanguageeducationdifferencesinlanguageTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththe[B]FALESifstatementcontradictsthe22PeoplefeelmorestronglyaboutlanguageeducationdifferencesinlanguageTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththe[B]FALESifstatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENthereisnoinformationonABC選擇答33assessmentofaperson’sintelligenceisaffectedthehesheusesTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththe[B]FALESifstatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENthereisnoinformationonABC選擇答44Prescriptivegrammarbookscostalotofmoneytobuythe[A]TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALESifstatementcontradictsthe[C]NOTGIVENthereisnoinformationonABC選擇答55Prescriptivismstillexists[A]TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALESifstatementcontradictsthe[C]NOTGIVENthere55Prescriptivismstillexists[A]TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALESifstatementcontradictsthe[C]NOTGIVENthereisnoinformationonABC選擇答66AccordingtodescriptivistitispointlesstotrytolanguageTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththe[B]FALESifstatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENthereisnoinformationonABC選擇答77Descriptivismonlyappearedafterthe18thTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththe[B]FALESifstatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENthereisnoinformationonABC選擇答88Bothdescriptivistsandprescriptivistshavebeen[A]TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALESifstatement8Bothdescriptivistsandprescriptivistshavebeen[A]TRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALESifstatementcontradictsthe[C]NOTGIVENthereisnoinformationonABC選擇答9AttitudestoItisnoteasytobesystematicandobjectiveaboutstudy.Popularlinguisticdebateregularlydeterioratesinvectiveandpolemic.Languagebelongstoeveryone,sopeoplefeeltheyhavearighttoholdanoptionaboutit.whenoptionsdiffer,emotionscanrunhigh.ArgumentscanaseasilyoverminorpointsofusageasovermajorpolicieslinguisticLanguage,moreover,isaverypublicbehavior,soisfordifferentusagestobenotedandcriticised.partinfluencehowwejudgepersonality,intelligence,socialeducationalstandards,jobaptitude,andmanyotherareasidentityandsocialsurvival.Asaresult,itiseasytoandtobehurt,whenlanguageuseisunfeelinglyInitsmostgeneralprescriptivismistheviewthatvarietyoflanguageinherentlyhighervaluethanandthatthisoughtimposedontheInitsmostgeneralprescriptivismistheviewthatvarietyoflanguageinherentlyhighervaluethanandthatthisoughtimposedonthewholeofthecommunity.Theviewpropoundedespeciallyinrelationwithpronunciation.Thevarietywhichisfavoured,inthisisusuallyaversionof‘standard’writtenespeciallyasencounteredliterature,orinthelanguagedeviationsfromitaresaidtobemainstudiedespeciallyincenturyapproachtothewritinggrammaranddictionaries.Theaimsoftheseearlywerethreefold:(a)wantedtocodifytheprinciplestheirlanguages,tothattherewasasystembeneathapparentchaosof(b)theywantedameansofdisputesoverusage,and(c)theywantedtopointoutwhatfelttobecommonerrors,inorderto‘improve’theTheauthoritariannatureoftheapproachisbestbyitsrelianceon‘rules’ofgrammar.Someusages‘prescribed’,tobelearntandfollowedaccurately;are‘proscribed’,tobeavoided.Inthisearlyperiod,werenohalf-measures:usagewaseitherrightorwrong,andare‘proscribed’,tobeavoided.Inthisearlyperiod,werenohalf-measures:usagewaseitherrightorwrong,andbuttopronouncejudgmentuponaremotivatewidespreadmaintained.Nevertheless,thereisanalternativepointofthatisconcernedlesswithstandardsthanwiththefactslinguisticusage.Thisissummarizedinthegrammariantodescribe,thatitisthetaskofprescribe—torecordtheoflinguisticdiversity,nottoattemptthetasksofevaluatingvariationorhaltinglanguagechange.Inthesecondhalfthe18thcentury,wealreadyfindadvocatesofthisview,asJosephPriestley,whoseRudimentsofEnglishGrammarinsiststhatcustomofspeakingistheoriginalandjuststandardanylanguage’.Linguisticissues,itargued,cannotsolvedbylogicandlegislation.AndviewhasbecomethetenetofthemodernlinguisticapproachgrammaticalInourowntime,theoppositionbetween‘descriptivists’‘prescriptivists’hasoftenbecomeextreme,withInourowntime,theoppositionbetween‘descriptivists’‘prescriptivists’hasoftenbecomeextreme,withbothpaintingunrealpicturesoftheother.Descriptivehavebeenpresentedaspeoplewhodonotcareaboutbecauseofthewaytheyseeallformsofusageasequallybeenpresentedasblindapresentedinquasi-terms—ofradicalliberalismelitistQuestion9-Completethesummaryusingthelistofwords,A—I,Writethecorrectletter,A—I,inboxes9—12onyourThelanguageAccordingto9(1).,thereisonlyonecorrectformofLinguistswhotakethisapproachtolanguageplaceimportanceongrammatical10(2).Conversely,theviewofAttitudestoItisnotConversely,theviewofAttitudestoItisnoteasytobesystematicandobjectiveaboutstudy.Popularlinguisticdebateregularlydeterioratesinvectiveandpolemic.Languagebelongstoeveryone,sopeoplefeeltheyhavearighttoholdanoptionaboutit.whenoptionsdiffer,emotionscanrunhigh.ArgumentscanaseasilyoverminorpointsofusageasovermajorpolicieslinguisticAdescriptivistsBlanguageexpertsCpopularspeechDformallanguageEevaluationFrulesGmodernlinguistsHprescriptivistsILanguage,moreover,isaverypublicbehavior,soisfordifferentusagestobenotedandcriticised.partLanguage,moreover,isaverypublicbehavior,soisfordifferentusagestobenotedandcriticised.parteducationalstandards,jobaptitude,andmanyotherareasidentityandsocialsurvival.Asaresult,iteasytoandtobehurt,whenlanguageuseisInitsmostgeneralprescriptivismisviewthatvarietyoflanguageinherentlyhighervaluethanandthatthisoughtimposedonthewholeofthecommunity.Theviewpropoundedespeciallyinrelationwithpronunciation.Thevarietywhichisfavoured,inthisisusuallyaversionof‘standard’writtenespeciallyasencounteredliterature,orinthelanguagedeviationsfromitaresaidtobemainstudiedespeciallyincenturyapproachtothewritinggrammaranddictionaries.Theaimsoftheseearlywerethreefold:(a)wantedtocodifytheprinciplestheirlanguages,tothattherewasasystembeneathapparentchaosofwerethreefold:(a)wantedtocodifytheprinciplestheirlanguages,tothattherewasasystembeneathapparentchaosof(b)theywantedameansofdisputesoverusage,and(c)theywantedtopointoutwhatfelttobecommonerrors,inorderto‘improve’theTheauthoritariannatureoftheapproachisbestbyitsrelianceon‘rules’ofgrammar.Someusages‘prescribed’,tolearntandfollowedaccurately;are‘proscribed’,beavoided.Inthisearlyperiod,werenohalf-usagewaseitherrightorwrong,andbuttopronouncejudgmentuponaremotivatewidespreadmaintained.Nevertheless,thereisanalternativepointofthatisconcernedlesswithstandardsthanwiththefactslinguisticusage.Thisissummarizedinthegrammariantodescribe,thatitisthetaskofprescribe—torecordtheoflinguisticdiversity,nottoattemptthetasksofevaluatingvariationorhaltinglanguagechange.Inthesecondhalfthe18thcentury,wealreadyfindadvocatesofthisview,asJosephPriestley,whoseRudimentsofEnglishGrammarinsiststhatcustomofspeakingistheoriginalandasJosephPriestley,whoseRudimentsofEnglishGrammarinsiststhatcustomofspeakingistheoriginalandjuststandardanylanguage’.Linguisticissues,itargued,cannotsolvedbylogiclegislation.AndviewhasbecomethetenetofthelinguisticapproachgrammaticalInourowntime,theopposition‘descriptivists’‘prescriptivists’hasoftenbecomeextreme,withbothpaintingunrealpicturesoftheother.Descriptivehavebeenpresentedaspeoplewhodonotcareaboutbecauseofthewaytheyseeallformsofusageasequallybeenpresentedasblindapresentedinquasi-terms—ofradicalliberalismelitistQuestionChoosethecorrectletter,B,CorWritethecorrectletterinbox13onyouranswerthewriter’spurposeinPassageapproachto?[A]toargueinfavourofadictionariesandgrammardifferingthewriter’spurposeinPassageapproachto?[A]toargueinfavourofadictionariesandgrammardifferingviews?[B]topresentahistoricalaccountthedifferencesbetweenspokenand?[C]toacertainviewoflanguagehasbeen?[D]toshowABCD選擇答Youshouldspendabout20minutesonReadingPassage2TidalUnderseaturbineswhichproduceelectricityfromthesettoanimportantsourceofrenewableBritain.Itstilltooearlytopredicttheextentimpacttheyhave,butallthesignsarethattheywillasignificantroleintheOperatingonthesameprincipleaswindturbines,thepowerinturbinescomesfromtidalcurrentsOperatingonthesameprincipleaswindturbines,thepowerinturbinescomesfromtidalcurrentswhichturnbladessimilarshipspropellers,but,unlikewind,thetidesarepredictablethepowerinputisconstant.Thetechnologyraisestheprospectself-inenergydrasticallyreducingitscarbondioxideIftide,andwave-powerarealldeveloped,Britainwouldabletogas,andnuclearplantsandexportrenewablepowertopartsEurope.UnlikewindpowerwhichBritainandthenabandonedfor20yearsallowingtheDutchmakeitmajorindustry,underseaturbinescouldbecomeaexportearnertoislandnationssuchasJapanandNewTidalsiteshavealreadybeenidentifiedthatwillproduceoneormoreoftheUK’spower—andatpricescompetitivewithgasturbinesandundercuttingthoseofthealreadyailingindustry.Onesitealone,thePentlandFirth,betweenOrkneymainlandScotland,couldproduce10%ofthecountry’swithbanksofturbinesunderthesea,andanotheratAlderneytheChannelIslandsthreetimesthe1,2000megawattsoflargestandnewestnuclearplant,SizewellB,inSuffolk.sitesidentifiedincludetheBristolChannelandthewestcoastthechannelCampbelttownNorthernWorkdesignsforthenewturbinebladesandsitesareatthethechannelCampbelttownNorthernWorkdesignsforthenewturbinebladesandsitesareattheuniversityofSouthampton’ssustainablegroup.ThefirststationisexpectedtobeinstalledinDevonshortlytotestthetechnologyinafundedbythedepartmentofTradeandIndustryandEuropeanUnion.AbuBaknBahaj,inchargeoftheresearch,said:‘Theprospectsforenergyfromtidalcurrentsfarbetterthanfromwindbecausetheflowsofwaterareandconstant.ThetechnologyfordealingwiththehostileenvironmentundertheseahasbeendevelopedintheNorthSeaindustryandmuchisalreadyknownaboutturbinebladebecauseofwindpowerandshippropellers.Thereareafewdifficulties,butIbelieveinthenextfivetotenyearswebeinstallingcommercialmarineturbinefarm.Southamptonhasrewarded￡215,000overthreeyearstodeveloptheturbinesandworkingwithMarineCurrentasubsidiaryofITpower,theLynmouthproject.EUresearchnowidentified106tidalpower,80%roundcoastsofBritain.ThebetweenislandsoraroundheavilyindentedcoastsstrongtidalAmarineturbinebladeneedstobeonlyonethirdofthesizeofwindgeneratortoproducethreetimesasmuchpower.ThewillbeAmarineturbinebladeneedstobeonlyonethirdofthesizeofwindgeneratortoproducethreetimesasmuchpower.Thewillbe20metersindiameter,soaround30metersofpower,thereobjections.Fishandothercreaturesunlikelytobeatriskfromtherelativelyslow-Eachturbinewillbemountedonatowerwhichwillconnecttonationalpowersupplygridviaunderwatercables.Thetowersstickoutofthewaterandbelit,towarnshipping,andalsodesignedtobeliftedoutofthewaterformaintenanceandtoseaweedfromtheDrBahajhasdonemostworkontheAlderneysite,wheretherepowerfulcurrents.ThesingleunderseaturbinefarmwouldfarmorepowerthanneededfortheChannelIsalandsandmostbefedintotheFrenchGridandbere-importedintoBritainviacableundertheOnetechnicaldifficultyiscavitation,wherelowpressureaturningbladecausesairbubbles.Thesecancausevibrationdamagethebladesoftheturbines.DrBahajsaid:‘Wehavetoanumberofbladetypestoavoidthishappeningoratleastsureitdoesnotdamagetheturbinesorreduceperformance.slightconcernissubmergeddebrisfloatingintotheblades.Sowedonotknowhowmuchofaslightconcernissubmergeddebrisfloatingintotheblades.Sowedonotknowhowmuchofaproblemitmightbe.WewillhavemaketheturbinesrobustbecausetheseaisahostilebutallthesignsthatwecandoitareQuestion14-ReadingPassage2hassixparagraphs,A—WhichparagraphcontainsthefollowingYoumayuseanylettermorethanThelocationofthefirsttestawayofbringingthepowerproducedononesiteback16areferencetoapreviousattemptbyBritaintofindalternativesourceof17mentionofthepossibilityofapplyingtechnologyanother填寫答案：TidalUnderseaturbineswhichproduceelectricityfromthesettoanimportantsourceofrenewableTidalUnderseaturbineswhichproduceelectricityfromthesettoanimportantsourceofrenewableBritain.Itstilltooearlytopredicttheextentimpacttheyhave,butallthesignsarethattheywillasignificantroleintheOperatingonthesameprincipleaswindturbines,thepowerinturbinescomesfromtidalcurrentswhichturnbladessimilarshipspropellers,but,unlikewind,thetidesarepredictablethepowerinputisconstant.Thetechnologyraisestheprospectself-inenergydrasticallyreducingitscarbondioxideIftide,andwave-powerarealldeveloped,Britainwouldabletogas,andnuclearplantsandexportrenewablepowertopartsEurope.UnlikewindpowerwhichBritainandthenabandonedfor20yearsallowingtheDutchmakeitmajorindustry,underseaturbinescouldbecomeaexportearnertoislandnationssuchasJapanandNewTidalsiteshavealreadybeenidentifiedthatwillproduceoneormoreoftheUK’spower—andTidalsiteshavealreadybeenidentifiedthatwillproduceoneormoreoftheUK’spower—andatpricescompetitivewithgasturbinesandundercuttingthoseofthealreadyailingindustry.Onesitealone,thePentlandFirth,betweenOrkneymainlandScotland,couldproduce10%ofthecountry’swithbanksofturbinesunderthesea,andanotheratAlderneytheChannelIslandsthreetimesthe1,2000megawattsoflargestandnewestnuclearplant,SizewellB,inSuffolk.sitesidentifiedincludetheBristolChannelandthewestcoastthechannelCampbelttownWorkdesignsforthenewturbinebladesandsitesareattheuniversityofSouthampton’ssustainablegroup.ThefirststationisexpectedtobeinstalledinDevonshortlytotestthetechnologyinafundedbythedepartmentofTradeandIndustryandEuropeanUnion.AbuBaknBahaj,inchargeoftheresearch,said:‘Theprospectsforenergyfromtidalcurrentsfarbetterthanfromwindbecausetheflowsofwaterareandconstant.ThetechnologyfordealingwiththehostileenvironmentundertheseahasbeendevelopedintheNorthSeaindustryandmuchisalreadyknownaboutturbinebladebecauseofwindpowerandshippropellers.Thereareafewdifficulties,butIbelieveinthenextfivetobecauseofwindpowerandshippropellers.Thereareafewdifficulties,butIbelieveinthenextfivetotenyearswebeinstallingcommercialmarineturbinefarm.Southamptonhasrewarded￡215,000overthreeyearstodeveloptheturbinesandworkingwithMarineCurrentasubsidiaryofITpower,theLynmouthproject.EUresearchnowidentified106tidalpower,80%roundcoastsofBritain.ThebetweenislandsoraroundheavilyindentedcoastsstrongtidalAmarineturbinebladeneedstobeonlyonethirdofthesizeofwindgeneratortoproducethreetimesasmuchpower.Thewillbe20metersindiameter,soaround30metersofpower,thereobjections.Fishandothercreaturesunlikelytobeatriskfromtherelativelyslow-Eachturbinewillbemountedonatowerwhichwillconnecttonationalpowersupplygridviaunderwatercables.Thetowersstickoutofthewaterandbelit,towarnshipping,andalsodesignedtobeliftedoutofthewaterformaintenanceandtoseaweedfromtheDrBahajhasdonemostworkontheAlderneysite,whereDrBahajhasdonemostworkontheAlderneysite,wheretherepowerfulcurrents.ThesingleunderseaturbinefarmwouldfarmorepowerthanneededfortheChannelIsalandsandmostbefedintotheFrenchGridandbere-importedintoBritainviacableundertheOnetechnicaldifficultyiscavitation,wherelowpressureaturningbladecausesairbubbles.Thesecancausevibrationdamagethebladesoftheturbines.DrBahajsaid:‘Wehavetoanumberofbladetypestoavoidthishappeningoratleastsureitdoesnotdamagetheturbinesorreduceperformance.slightconcernissubmergeddebrisfloatingintotheblades.Sowedonotknowhowmuchofaproblemitmightbe.WewillhavemaketheturbinesrobustbecausetheseaisahostilebutallthesignsthatwecandoitareQuestion18-ChooseFIVEletters,A—Writethecorrectlettersinboxes18—22onyourWhichFIVEofthefollowingclaimsabouttidalpowerarebytheItisamorereliablesourceofenergythanwind?Itwouldreplaceotherformsofenergyin?Itsintroductioncomeasaresultofpublic?Itwouldcutdownair?ItcouldtheclosureofmanyItisamorereliablesourceofenergythanwind?Itwouldreplaceotherformsofenergyin?Itsintroductioncomeasaresultofpublic?Itwouldcutdownair?Itcouldtheclosureofmanyexisting?stationsinbeaincreasingnational?facearesistancefromotherfuel?besoldmorecheaplythananyothertypeof?fortheshortageofinlandsites?[J]isbestinthevicinityofcoastlines?particularABCDEFGHIJUnderseaturbineswhichelectricityfromthesettoanimportantsourceofrenewableBritain.Itstilltooearlytopredicttheextentimpacttheyhave,butallthesignsarethattheywillasignificantroleintheOperatingonthesameprincipleaswindturbines,thepowerinturbinescomesfromtidalcurrentsOperatingonthesameprincipleaswindturbines,thepowerinturbinescomesfromtidalcurrentswhichturnbladessimilarshipspropellers,but,unlikewind,thetidesarepredictablethepowerinputisconstant.Thetechnologyraisestheprospectself-inenergydrasticallyreducingitscarbondioxideIftide,andwave-powerarealldeveloped,Britainwouldabletogas,andnuclearplantsandexportrenewablepowertopartsEurope.UnlikewindpowerwhichBritainandthenabandonedfor20yearsallowingtheDutchmakeitmajorindustry,underseaturbinescouldbecomeaexportearnertoislandnationssuchasJapanandNewTidalsiteshavealreadybeenidentifiedthatwillproduceoneormoreoftheUK’spower—andatpricescompetitivewithgasturbinesandundercuttingthoseofthealreadyailingindustry.Onesitealone,thePentlandFirth,betweenOrkneymainlandScotland,couldproduce10%ofthecountry’swithbanksofturbinesunderthesea,andanotheratAlderneytheChannelIslandsthreetimesthe1,2000megawattsoflargestandnewestnuclearplant,SizewellB,inSuffolk.sitesidentifiedincludetheBristolChannelandthewestcoastthechannelCampbelttownNorthernWorkdesignsforthenewturbinebladesandsitesareatthethechannelCampbelttownNorthernWorkdesignsforthenewturbinebladesandsitesareattheuniversityofSouthampton’ssustainablegroup.ThefirststationisexpectedtobeinstalledinDevonshortlytotestthetechnologyinafundedbythedepartmentofTradeandIndustryandEuropeanUnion.AbuBaknBahaj,inchargeoftheresearch,said:‘Theprospectsforenergyfromtidalcurrentsfarbetterthanfromwindbecausetheflowsofwaterareandconstant.ThetechnologyfordealingwiththehostileenvironmentundertheseahasbeendevelopedintheNorthSeaindustryandmuchisalreadyknownaboutturbinebladebecauseofwindpowerandshippropellers.Thereareafewdifficulties,butIbelieveinthenextfivetotenyearswebeinstallingcommercialmarineturbinefarm.Southamptonhasrewarded￡215,000overthreeyearstodeveloptheturbinesandworkingwithMarineCurrentasubsidiaryofITpower,theLynmouthproject.EUresearchnowidentified106tidalpower,80%roundcoastsofBritain.ThebetweenislandsoraroundheavilyindentedcoastsstrongtidalAmarineturbinebladeneedstobeonlyonethirdofthesizeofwindgeneratortoproducethreetimesasmuchpower.ThewillbeAmarineturbinebladeneedstobeonlyonethirdofthesizeofwindgeneratortoproducethreetimesasmuchpower.Thewillbe20metersindiameter,soaround30metersofpower,thereobjections.Fishandothercreaturesunlikelytobeatriskfromtherelativelyslow-Eachturbinewillbemountedonatowerwhichwillconnecttonationalpowersupplygridviaunderwatercables.Thetowersstickoutofthewaterandbelit,towarnshipping,andalsodesignedtobeliftedoutofthewaterformaintenanceandtoseaweedfromtheDrBahajhasdonemostworkontheAlderneysite,wheretherepowerfulcurrents.ThesingleunderseaturbinefarmwouldfarmorepowerthanneededfortheChannelIsalandsandmostbefedintotheFrenchGridandbere-importedintoBritainviacableundertheOnetechnicaldifficultyiscavitation,wherelowpressureaturningbladecausesairbubbles.Thesecancausevibrationdamagethebladesoftheturbines.DrBahajsaid:‘Wehavetoanumberofbladetypestoavoidthishappeningoratleastsureitdoesnotdamagetheturbinesorreduceperformance.slightconcernissubmergedslightconcernissubmergeddebrisfloatingintotheblades.Sowedonotknowhowmuchofaproblemitmightbe.WewillhavemaketheturbinesrobustbecausetheseaisahostilebutallthesignsthatwecandoitareQuestion23—LabelthediagramChooseNOMORETHANTWOWORDSfromthepassageforeachWriteyouranswersinboxes23—26onyouranswer填寫答案：Youshouldspendabout20minutesonReadingPassage3填寫答案：Youshouldspendabout20minutesonReadingPassage3Informationtheory—thebigtheoryliesattheheartofeverything—playersthegeneticcodeofDNAtoInformationtheory—thebigtheoryliesattheheartofeverything—playersthegeneticcodeofDNAtothephysicsuniverseitsmostfundamental.Ithasbeencentralofthescienceofcommunication,whichenablesbesentelectronicallyandhasthereforehadamajorourInApril2002aneventtookplacewhichdemonstratedoneofmanyapplicationsofinformationtheory.ThespaceprobeVoyagerlaunchedin1977,hadsentbackspectacularimagesofJupiterSaturnandthensoaredoutoftheSolarSystemonaone-waytothestars.After25yearsofexposuretotemperaturesofdeepspace,theprobewasbeginningshowage.Sensorsandcircuitswereonthebrinkofandexpertsrealizedthattheyhadtodosomethingorlosecontacttheirprobeforever.ThesolutionwastogetamessagetoItoinstructittousesparestochangethefailingparts.theprobe12kilometersfromEarth,thiswasnotantask.BymeansofradiodishbelongingtoNASA’sDeepNetwork,thewassentoutintothedepthsofspace.travellingatthespeedoflight,ittookover11hourstoitstarget,farbeyondtravellingatthespeedoflight,ittookover11hourstoitstarget,farbeyondtheorbitofPluto.Yet,incredibly,littleprobemanagedtohearthefaintcallfromitshomeandsuccessfullymadetheItwasthelongest-distancerepairjobhistory,andatriumphtheNASAengineers.ButitalsohighlightedtheastonishingofthetechniquesdevelopedbyAmericancommunicationsClaudeShannon,whohaddiedjustayearearlier.Bornin1916Petoskey,Michigan,Shannonshowedanearlytalentformathsforbuildinggadgets,andmadebreakthroughsinthefoundationstechnologyaLaboratories,Shannondevelopedinformationtheory,butshunnedresultingacclaim.Inthe1940s,hesinge-handedlycreatedentirescienceofcommunicationwhichhassinceinveigleditsintoahostofapplications,fromDVDstosatellitetobarcodes—anyarea,inshort,wheredatahastoberapidlyyetThisallseemslightyearsawayfromthedown-toearthusesoriginallyhadforhiswork,beganwhenhewasa22-year-graduateengineeringstudenttheprestigiousInstituteofTechnologyinHesetoutwithansimpleaim:topindowntheprecisemeaningoftheconceptsimpleaim:topindowntheprecisemeaningoftheconceptiswhethersomethingistrueorfalse—whichcanbecapturedinbinaryunit,or‘bit’,oftheform1or0.Havingidentifiedfundamentalunit,Shannonsetaboutdefiningotherwisevagueaboutinformationandhowtotransititfromplacetoplace.Inprocesshediscoveredsomethingsurprising:itisalwaystoguaranteeinformationwillgetthroughrandom‘noise’—Noiseusuallymeansunwantedsoundswhichinterferewithinformation.Informationtheorygeneralizesthisideaviathatcapturetheeffectsofnoisewithmathematicalprecise.particular,Shannonshowedthatnoisesetsalimitontheratewhichinformationcanpassalongcommunicationchannelsremainingerror-free.Thisratedependsontherelativeofthesignalandnoisetravellingdownthecommunicationandonitscapacity(its‘bandwidth’).Theresultinglimit,inunitsofbitspersecond,istheabsolutemaximumrateoffreecommunicationgivensignalstrengthandnoiselevel.TheShannonshowed,istofindwaysofpackagingup—informationtocopewiththeravagesofnoise,whilestayinginformation-carryingcapacity—‘bandwidth’—communicationsystembeingOvertheyearsscientistsdevisedmanysuchcodinginformation-carryingcapacity—‘bandwidth’—communicationsystembeingOvertheyearsscientistsdevisedmanysuchcodingandtheyhaveprovedinmanytechnologicalfeats.voyagerspacecraftdatausingcodeswhichaddedextrabitforeverysingleofin