逆向物流中英文對照外文翻譯文獻

中英文對照外文翻譯(文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯)原文：Today,moreandmoreenterpriseshastheunderstandingtotheimportanceoflogisticsmanagement,thelogisticsmanagementtoahigherlevel,evenasthecorecompetenceofthecorporationtodesign.However,thevastmajorityofenterprisesbutignorethereverselogisticssuchahasbeenthelogisticsactivities,paidnoattentiontothehiddencustomervalueandoperatingcosts.Hereweintroducetheconceptofreverselogistics,makeitseparatefromthetraditionalforwardlogisticsandrecyclingdifference,putituptoasystematicandscientificlevel.ImplicationofreverselogisticsIn1981,Lambertandstockthefirstputforwardtheconceptofreverselogistics,reverselogisticsdefinition:andaverylargepartoftheairflowdirectionistheoppositeoftheir.Putforwardthedefinitionand1986Murphyisdefinedsimilarly1989yearsMurphyandpoistthedefinitionofreverselogistics,goodsflowfromconsumertoproducer.Intheeightiesofthetwentiethcentury,thescopeofthereverselogisticsisonlylimitedtogoodsfromtheconsumertotheproductionTheflowofthepersonisoppositetothatoftheforwardflow.In1998,thestockofthedefinitionofreverselogistics:logisticsintheproductrecovery,productrecycling,materialsubstitution,materialrecycling,wastetreatmentandrepair,refurbishmentandremanufacturing.ThisdefinitionsimilartostockprofessorandKopickirespectivelyin1992and1993aredefined.Carterandellram(1998intheJournalofbusinesslogistics)alsousesasimilardefinition:reverselogisticsisthroughrecycling(recycling),andthenuseandreduceTheuseofrawmaterials,sothatthecompanycanefficientlyreachenvironmentalprotectionprocess.Carte:andEltramthatnarrowthedefinitionofreverselogistics,distributionnetworksystemthroughthesaleofproductsforrecyclingprocess.In1999,RogersandTibben-LembkeforthedefinitionofreverselogisticsisLogisticsManagementAssociationoftheUnitedStates(theCouncilofLogisticsManagement)theandbecomeamoregeneraldefinition,namely:"reverselogisticsforrecyclingordisposalofwasteinEffectandreasonablecost,ofrawmaterials,WIP,finishedgoodsandrelatedinformation,fromthepointofconsumptiontotheflowandstorageofrawoutput,planning,implementationandcontroloftheprocess."Simplyput,reverselogisticsismanagementofwastematerialsandreturnthereflowprocess.Inaddition,generalizedreverselogisticsisrelatedtotheenterprise'sproduction,salesandafter-salesservice,inadditiontoreturnitems,includingreducingtheuseofresources,especiallytheuseoftoxicandharmfulsubstances,andtheentirelogisticssystemmoreefficient,moreenvironmentallyfriendly.IntroductionofthefunctionofreverselogisticssystemAlthoughdifferentreverselogisticssystemsinvolvespecificactivitiesmaynotbethesame,butgenerallyincludethefollowingFunction:1,collectionThroughpaidorunpaidway,willbescatteredaroundthecollectionofwasteproducts,shippedtodealwithThisstepmayincludeacquisition,transportationandwarehousingandotherlinks.Wastematerialsinvolvealargenumberofsmallquantitiesoftransport,resultinginahighcollectioncosts,totalcostofthereverselogisticsInaddition,theprocessoftransportisalsoareverselogisticscausedbyenvironmentalpollutionOneofthekeyfactors,therefore,thewastecollectionprocessshouldbeasfaraspossibletheuseofcombinedtransportstrategy(suchastheuseofpositiveReturnofthelogisticstoreduceunnecessarytransport.2,detectionandclassificationThefirsttypeofgoodsisvarious,thecorrespondingvalueisnotthesame,theneedforeffectiveclassificationcanbecarriedoutafterContinuedprocessing.Iftherecoveredproductissimplyduetocustomerpreferencesorexcessinventoryratherthanqualityfactors,itcanbeInordertocontinuetosell,theendcustomerreturnstotheretailer,theretailerreturnstothedistributor,andacceptsthereturnofoneofthegoods.Thepartycanreturnasanewinventory.Whenthequalityproductismerchandisereturnedtothemanufacturer.Manufacturersareclassifiedtoreturnmaterialcostaccounting,andthenprocessthecorrespondingdecision,forexample,onsaleOrtoremanufactureandreprocessing.Forthegoodscannotbereused,afterappropriatetreatment,includingdecompositionandReturntorawmaterialsuppliersorincineration,landfill,etc.forpackagingmaterials,theenduserofthepackagingmaterialcanbereturnedBacktothedealerordirectlytothepackagingmaterialmanufacturingenterprises,andtheintermediatecustomersusedthepalletandothershippingequipmentItcanbeusedmanytimes.Theusedpackingmaterialsneedtobeprocessedagainandagain.Thiskindofprocessingandmaintenancecanbedonebythespecialpackingmaterialprocessingmanufacturer.3,reprocessingProcessfortherecoveryofaproductoritscomponentstoregainvalue.Theprocessmayincludecleaning,Partsreplacementandreassemblyandotheraspectsofwhich,re-processingmethodsaremainlyre-use,remanufacture,andthenReuseofpackaging,products,orproductsthatcanbeuseddirectlyforasmallamountofcleaningormaintenancework.Components,suchasglassbottles,plasticbottles,cans,boxesandotherpackagingcontainers,cuttingdisc,copierandprintercartridges,disposablecameras,usedfurniture,clothingandbooks,etc.,andthenmanufacturingistoretainthestructureandworkoftheoldpartsBeabletofeature,throughthenecessaryremoval,repairandreplacement,sothatitisrestoredtothesameasthenew,suchasaircraftandsteamEngine,computer,copymachineandprinterparts,etc.,recyclingreferstotherecyclingofwasteproductsIntherawmaterials,suchasscrapmetal,paper,glass,plasticandsoon.Investment,therefore,toalargeextentdeterminetheeconomicfeasibilityofthewholereverselogisticssystem.Requiresalargenumberofrecycledproductsandcentralizedprocessingtoformthescaleofeconomicefficiency.4,wastedisposalSellthewasteproductsorcomponentsthatcannolongerbeusedforeconomicortechnicalreasons.Destroy.Thestepsmayincludetransportation,landfillorburnedandotherlinks.5,redistributionWillbeprocessedtothemarketforthesaleofrecycledproducts.Thestepsmayincludesales,transportationandwarehouseTheprocessissimilartothatoftheforwarddistributionlogistics,andneedstobetransportedbetweenthecooperativeandthefastresponse.CharacteristicsofreverselogisticsForwardlogisticsisreferstoproductsfromthemanufacturerthroughdistributorstoretailerstoreachthefinalconsumersinthehandsofaseriesofphysicalflow,comparedtotheforwardlogistics,reverselogisticshassignificantlydifferentcharacteristics,itsmainperformanceinthefollowingaspects:(1)uncertaintyReverselogisticsinthepresenceofuncertaintyintheterminal,numberofreturnedproductqualityandprocessingmethodofuncertaintyandthedemandofallsortsofuncertainty.Thisleadstoreverselogisticslocationsscattered,disorder,andrecoverytimeandthequantityoftheproductscannotbepredicted.(2)dispersionReverselogisticsproblemsofthetime,location,theunpredictablenatureofthequalityandquantity,wasteproductsmayappearinthefieldofproduction,circulation,aremorelikelytoproducemillionsofconsumersintheareasoflife,thereverselogisticsexistsineverycornerofsociety,willinvolvedifferentpeople,differentdepartmentsanddifferentareas.(3)slowFirstrecoveryproductisfromasmallcollectionofcontinuouslytotherecyclingcenterdetectionandclassification,treatmentand,finally,distributionandneedquitealongperiodoftreatmenttime,veryslow.Alsodiscardeditemsalsoneedlongertimeprocessing,treatmentandothersectorstomeetconsumerdemand.Allthesewillleadtoreverselogisticsofslow.(4)antagonismBetweentheforwardlogisticsandthereverselogisticsflowdirectiononthecontrary.Theforwardlogisticsisfromasupplier,manufactureranddistributorofaretailer,aconsumerflow,productflowtothefinalconsumer,thestartingpointandtheappearanceoftheproduct'sreverselogisticsisfromtheconsumers,fromaconsumerretailerdistributormanufacturersupplier.(5)thevalueofnonmonotonicOntheonehand,reverselogisticsvaluepresenteddecreasing.Suchasreverselogisticstransportation,storage,andprocessingofaseriesofactivitieswillreducethevalueofrecycling;ontheotherhand,reverselogisticsandpresentsthevalueincreasing.Thisisbecauserecycleditemsareprocessedandregaineconomicvalue,butalsotoprotecttheenvironmentandsaveenergy.CharacteristicsofreverselogisticsnetworkFromthepointofviewofreverselogistics,thestructureofreverselogisticsnetworkcanbesummarizedfromfiveaspects:thedegreeofconcentration,thedegreeofnetworkconnection,thedegreeofnetworkopenness,thelevelofnetworkandthedegreeofcooperationbetweenorganizations.(1)concentrationdegreeConcentrationlevelrepresentsthenetworkrange,mainlyreferstothefinishofthesameoperationsofthenumberofplaces.Inacentralizednetwork,thesametypeofoperationshouldtrytoarrangeinthesameplace,soyoucancreateeconomiesofscale,achievethesharingofresources,savingmanpowerandmaterialresources.(2)thedegreeofnetworkconnectionReverselogisticsnetworkofinterrelateddegreeisthemainnetworkcorrelation.Reverselogisticsnetworkisconstructedwiththreeforms,aisindependentdesignofreverselogisticsnetwork,thesecondistheforwardandreverselogisticsintegrateddesign,threeisonthebasisofexistingreverselogisticsnetworkdesignofreverselogistics.(3)thedegreeofnetworkopennessNetworkopennessismainlyreferstotheopenloopandclosedloopofthereverselogisticsnetwork.Openloopandclosedloop,thebiggestdifferenceistolookatproductrecoveryisfinallybacktotheproductionenterprise,whichismainlyforproductsofdifferentcharacteristicsanddecided.Inopenlooplogisticsnetwork,productrecoveryafterthecollectiondoesnotreturntoproductionenterprises;andinclosed-looplogisticsnetwork,productrecoveryafterthecollectionbacktooriginalproductionenterprises.(4)thenumberofnetworklayersNetworklayerreferstothereverselogisticsnetworkinallkindsofwastematerialsneedstoflowthroughthenumberoffacilities,thenetworkonbehalfoftheverticaldepth.Single-layernetworkoperationisrelativelysimple,alloperationsareinthesamefacilitycollectioniscomplete,andmultilayernetworkoperationisrelativelycomplex,differentoperationrespectivelyindifferentfacilitiescomplete.(5)thedegreeofcooperationbetweenorganizationsThedegreeofcooperationbetweenorganizationsreferstothecooperativerelationshipamongtheparticipantsintheconstructionofthereverselogisticsnetwork.Atpresent,thethirdpartylogisticsisacommonwayoflogisticscontract.PackagingmaterialreverselogisticsnetworkProductpackagingisthestartingpointoftheproductistheendoftheprocessoflogistics,packagingistoprotectgoodsquality,improvingtheefficiencyoflogistics,promotingsalesandsoonismerchandisefromproductiontoconsumptionlinkindispensablelink.However,thewayofpackinganduseofresourcesandtheenvironmentcausedseriousinfluence,sotheestablishmentofpackagingrecyclingreverselogisticsnetwork.Accordingtodifferentmainresponsibilitywillpackagingdivisionofreverselogisticsnetworkgroundsleadingdeliverymodesofreturnlogisticsandrecyclinglogisticssystemofthirdpartyledby.Recoverymodedominatedbytheshipper,theshippermusthavetheirownpackagingbox.Whenthegoodsaredeliveredtotheconsignee,packagingcontaineroccurredpositiontransfer.Transportationenterpriseswillbefullofthepackingcontainertransporttotheconsignee,butalsowillbereturnedtotheemptycontainershipment.Theuseofthepackingbox,configuration,recoverycontrol,cleaningandmaintenanceandcustodyofallbytheshipperresponsible.譯文：當今，越來越多的企業(yè)己經(jīng)認識到物流管理的重要性，把物流管理提到一個較高的層次，甚至作為企業(yè)核心能力來設(shè)計.但是，絕大多數(shù)的企業(yè)卻忽略了逆向物流這樣一個一直存在的物流活動，沒有重視其蘊藏的客戶價值和運營成本。這里首先介紹一下逆向物流的概念，使其與傳統(tǒng)的正向物流和回收區(qū)別開來，把它上升到一個系統(tǒng)化、科學化的高度。逆向物流的涵義逆向物流的涵義1981年，Lambert和Stock最早提出逆向物流的概念。他們把逆向物流定義為:與極大部分的貨物流動方向是相反的。這個定義與1986年Murphy提出的定義類似。1989年Murphy和Poist把逆向物流定義為:貨物從消費者到生產(chǎn)者的流動。二十世紀八十年代，逆向物流的范圍也僅限于貨物從消費者到生產(chǎn)者的流動，與正向物流相反。1998年，Stock把逆向物流定義為:物流在產(chǎn)品收回、產(chǎn)品循環(huán)使用、物料替代、物料循環(huán)使用、廢物處理和修理、整修和再制造中的作用。這個定義類似于Stock教授和Kopicki分別在1992年和1993年給出的定義。Carter和Ellram(1998年在JournalofBusinessLogistics中)也采用了類似的定義:逆向物流是公司通過再循環(huán)(recycling)、再使用以及減少原材料的使用，使公司可以有效率地達成環(huán)境保護的過程。Carte:和Eltram認為逆向物流狹義的定義是:通過配銷的網(wǎng)絡(luò)系統(tǒng)將所銷售的產(chǎn)品進行回收的過程。到了1999年，Rogers和Tibben-Lembke對于逆向物流的定義被美國物流管理協(xié)會(TheCouncilofLogisticsManagement)所采用，成為比較通用的一個定義，即:“逆向物流是為了資源回收或處理廢棄物，在有效及適當成本下，對原料、在制品、成品和相關(guān)信息，從消費點到原始產(chǎn)出點的流動和儲存，進行規(guī)劃、執(zhí)行與管制的過程?！焙唵蔚卣f，逆向物流就是對廢舊物品和退貨的回流過程的管理。此外，廣義的逆向物流涉及到企業(yè)的生產(chǎn)、銷售及售后服務(wù)等方面，除了物品的回流理之外，還包括減少資源使用，特別是有毒有害物質(zhì)的使用，以及使整個物流系統(tǒng)更有效、更環(huán)保等。逆向物流系統(tǒng)的功能介紹盡管不同的逆向物流系統(tǒng)涉及的具體活動可能不一樣，但一般都包括以下功能:1、收集通過有償或無償?shù)姆绞?，將分散在各地的廢舊物品收集起來，運往處理的地點。該步驟可能包括收購、運輸和倉儲等環(huán)節(jié)。由于從分散的消費者處收集廢舊物品涉及大量的小批量運輸，因而導致收集費用很高，在逆向物流總成本中占據(jù)相當大的比重。此外，該過程的運輸也是逆向物流中引起環(huán)境污染的關(guān)鍵因素之一。因此，廢舊物品收集過程應該盡量采用合并運輸策略(如利用正向物流中的回程運輸)，以減少不必要的運輸。2、檢測和分類會首物品的種類繁多，相應價值也不相同，必須進行有效分類才能進行后續(xù)處理。如果回收的商品只是由于顧客偏好或多余庫存而不是質(zhì)量因素，則可以繼續(xù)出售。終端顧客向零售商退貨，零售商向分銷商退貨，而接受退貨的一方都可以把退貨作為新的庫存。當產(chǎn)品確有質(zhì)量問題，商品返回到制造廠商。制造商對返回物進行分類、成本核算，再進行相應的處理決策，例如削價處理或進行再制造和再加工。對于無法再利用的物品，經(jīng)過適當處置，包括分解并返回原料供應商或焚燒、填埋等。對于包裝材料，終端用戶的包裝材料可以返回經(jīng)銷商或直接至包裝材料的制造企業(yè)。而中間客戶所用的托盤等裝運設(shè)備則可以多次利用。使用過的包裝材料一般需要經(jīng)過再次加工維護后再利用。這種加工維護工作可由專門的回收包裝材料處理廠商來完成。3、再處理對回收產(chǎn)品或其零部件進行處理，以重新獲取價值。該步驟可能包括清洗、零部件替換和重新組裝等環(huán)節(jié)。其中，再處理方式主要有再使用、再制造、再循環(huán)。再使用針對只需清洗或少量維修工作即可直接再使用的包裝、產(chǎn)品或零部件，如玻璃瓶、塑料瓶、罐、箱、扦盤等包裝容器，復印機和打印機的墨盒、一次性相機，二手家具、服裝和書等;再制造是指保留廢舊零部件的結(jié)構(gòu)和功能特性，通過必要的拆卸、檢修和替換，使其恢復得同新的一樣，如飛機和汽車的發(fā)動機、計算機、復印機和打印機部件等;再循環(huán)是指循環(huán)利用廢舊物品中的原材料，如廢舊金屬、紙、玻璃、塑料等。專業(yè)的再處理設(shè)備需要高昂的投資，因而在很大程度上決定著整個逆向物流系統(tǒng)的經(jīng)濟可行性。因此，一般要求回收品數(shù)量較大且集中處理，以形成規(guī)模經(jīng)濟效益。4、廢棄處置對那些出于經(jīng)濟或技術(shù)上的原因無法再利用