路由器原理配置和應(yīng)用課件

路由器原理,配置和應(yīng)用ISSUE2.2日期：講師:王斌郵箱靜態(tài)路由配置動(dòng)態(tài)路由協(xié)議簡(jiǎn)介RIP及OSPF介紹實(shí)際工程案例課程目標(biāo)學(xué)習(xí)完本課程，您應(yīng)該能夠：靜態(tài)路由配置動(dòng)態(tài)路由協(xié)議簡(jiǎn)介RIP及OSPF介紹實(shí)際工程案例目錄靜態(tài)路由由網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理員在路由器上手工添加路由信息來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)路由動(dòng)態(tài)路由根據(jù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)或流量的變化，路由協(xié)議會(huì)自動(dòng)調(diào)整路由信息來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)路由靜態(tài)路由和動(dòng)態(tài)路由靜態(tài)路由配置注意：只有下一跳所屬的的接口是點(diǎn)對(duì)點(diǎn)〔PPP、HDLC〕的接口時(shí)，才可以填寫(xiě)<interface-name>，否那么必須填寫(xiě)<nexthop-address>。[H3C]iproute-staticip-address{mask|masklen}{interface-typeinterface-name|nexthop-address}[preferencevalue][reject|blackhole]靜態(tài)路由的配置命令:例如：

iproute-static129.1.0.016Serial0/0靜態(tài)路由配置例如在路由器H3CA上配置：

iproute-static129.1.0.0255.255.0.010.0.0.2iproute-static129.1.0.01610.0.0.2iproute-static129.1.0.016s0/0129.1.0.0/16E0/0H3CBS0/010.0.0.2H3CA10.0.0.1S0/0缺省路由配置例如在路由器H3CA上配置：Internet上大約99.99%的路由器上都存在一條缺省路由!缺省路由并不一定都是手工配置的靜態(tài)路由，有時(shí)也可以由動(dòng)態(tài)路由協(xié)議產(chǎn)生。H3CAS0/0S0/0H3CBNetworkNPublic

Network路由自環(huán)在路由器H3CA上配置：“路由自環(huán)〞對(duì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的危害極大，應(yīng)盡量防止。在路由器H3CB上配置：H3CAS0/0S0/0H3CBNetworkNPublic

Network靜態(tài)路由配置動(dòng)態(tài)路由協(xié)議簡(jiǎn)介RIP和OSPF介紹實(shí)際工程案例目錄距離矢量路由協(xié)議原理S1/1S0/0S0/0整個(gè)路由表路由器B路由器A路由器BS1/1整個(gè)路由表路由器A鏈路狀態(tài)路由協(xié)議算法LSDBLSA的RTALSA的RTBLSA的RTCLSA的RTD（二）每臺(tái)路由器的鏈路狀態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)(一〕網(wǎng)絡(luò)的拓?fù)浣Y(jié)構(gòu)CABD123CABD123CABD123CABD123〔四〕每臺(tái)路由器分別以自己為根節(jié)點(diǎn)計(jì)算最小生成樹(shù)〔三〕由鏈路狀態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)得到的帶權(quán)有向圖CABD1235RTCRTD3215RTBRTA直連路由S0/0S1/1S0/0S1/1S0/0S1/12.0.0.04.0.0.01.0.0.03.0.0.01.0.0.0S1/102.0.0.00S0/0路由表路由器A2.0.0.0S0/003.0.0.00S1/1路由表路由器B3.0.0.0S1/104.0.0.00S0/0路由表路由器C路由器A路由器B路由器C路由表更新過(guò)程〔一〕S0/0S1/1S0/0S1/1S0/0S1/1S1/100S0/0路由表路由器AS0/000S1/1路由表路由器BS1/10S0/0路由表路由器C路由器A路由器B路由器C0S0/01S1/111S0/0S1/11路由表更新過(guò)程〔二〕S0/0S1/1S0/0S1/1S0/0S1/12.0.0.04.0.0.01.0.0.03.0.0.01.0.0.0S1/102.0.0.00S0/0路由表路由器A2.0.0.0S0/003.0.0.00S1/1路由表路由器B3.0.0.0S1/104.0.0.0S0/0路由表路由器C路由器A路由器B路由器C03.0.0.0S0/011.0.0.04.0.0.0S1/111S0/02.0.0.0S1/114.0.0.01.0.0.0S1/12S0/02路由環(huán)路S0/0S1/1S0/0S1/1S0/0S1/12.0.0.04.0.0.01.0.0.03.0.0.01.0.0.0S1/12.0.0.00S0/0路由表路由器A2.0.0.0S0/003.0.0.00S1/1路由表路由器B3.0.0.0S1/104.0.0.0S0/0路由表路由器C路由器A路由器B路由器C03.0.0.0S0/011.0.0.04.0.0.0S1/111S0/02.0.0.0S1/114.0.0.01.0.0.0S1/12S0/02down路由環(huán)路S0/0S1/1S0/0S1/1S0/0S1/1S1/10S0/0路由表路由器AS0/000S1/1路由表路由器BS1/10S0/0路由表路由器C路由器A路由器B路由器C0S0/01S1/111S0/0S1/11S1/12S0/022計(jì)算到無(wú)窮S0/0S1/1S0/0S1/1S0/0S1/1S0/00S0/0路由表路由器AS0/000S1/1路由表路由器BS1/10S0/0路由表路由器C路由器A路由器B路由器C0S0/01S1/113S0/0S1/11S1/14S0/022方法一：定義最大路由權(quán)值S0/0S1/1S0/0S1/1S0/0S1/12.0.0.04.0.0.01.0.0.03.0.0.01.0.0.0S0/02.0.0.00S0/0路由表路由器A2.0.0.0S0/003.0.0.00S1/1路由表路由器B3.0.0.0S1/104.0.0.0S0/0路由表路由器C路由器A路由器B路由器C03.0.0.0S0/011.0.0.04.0.0.0S1/1116S0/02.0.0.0S1/114.0.0.01.0.0.0S1/116S0/0216方法二：水平分割S0/0S1/1S0/0S1/1S0/0S1/1S1/10S0/0路由表路由器AS0/000S1/1路由表路由器BS1/10S0/0路由表路由器C路由器A路由器B路由器C0S0/01S1/111S0/0S1/11S1/12S0/02down方法三：毒性逆轉(zhuǎn)S0/0S1/1S0/0S1/1S0/0S1/12.0.0.04.0.0.01.0.0.03.0.0.01.0.0.02.0.0.00S0/0路由表路由器A2.0.0.0S0/003.0.0.00S1/1路由表路由器B3.0.0.0S1/104.0.0.0S0/0路由表路由器C路由器A路由器B路由器C03.0.0.0S0/011.0.0.04.0.0.0S1/111S0/02.0.0.0S1/114.0.0.01.0.0.0S1/12S0/02無(wú)限大S0/0方法四：抑制時(shí)間抑制時(shí)間后更新抑制時(shí)間后更新S0/0S1/1S0/0S1/1S0/0S1/1S1/10S0/0路由表路由器AS0/000S1/1路由表路由器BS1/10S0/0路由表路由器C路由器A路由器B路由器C0S0/01S1/111S0/0S1/11S1/12S0/02down方法五：觸發(fā)更新S0/0S1/1S0/0S1/1S0/0S1/12.0.0.04.0.0.01.0.0.0不可達(dá)3.0.0.01.0.0.0S1/12.0.0.00S0/0路由表路由器A2.0.0.0S0/003.0.0.00S1/1路由表路由器B3.0.0.0S1/104.0.0.0S0/0路由表路由器C路由器A路由器B路由器C03.0.0.0S0/011.0.0.04.0.0.0S1/111S0/02.0.0.0S1/114.0.0.01.0.0.0S1/12S0/02down1.0.0.0不可達(dá)1.0.0.0不可達(dá)靜態(tài)路由配置動(dòng)態(tài)路由協(xié)議簡(jiǎn)介RIP及OSPF介紹實(shí)際工程案例目錄RIP協(xié)議概述〔一〕RIP最多支持以跳數(shù)為衡量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，最多15跳。RIP協(xié)議適用于中小型網(wǎng)絡(luò)，有RIP-1和RIP-2。

主機(jī)B2M56K2M2M主機(jī)ARIP協(xié)議概述(二)TCPUDPIPPPPEtherRIPRIP協(xié)議配置命令啟動(dòng)RIP協(xié)議，進(jìn)入RIP協(xié)議配置視圖[H3C]rip在指定的網(wǎng)絡(luò)上使能RIP[H3C-rip-1]network{network-number}RIP協(xié)議配置命令(續(xù))配置報(bào)文的定點(diǎn)傳送〔不支持播送時(shí)〕[H3C-rip-1]peerip-address指定接口版本〔接口視圖下〕ripversion1ripversion2[broadcast|multicast]指定接口的工作狀態(tài)〔接口視圖下〕ripinputripoutput配置RIP-2路由聚合summaryRIP配置舉例PPPFRRTARTCRTBRIP配置舉例---配置命令〔一〕RTA:[RTA]rip[RTA-rip-1]network1.1.1.0[RTA-rip-1]network11.1.1.0[RTA-Ethernet1/0]ripversion2broadcast[RTA-Serial0/0]link-protocolppp[RTA-Serial0/0]ripversion2broadcast[RTA-Serial0/0]ripauthentication-modemd5

rfc2453

H3C顯示RIP配置信息[H3C]displayripPublicVPN-instancename:RIPprocess:1RIPversion:1Preference:100Checkzero:EnabledDefault-cost:1Summary:EnabledHostroutes:EnabledMaximumnumberofbalancedpaths:8Updatetime:30sec(s)Timeouttime:180sec(s)Suppresstime:120sec(s)Garbage-collecttime:120sec(s)updateoutputdelay:20(ms)outputcount:3TRIPretransmittime:5sec(s)TRIPresponsepacketsretransmitcount:36Silentinterfaces:NoneDefaultroutes:DisabledVerify-source:EnabledNetworks:11.0.0.0Configuredpeers:NoneTriggeredupdatessent:0Numberofrouteschanges:0Numberofrepliestoqueries:0第一步：翻開(kāi)終端顯示調(diào)試信息功能<H3C>terminalmonitor<H3C>terminaldebugging第二步：翻開(kāi)RIP的調(diào)試開(kāi)關(guān)<H3C>debuggingripprocess-idpacket實(shí)際顯示的RIP信息packet:vers1,cmdResponse,length24dest110.0.0.0,Cost1packet:vers1,cmdResponse,length44dest110.0.0.0,Cost2dest120.0.0.0,Cost1RIP的debug信息OSPF協(xié)議概述

可適應(yīng)大規(guī)模網(wǎng)絡(luò)路由變化收斂速度快無(wú)路由自環(huán)支持變長(zhǎng)子網(wǎng)掩碼VLSM支持等值路由支持區(qū)域劃分提供路由分級(jí)管理支持驗(yàn)證支持以組播地址發(fā)送協(xié)議報(bào)文OSPF協(xié)議的一些根本概念RouterID一個(gè)32bit的無(wú)符號(hào)整數(shù)，是一臺(tái)路由器的唯一標(biāo)識(shí)，在整個(gè)自治系統(tǒng)內(nèi)唯一。協(xié)議號(hào)OSPF的協(xié)議號(hào)是89。IPHeader（Protocol#89）OSPFPacketOSPF的五種協(xié)議報(bào)文HELLO報(bào)文用來(lái)發(fā)現(xiàn)及維持鄰居關(guān)系，選舉DR、BDR。DD報(bào)文用來(lái)描述本地LSDB的情況。LSR報(bào)文向?qū)Χ苏?qǐng)求本端沒(méi)有的或者對(duì)端更新的LSA。LSU報(bào)文向?qū)Χ寺酚善靼l(fā)送所需的LSA。LSAck報(bào)文收到LSU之后，進(jìn)行確認(rèn)。OSPF劃分區(qū)域區(qū)域2區(qū)域0區(qū)域1OSPF協(xié)議的根本配置配置路由器的RouterID[H3C]routeridrouter-id

啟動(dòng)OSPF協(xié)議[H3C]ospf[process-id]配置OSPF區(qū)域[H3C-ospf-1]areaarea-id在指定網(wǎng)段使能ospf[H3C-ospf-1-area-0.0.0.0]networkip-addresswildcard-maskOSPF配置舉例路由器A:InterfaceEthernet0/0InterfaceSerial0/0Ospf1

區(qū)域2區(qū)域0區(qū)域1S0/0E0/0路由器AS0/01.1.1.1/243.3.3.1/24E0/02.2.2.2/242.2.2.1/24路由器B路由器B:InterfaceEthernet0/0InterfaceSerial0/0Ospf1

靜態(tài)路由配置動(dòng)態(tài)路由協(xié)議簡(jiǎn)介RIP及OSPF介紹實(shí)際工程案例目錄RIP典型案例〔一〕故障現(xiàn)象：路由器不能接受到任何更新；從RTA上的網(wǎng)段無(wú)法ping到RTB上的網(wǎng)段；兩臺(tái)路由器的路由表中都沒(méi)有RIP路由。L1:1.1.1.1/24L1:2.2.2.2/24S0/0:129.134.0.1/24S0/0:129.134.0.2/24RTARTBRIP典型案例〔一〕RTA上的配置：RTB上的配置：interfaceSerial0/0clockDTECLK1link-protocolppp #interfaceLoopBack1#rip#interfaceSerial0/0link-protocolpppripversion2multicast#interfaceLoopBack1#rip

#原因分析根據(jù)前面介紹的步驟進(jìn)行分析，有如下幾種可能原因：(1)首先檢查相應(yīng)的接口上是否沒(méi)有運(yùn)行RIP協(xié)議〔如執(zhí)行了undoripwork命令〕或該接口未通過(guò)network命令使能。發(fā)現(xiàn)沒(méi)有類(lèi)似的配置問(wèn)題。(2)然后檢查相應(yīng)接口上的RIP版本和報(bào)文發(fā)送方式〔multicast或broadcast〕。發(fā)現(xiàn)RTA上為RIP-1〔系統(tǒng)缺省配置，以broadcast方式發(fā)送報(bào)文〕，而RTB為RIP-2〔配置了ripversion2multicast命令，以multicast方式發(fā)送報(bào)文〕。這樣兩臺(tái)運(yùn)行RIP的路由器之間由于版本和報(bào)文發(fā)送方式的不同，顯然是無(wú)法進(jìn)行通信的，所以也不會(huì)收到任何的路由更新報(bào)文解決問(wèn)題按照上面給出的原因分析，在路由器RTA接口s0/0上執(zhí)行配置命令“ripversion2multicast〞即可。OSPF典型案例〔一〕故障現(xiàn)象：兩臺(tái)路由器上的以太網(wǎng)段無(wú)法互相ping通；兩臺(tái)路由器都無(wú)法學(xué)習(xí)到對(duì)方的OSPF路由。E0/0:111.111.111.0/24FRS1/0:100.1.0.1/16S0/0:100.1.0.2/16RouterID:197.7.1.1RouterID:197.7.1.2E0/0:222.222.222.0/24RTARTBOSPF典型案例〔一〕RTA上的配置：

RTB上的配置：sysnameRTA#interfaceEthernet0/0#interfaceSerial1/0link-protocolfrospfnetwork-typenbmafrinterface-typeDCEfrmapip100.1.0.216#ospf1peer100.1.0.2area0.0.0.0network100.1.0.00.0.255.255network197.7.1.10.0.0.0sysnameRTB#interfaceEthernet0#interfaceSerial0/0clockDTECLK1link-protocolfrospfnetwork-typebroadcastfrmapip100.1.0.116#ospf1peer100.1.0.1area0.0.0.0network100.1.0.00.0.255.255network197.7.1.20.0.0.0network222.222.222.00.0.0.255解決問(wèn)題從查看的路由器配置和相應(yīng)的接口狀態(tài)信息看來(lái)，RTA和RTB相連接口的OSPF網(wǎng)絡(luò)類(lèi)型配置得并不一致，因此導(dǎo)致路由計(jì)算錯(cuò)誤，無(wú)法得到OSPF路由。在RTA和RTB的相應(yīng)接口把網(wǎng)絡(luò)類(lèi)型改為一致，那么可以正常學(xué)習(xí)OSPF路由。改變RTB的s0/0接口的OSPF網(wǎng)絡(luò)類(lèi)型：[RTB-Serial0/0]ospfnetwork-typenbmaOSPF典型案例〔二〕故障現(xiàn)象：RTB和RTC之間的虛連接總是處于down狀態(tài)RTA無(wú)法訪(fǎng)問(wèn)RTB和RTC上的Loopback網(wǎng)段

S1/0:

area1

RTCarea0area1[RTB]displayospfvlinkOSPFProcess1withRouterID2.2.2.2VirtualLinksVirtual-linkNeighbor-id->3.3.3.3,State:DownCost:0State:DownType:VirtualTransitArea:0.0.0.1Timers:Hello10,Dead40,Poll0,Retransmit5,

S1/0:55.0.1.1/2455.0.1.1/24

S1/0:

S1/1:57.1.1.1/24

S1/1:55.2.1.1/2457.1.1.2/24S1/1:

Loopback2:133.1.1.1/24

Loopback2:56.0.1.1/24

area0

area1

RTA

RTB[RTC]displayospfvlinkOSPFProcess1withRouterID3.3.3.3VirtualLinksVirtual-linkNeighbor-id->2.2.2.2,State:DownCost:0State:DownType:VirtualTransitArea:0.0.0.1Timers:Hello10,Dead40,Poll0,Retransmit5,

OSPF典型案例〔二〕查看路由器上的相關(guān)配置：[RTB]displaycurrent-configuration#sysnameRTB#……

ospf1#[RTC]displaycurrent-configuration#sysnameRTC#……ospf1#OSPF典型案例〔二〕查看兩臺(tái)路由器上的鄰居列表和鄰居狀態(tài)：<RTB>displayospfpeerOSPFProcess1withRouterID2.2.2.2NeighborsArea0.0.0.0interface57.1.1.1(Serial1/1)'sneighbor(s)RouterID:55.2.1.2Address:57.1.1.2State:FullMode:NbrisMasterPriority:1DR:NoneBDR:NoneDeadtimerexpiresin35sNeighborhasbeenupfor00:00:50Area0.0.0.1interface55.0.1.2(Serial1/0)'sneighbor(s)RouterID:1.1.1.1Address:55.0.1.1State:FullMode:NbrisSlavePriority:1DR:NoneBDR:NoneDeadtimerexpiresin39sNeighborhasbeenupfor00:04:57Virtuallinkwithinterface(null)'sneighborRouterID:3.3.3.3Address:(null)State:DownMode:NonePriority:0<RTC>displayospfpeerOSPFProcess1withRouterID55.2.1.2NeighborsArea0.0.0.0interface57.1.1.2(Serial1/1)'sneighbor(s)RouterID:2.2.2.2Address:57.1.1.1State:FullMode:NbrisSlavePriority:1