英文法律案例研讀心的

《英美法案例研讀》法律出版社，何主宇編著2007年12月案例的基本結(jié)構(gòu)：—判例的名稱或抬頭casenameorcaption--案例編?號(hào)casenumberorcitation-判例總結(jié)syllabusorprefatorystatement—分類標(biāo)題及法律摘要topicsandheadnotes-鑰匙序號(hào)和定位數(shù)字keynumberandlocationnumber--代理律師的姓名namesoftheattorneywhorepresentedtheparties--主審法官presidingjudges—法庭判決意見theopinionbegins普通法判例的結(jié)構(gòu)和順序案件的起訴和上訴歷史discussionoftheproceduralpostureofthecase事實(shí)概要summaryofthecase待決法律爭議legalissuesbeforethecourt法庭判決結(jié)果court'sdecision/holdinginthecase判決理由court'sreasoning判決產(chǎn)生的法律規(guī)則ruleemergingfromthedecision7后續(xù)訴訟程序指示proceduraldecision8另類判決理由concurring/dissentingopinionorboth原告的訴求被駁回dismissed訴訟送達(dá)被認(rèn)定無效quashed申請(qǐng)被拒絕denied法院撤銷已有判決vacated上訴法院維持下級(jí)法院的判決affirmed，上級(jí)法院推翻下級(jí)法院的判決reversed上訴案件被發(fā)回原審法院繼續(xù)審理remanded具有強(qiáng)制力的法律依據(jù)mandatoryauthority多數(shù)法官的意見majorityopinion同意多數(shù)法官意見，但有不同理由的稱為concurringopinion反對(duì)的dissentingopinion學(xué)習(xí)案例的有效的六個(gè)步驟：一總結(jié)并研究所有重要相關(guān)事實(shí)(relevantanddeterminativefacts)界定具體法律爭議(definingthelegalissue)為法律爭議的正反雙方提出所有可能的辯護(hù)(formulatingargumentsforbothsidesofthelegalissue)分析和比較所有法官的意見(analyzingbothbothmajorityanddissentingopinionsofthecourt)評(píng)估所學(xué)判例的具體適用對(duì)象和范圍(evaluatingtheimpactofthecourt'sdecisions)解決所有法律英語語言方面的難點(diǎn)和疑問怎樣研讀案例的事實(shí)部分發(fā)生了什么whathappened 有誰涉案whoarethe怎樣研讀案例的事實(shí)部分people/organizations/companiesinvolved? 涉案人的行為動(dòng)機(jī)為何whatmotivesofthepeopleinvolved 如為上訴案件，原審法院如何認(rèn)定爭議事實(shí)howdidthelowercourtsfindforthecase 哪些屬于關(guān)鍵事實(shí)whichfactsarethematerial/keyfacts哪些屬于輔助事實(shí)whichfactsaresupportivebutnon-determinative哪些事實(shí)缺失但你認(rèn)為對(duì)斷案有幫助whichfactsdon'tyouhavebutyouwouldliketohave——法庭在描述關(guān)鍵事實(shí)時(shí)都選擇使用了什么樣的詞匯和語句，你理解嗎howdidcourtdescribethekeyfacts如何徹底理解法庭在描述關(guān)鍵事實(shí)時(shí)所使用的詞匯和語句:找出并列出案件中所有和關(guān)鍵事實(shí)有關(guān)的用詞-----查找權(quán)威詞典找出關(guān)鍵用詞的所有同義詞和類似表達(dá) 比照同義詞和類似表達(dá)對(duì)關(guān)鍵事實(shí)用詞進(jìn)行分析：如，案件涉及到卡車truck和自行車bicycle相撞，而法庭卻頻繁使用車輛vehicle來指代卡車，就必須加以分析。名詞有抽象名詞和具體名詞,抽象名詞會(huì)對(duì)事實(shí)起到弱化的作用，而具體名詞會(huì)對(duì)事實(shí)起到強(qiáng)化作用，再加上感知的形容詞，強(qiáng)化作用更強(qiáng)。同樣的，動(dòng)詞也有具體動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞和抽象動(dòng)作的動(dòng)詞。具體動(dòng)詞強(qiáng)到相關(guān)的事實(shí)，而抽象動(dòng)詞弱化相關(guān)的事實(shí)。名詞化的動(dòng)詞也會(huì)弱化事實(shí)。法庭對(duì)于語句的使用----被動(dòng)句一般弱化動(dòng)作的發(fā)出者,主動(dòng)句更具有說服力-----單句用來陳述重要的事實(shí)----從句可以使事實(shí)陳述更顯邏輯性如何界定具體法律爭議 可以通過回答四個(gè)問題達(dá)到這個(gè)目的：1whowastheactor(whodidsth)2whowastherecipientoftheaction(towhomwasitdone)3whatwastheactionthatcausedthecontroversy(whatwasdone) 4whatlaworspecificpartoftheconstitution/statuteisinvolved)為訴訟雙方提出所有可能的辯護(hù)-----明確訴訟雙方的價(jià)值觀和訴訟目的，以法律體現(xiàn)的立法者意志來衡量。分析和比較所有法官的意見-----法律英語詞典——black'slawdictionary www.A 英美判例的引文——言之有理---理reason---言之有據(jù)---據(jù)authority一級(jí)依據(jù)---primaryauthority/primarysources英美法系承認(rèn)判例有bindingforce大陸法系不承認(rèn)憲法引用格式美國憲法+第幾條+第幾款+第幾項(xiàng)u.S.const.+artl+§9,+cl.3立法法律引用格式法律名稱+美國法典第幾卷+第幾章第幾款+出版日期行政法的引用格式第幾篇+行政法的縮寫+第幾條第幾款+出版日期已經(jīng)生效的判決被推翻一overruled或被限制berestrieted或被分類bedistinguished美國法院是雙軌制 聯(lián)邦和州法院都分為三級(jí)聯(lián)邦最高法院u.Sstatesupremecourt 聯(lián)邦上訴法院或聯(lián)邦巡回法院u.Sstatecourtsofappeals/u.Scircuitcourts {1聯(lián)邦地方法院u.Sdistrictcourts{2聯(lián)邦專屬法院{(1)聯(lián)邦國際貿(mào)易法院{(2)聯(lián)邦破產(chǎn)法院{(3)聯(lián)邦知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法院聯(lián)邦國際貿(mào)易法院 u.Scourtofinternationaltrade聯(lián)邦破產(chǎn)法院 u.Sbankruptcycourt聯(lián)邦知識(shí)產(chǎn)權(quán)法院 u.Scourtofintellectualproperty美國法院判例匯編縮寫美國判例匯編u.S 最高法院判例匯編s.ct.(supremecourtreporter) 美國判例匯編律師版L.Ed(lawyersedition)Chargesbwithsomecrime扌旨控某人犯有某罪Possessionofnarcotics擁有毒品Runningthrougharedlight闖紅燈Civildispute民事糾紛Person/property人身/財(cái)產(chǎn)Civilliabilityfortheaccident交通事故的民事責(zé)任Damage:損害damages:可用金錢量化的損害賠償damages的種類：lactualdamages實(shí)際損失；2compensatorydamages補(bǔ)償性損失3consequentialdamages間接損失賠償；4directdamages直接損失賠償;5exemplarydamagesorpunitivedamages懲罰性賠償;6incidentaldamages附帶損失賠償；7liquidateddamages已定賠償、約定賠償;8un-liquidateddamages數(shù)額待定賠償;9pecuniarydamages金錢賠償、可用金錢賠付的損害賠償；10speculativedamages臆測損失賠償、難以確定的損失賠償；11statutorydamages法定賠償.Jointandseveralliability共同連帶責(zé)任Thepersonwhohasbeenwronged受害人Retainer律師聘請(qǐng)協(xié)議、律師服務(wù)費(fèi)押金(或保證金)Enter向法院正式提出enteranappearance向法院遞交出庭通知書Attorneyofrecord(經(jīng)法庭記錄在案的可代理當(dāng)事人出庭的)代理律師Withdraw終止代理案情摘要1Gipsonsufferedgraveinjuryasaresultofthecrash.Fromwhomcouldheaskfordamages?Andwhowasliablefortheaccident?Wassawyeratfault?Waseachofthemjointlyandseverallyliable?Gipsonhiredattorneyadriannefftorepresenthim.Oncegipsonsignedaretainer,neffwouldenteranappearanceandbecomegipson'sattorneyofrecord.案情摘要2Neff,theattorney,thenexplainedthatsomefactorsshouldbeconsideredbeforedecidingontheforum.Gipsonmightbeabletosueinseveralplaces:(a)inthestatetrialcourtwheregipsonlives,(b)inthestatetrialcourtwhereTordlives,(c)inthestatetrialcourtwhereSawyer'sestateislocated(d)inthefederaldistrictcourtsittinginGipson'sstate(e)inthefederaldistrictcourtsittinginTord'sstate,or(f)inthefederaldistrictcourtsittinginthestatewhereSawyer'sestateislocated.ThereasonGipsoncouldsueinafederaldistrictcourtwastheexistenceofdiversityofcitizenship.NeffsuggestedthatGipsonsueinafederalcourt.ThesuitwouldbebroughtintheU.S.DistrictcourtsittinginGipson'sownstatesincethiswouldbethemostconvenientvenueforGipson.Forum 有管轄權(quán)的法院申訴 petitionForumactus—行為地法院forumcontractus 簽約地法院forumdomicilii 住所地法院forumconveniens--方便法院forumnonconveniens—不方便法院(如拒絕行使管轄權(quán)declinejurisdiction)forumshopping 法院選擇(轄區(qū)jurisdiction)Estate 遺產(chǎn)、遺產(chǎn)法人Will―-遺囑Diversityofcitizenship州籍多樣性Enue 審判地、適審地對(duì)人和対事管轄權(quán) personalandsubjectmatterjurisdiction主要被告的居住地--residenceofaprincipaldefendant合同簽約或履行地 whereacontractwasexecutedorperformed事故發(fā)生地whereanaccidenttookplace案情摘要3Havingdecidedonacourt,neffstartedpreparationfortheincomingsuit:hedraftedacomplaint,thefirstpleadingofthecase,namingGipsonastheplaintiff（原告）andstatingacauseofactionintortfornegligenceagainstTordandSawyer'sestateascodefendants（共同被告）。Afterthisissueoflaw,neffthensummarizedandsubmittedseveralissuesoffactthathefeltcouldestablishacauseofactionfornegligence.SomeoftheallegationswerebaseduponpersonalknowledgeofGipson,whileotherswerebaseduponinformationandbelief.Theaddamnumclauseofthecomplaintdemanded$100,000.00indamages.Finally,heattachedawrittendemandforainjurytrialtothecomplaintandfiled（正式提交）bothdocumentswiththecourt.Complaint 起訴狀Pleadingdocument 訴訟文件Grounds 理由Relief——司法救濟(jì)Pleading 訴辯行為Courtproceeding 法庭訴訟程序、過程Defenses 答辯理由Particularformandformat 定的表格和樣式Proseparty 自辯當(dāng)事人Factpleading 事實(shí)性訴辯（側(cè)重于講明基本事實(shí)）Noticepleading—通知性訴辯（側(cè)重于告知對(duì)方自己的訴求）Action 訴訟Proceedings 訴訟文書和行為Causeofaction 訴由、訴求Judicialrelief 司法救濟(jì)orremedyLegalclaim 一般訴求Invasionofprivacy 犯隱私Slander 口頭誹謗Malpractice 專業(yè)人員的不當(dāng)執(zhí)業(yè)Intensionalinflictionofemotionaldistress—故意造成精神損害Unjustenrichment 不當(dāng)?shù)美鸔uantummeruit合理補(bǔ)償Tort 侵權(quán)Privateorcivilwrongorinjury 民事過錯(cuò)或傷害Omission 不作為Commission 作為grossnegligence 重大過失、嚴(yán)重過失negligenceperse 明顯過失、法定過失Legaldutyofanaggravatedcharacter 性質(zhì)嚴(yán)重的法律責(zé)任Municipalordinance 市政條例Dictate 要求、命令I(lǐng)ssueoflaw—法律爭議Legalpointsincontention法律爭議、待決法律問題Matteroflaw 法律問題Burdenofproduction 舉證責(zé)任Verdictisreturned陪審團(tuán)已作出裁決Demurrer 法律抗辯Filingaformalanswer交正式答辯狀Warrantingtrial 必須開庭加以審理Issueoffact 事實(shí)爭議Theprovinceofjury 陪審團(tuán)的職權(quán)范圍Materialallegation主要事實(shí)主張answer 答辯狀Matteroffact 事實(shí)問題Establishedfact 確證的事實(shí)、法庭接受的事實(shí)Oninformationandbelief雖非親眼所見、親耳所聞，但確信它的真實(shí)性Addamnum 損害賠償要求Jurytrial 陪審團(tuán)審理Grandjury 大陪審團(tuán)Heartheevidenceadducedonthepartofthestate--審由政府提交的證據(jù)Indictment 公訴、公訴書Probablecausedoesnotexist■立案理由不充分Accusatorybody 檢控機(jī)構(gòu)Hungjury 陷入僵局的陪審團(tuán)Jurysize 陪審團(tuán)人數(shù)Constitutionalinfirmityordeficiency--■違憲、不合憲法規(guī)定Deliberation 陪審團(tuán)審議、考量Mistrialofthecase 案件審理失敗Greatnotoriety 極具社會(huì)知名度Sequestrationofjury 隔離陪審團(tuán)(beisolatedfromthepublic)Whiletrialnotinsession—當(dāng)休庭時(shí)Forthedurationofthetrial■在整個(gè)案件的審理過程中Tampering--幕后操作、認(rèn)為干擾inthecustodyofthecourt 由法院管控Petitjury 普通陪審團(tuán)案情摘要4Thenextproceedingisserviceofprocess.ItwasachievedwhenacopyofthecomplaintandsummonswasservedonbothTordandthelegalrepresentativesofSawyer'sestate.Neffdidnotserve（向。。送達(dá)）thesepartieshimself;heretainedaprocessserverwho,afterservingthedefendants,filedanaffidavitofservicewiththecourtindicatingthecircumstancesunderwhichtheservicewasaccomplished.Servicewasmadebeforethestatuteoflimitations.Oncethedefendantswereproperlyserved,thecourtacquiredinpersonamjurisdictionoverthem.Inthepre-trialproceedingsthatensued（接著進(jìn)行），Tordfiledamotiontodismiss,claimingGipson'sfailuretostateacauseofaction.Thecourtdeniedthemotion.Serviceofprocess 訴訟送達(dá)（程序）親自送達(dá) personaldelivery傳票 subpoenaConstructiveserviceofprocess ■推定送達(dá)Personalservice 親自送達(dá)、實(shí)際送達(dá)Servicebypublication 公告送達(dá)Substitutedservice 替代送達(dá)Summons 傳喚、傳票Appear 出庭Processserver 送達(dá)執(zhí)行人法警 deputysheriff\courtmarshal法警部門 sheriff'sdepartment聯(lián)邦法警 USMarshalAffidavit 書面宣誓證詞Affiant 誓證人主持宣誓、監(jiān)誓 takeoathsSubscribe 在。。。。上簽名Affirmant 自證證人Affirm 自我誓證Aver 確認(rèn)、確證Depose 口頭宣誓作證Inlikemanner 以同樣的方式Attestation 宣誓、確認(rèn)Inconscience 一定、肯定、從良心上Imprecation 發(fā)誓詛咒Swear 宣誓、發(fā)誓Pleading 主張、訴求Verify 宣誓證明、鄭重證明Statuteoflimitation 訴訟時(shí)效殺人 homicideImportaverity 表明真實(shí)性Sanctity 神圣Minor 未成年人Criminalcharge 刑事指控Laches 因疏忽而喪失訴權(quán)、非立法規(guī)定的訴訟時(shí)效Equity—-衡平法Operateasbar 造成不能提起訴訟Operatetotheprejudiceofdefendant■給被告造成損害或不利影響Jurisdiction 管轄權(quán)、司法管轄區(qū)Issue 爭議焦點(diǎn)Hearanddetermineajudicialproceeding審并裁定一起司法訴訟Hascognizanceof--對(duì)。。。有審理權(quán)Inpersonamjurisdictionorpersonaljurisdiction—人管轄權(quán)Inpersonamjudgement 對(duì)人判決Inremjurisdiction 對(duì)物管轄權(quán)Dispose 處置Anactionoverthing 對(duì)物提起的訴訟Quasiinremjurisdiction 準(zhǔn)對(duì)物管轄權(quán)Absent 不在法院管轄區(qū)Withinthejurisdictionofthecourt 在法院轄區(qū)Submittothecourt'sjurisdiction■接受法院管轄Subjectmatteroftheaction 訴因、訴由、訴訟標(biāo)的Connectioninvolvingminimumcontact 有最低聯(lián)系的關(guān)聯(lián)Territorialjurisdiction地域管轄Jurisdictionbysubmission服從管轄Jurisdictionbyagreement 協(xié)議管轄Concurrentjurisdiction 共同管轄Exclusivejurisdiction 排他管轄、獨(dú)有管轄Courttobeseized 受訴法院Governinglawclauses法律選擇條款Jurisdictionclauses 管轄權(quán)選擇條款Subjectmatterjurisdiction対事管轄權(quán)、訴因管轄權(quán)Federalquestionjurisdiction 聯(lián)邦法律專屬管轄權(quán)Actsofcongress 國會(huì)立法Treaties 國際條約Diversityjurisdiction州籍多樣管轄權(quán)Entertain 受理Universaljurisdiction 國際法上的普遍管轄權(quán)Longarmjurisdiction 越境管轄權(quán)、長臂管轄權(quán)Forumstate 法院地州Offendtraditionalnotionsoffairplayandsubstantialjustice--反傳統(tǒng)的程序公平和實(shí)體正義的理念Pre-trialproceeding審前程序Calledatthediscretionofthecourt 由法庭主持召開的Stipulationsastomatters 約定無爭議事實(shí)Motion 動(dòng)議、請(qǐng)求Ruleororder 裁決或命令Onnotice 事先通知相關(guān)各方Withoutnotice無需事先通知Expartemotion 單方面動(dòng)議、無需給對(duì)方事先通知的動(dòng)議Consentmotion原被告雙方共同提出的動(dòng)議Motiontodismiss 請(qǐng)求駁回起訴的動(dòng)議Prosecution 檢控方Chamber 法官辦公室Motionforjudgementonthepleadings 請(qǐng)求法庭依訴訟文書做出判決Payerforrelief 司法救濟(jì)請(qǐng)求、賠付請(qǐng)求Generalappearance全面到庭應(yīng)訴Motionforsummaryjudgement ■速?zèng)Q動(dòng)議Nogenuineissueofmaterialfactcanbeindispute--鍵事實(shí)無爭議Dispositivemotion如被批準(zhǔn)即可終結(jié)訴訟的動(dòng)議Motioninlimine請(qǐng)求預(yù)先排除有關(guān)證據(jù)Bemoreprejudicialthanprobative—證據(jù)的負(fù)面影響大于其證明效力Motionforadirectedverdict 請(qǐng)求法院以原告舉證失敗為由判其敗訴Resteditscase完成庭上陳述、舉證完畢Motionforjudgementnotwithstandingtheverdict-請(qǐng)求法庭推翻陪審團(tuán)裁決并作出相反的判決Motionfornewtrial 請(qǐng)求法庭原案再審Lodgingofanappeal 起上訴Motiontosetasidejudgement 請(qǐng)求撤銷原判決Vacateornullify 撤銷Motiontocompel 請(qǐng)求法庭強(qiáng)迫對(duì)方給予配合Failuretostateacauseofaction 無法定訴由Failureofproof 舉證失敗、證據(jù)不足Allegedfacts 事實(shí)依據(jù)案情摘要5Becausethesuithadbeenbroughtinafederalcourt,thegoverningprocedurallawwouldbefoundintheFederalRulesofCivilProcedure（美國聯(lián)邦民事訴訟程序規(guī)則，簡稱Fed.R.CivilP）,whichprovidesDefendantwithtwokindsofresponse:pre-answermotionoranswer.Ifwithoutapre-answermotion,TordandSawyer'sestatemustfileananswertoGipson'scomplaintwithintwentydays,accordingtotheFederalRulesofCivilProcedure.Tordfiledhisansweralmostimmediately.SinceSawyerwasdeadandunabletocommunicatewithhisattorneyabouttheaccident,theattorneyfortheestathadanumberofdifficultiesindraftingandfilingananswerwithintwentydays.Toavoidadefaultjudgmentagainsttheestate,theattorneyfiledamotionaskingforanextensionofthirtydays.Procedurallaw-程序法Judgmentonmerit-實(shí)體法判決，完全判決Default-缺席判決Dismissalwithoutprejudice-程序法判決，非終局性駁回Withoutprejudice無既判力的，非終局性的，可再起訴的Resjudicata既判力。終局性。禁止重復(fù)訴訟Withprejudice-具有既判力的，不可再訴的，終局的Judgmentofdismissal-駁回起訴的判決案情摘要6Affirmativedefense積極抗辯，新事實(shí)抗辯Contributorynegligence共同過失Comparativenegligence相對(duì)過失，比較過失Strictliability嚴(yán)格責(zé)任Absoluteliability絕對(duì)責(zé)任Crossclaim共同被告之間的交互訴訟請(qǐng)求Counterclaim反訴（而原告對(duì)被告的反訴做出的答辯稱為reply,）（原告訴狀complaint,被告答辯稱為answer）Preponderanceofevidence比較優(yōu)勢證據(jù)，優(yōu)勢證據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Give。。。leave。。給。。。許可Lackofjurisdiction法院無管轄權(quán)Statuteoflimitationsorlaches訴訟時(shí)效Assumptiono