現(xiàn)代大學英語精讀6第二版教師用書 Unit 3

Inthisbeginningparagraph,theauthorsstatethepurposeoftheessay.journalistssayitis.Theauthors,howeverIntheseparagraphs,theauimportantandinteresting”.importantorwhatthejournalistthinkstheaudiencethinksisimportant.Therefore,everynewsstoryisareflectionthecompanieshehasworkedfor,theschoolshewentto,thebookshehasread,Intheseparagraphs,theauthorspointoutthatthejournalistcannotalwaysnewspapercannotsurviveunlessthenewstheyprovidesatisfiestheneedsofthegeneralpublic.Ontheotherhand,theviewer/readermustalsotakeintoaccounthisorherrelationshiptoalargeraudIntheseparagraphs,theauthorsdiscusssomeotherpossibledefinews:newsassomethingtogivepeoplepleasure;newsassomethinginstructivethatrevealsthemores,vaasasourceofliterature;newsasareflectionofhumanpain,suffering,tragediesandconfusion;newsassomethingtoinspirepeopleandmakethemoptimistic;newsassomethingtofrightenpeopleandmakethemawareoftheseamysideofInthisparagraph,theauthorsconcludetheessaybyreiteratingtheirpurposeunderstandtheproblems,delusionsofthetelevisionnewsindustry.consideredit,heorsheisindangeroftooeasilyacceptingsomeoneelse’sdefinition—forexample,adefinitionsuppliedbythenewsdirectorofatelevisionstation;orevenworse,adefinitionimposedbyimportantnewsdirector:(電視臺)新聞節(jié)目負責人advertisers:InmanycountriesintheWest,televisionstationslargelydependonsellingairtimetoadvertisersfortheirrevenue.Therefore,importantadvertisersviewer：Someonewhoiswatchingamovie,atelevisionprogram,oranexhibitionaudience:agroupofpeoplewhowatch,read,orlistentosomethingspectator:apersonwhowatchesanevent,show,game,oractivitydirectorsandjournalistssayitis.(Para.2)AmericansgenerallyacceptHolmes’famousdefinitionofthelawbecausetheyagreethatlawsmustallowforthenewinterpretlogicalerroroffalseanalogy.Forexample,itwouldnotmakemuchsenseifweweretosaypoliticsissimplistic:disapprovingtoosimple;notcompleteorsufficientlythoroughinsimilarfashion:inthesimilarway;likewise;bythesimil3.Butifweweretotakethatapproach,onwhatbasiswouldwesaythatwehaven’tbeentoldenough?Orthatastorythatshouldhavebewasn’t?Orthattoomanystoriesofacertaintypewereincluded?Orthatareportergaveaflagrantlybiasedaccount?(Para.2)flagrantlybiased:obviouslyandunquestionablybiased4.Inmodifyingtheiranswer,mostwilladdthatthenewsis“importantandinterestingthingsthathappenedthatday.”Thishelpsalittlebutleavesopenthequestionofwhatis“importantandinteresting”andhowthatisItisallrighttosaythatnewsconsistsoftheimportantthingsthathappenedthatday.Butimportanttowhom?butleavesopenthequestion:butdoesnotgiveanan5.Ofcourse,somepeoplewillsaythatthequestionofwhatisimportantisimportant;warsareimportant,rebellions,employmentfigures,elections,appointmentstotheSupremeCourt.(Para.4)importantpeoplesayordoisoftenimportant,butwecan’tjumptotheconclusionthateverythingtheysayordoisalwaysimportant.Ontheotherhand,sometimesevenwhathappenstosomeonecompletelyunknowncanescalatetoaseriouscrisis.Peoplecallproblematic:causingaproblem;questionable;uncertain7.SaranWrapisnotnews.ThecolorofLizTaylor’swrapis.Orsosome8.Weshallneverlearnaboutthesepeopleeither,howeverinstructiveorinstructive:providingknowledgeorinformation;educational9.Ofcourse,therearesomeevents—theassassinationofapresident,anearthquake,etc.—thathavenearuniversalinterestandcons10.Infact,thenewsismoreoftenmade11．IsastoryaboutakillinginNorthernIrelandmoreimportantthanthattherelativeimportanceofandistanceofitsoccurrencetothepersoninvolved.12．…everynewsstoryisareflectionofthereporterwhotellsthestory.Thereporter’spreviousassumptionsaboutwhatis“outthere”editwhatIfnewsstorieswerejustfacts,andfactsspeakforthemselves,thenallnewsstories,thoughwrittenbydifferentpeople,wouldbethesame.Butnewsstoriesareactuallyalldifferentbecauseeverynewsstoryisareflectionofthereporterview,andbiases)whichaffectwhathe/shethinksisthere.toedit:todecidewhatwillbeincludedorleft13．Theanswerstoallofthesequestions,aswellastootherquestionsabouttheevent,dependentirelyonthepointofviewofthejournalist.Youmightthinkthisisanexaggeration,thatreporters,irrespectiveoftheirassumptions,canatleastgetthefactsstraight.(Para.7)irrespectiveof:regardlessof;withoutthinkingaboutorconsideringAllgovernmentofficials,irrespectiveoftheirrank,mustdisclosetheirWepursuethediplomaticpolicyofthefiveprinciplesofpeacefulcoexistencesystem.togetthefactsstraight:tofindoutwhnow-defunct:now-dead;nownolontelevisionnewsshowInsteadofreceivinggovernmentrelief,theyaregivenjobsbythegovernmentsothattheycanearntheirmoney.(這是以工代賑的政策)(government)relief：moneythatisgiventopoorpeoplebythegprimitiveRussianeconomyandthesophisticatedAmericaneconomy.(Para.theJournal:ThisreferstothenewspaperTheWallStreetJourna,lmentionedsophisticated:(theoppositeofprimitive)highlydevelopedandcomplex高級的，復雜的expecttosee;often,wefocusonwhatwearepaidtosee.Andthosewhopayustoseeusuallyexpectustoaccepttheirnotionsnotonlyofwimportantbutofwhatareimportantdetails.(Para.11)Wehavefivesenseorgans,andtheyareallextremelysharpcensors.censor:apersonwhoexaminesbo(Notethepersonificationoftheword).Wedonotseeorheareverythtoseeorhearwhattheyexpectustoseeorhear.Wehavebeenmadetoacceptidiosyncrasiesoftheowners.Thenwe’dhaveadossieroneveryjournalistintheworld.Theinterests,prejudices,andquirksoftheownerwouldequalZ.giveyouX,theprobableamountoftruthinthestory.”(Para.12)mathematicformulatoexpresstherelationshipbetweentheinterests,prejudicesandquirksofanewspaperowner,andthoseofthejournalists,andtheprobableY=theinterests,prejudices,andquirksofthejournalistsownedbyGaryFarnsworth,whoisalsothepresidentofBontelLimited,theprincipalstockholderofwhichistheSultanofBahrain.BontelLimitedownsthreeJapaneseelectroniccompanies,twooilcompanies,theentirecountryofUpperVolta,andthewesternpart19．“Theanchormanonthetelevisionshowearns$800,000ayear;hisdegreeinjournalismfromtheUniversityofArkansasbutwasaC+student,hasnevertakenacourseinpoliticalscience,andspeaksnolanguageothanEnglish.Lastyear,hereadonlytwobooks—abiographyofCaryGrantanchorman(anchorwoman):(chieflyintheUS)amanorwomanwhopresentsandcoordinatesatelevisionnewsprogram(電視和廣播電臺)新聞節(jié)目主持人host游戲，訪談節(jié)目）主持人投資組合holdings：financialassets;land,property,orsharesinacompany擁有的財產(chǎn)20.“ThereporterwhoSerbo-Croatian,hasadegreeininternationalrelations,andhashadaNeimanAreporterwhospeaksthelanguage,hasadegreeinarelatedfield,andhasdoneresearchonjournathesequalifications.21.Whatwearesayingisthattoanswerthequestion“Whatisnews?”aviewermustknowsomethingaboutthepoliticalbeliefsandeconomicsituationofthosewhoprovidethenews.Thepointwearetryingtomakeisthataviewermustknowsomethingaboutwantstoanswerthequestion“Whatisnews?”Noteherethatthvestedinterest(his/herpersonalstakeinanundertaking,especiallywithanexpectationoffinancialorothergain)oftenaffectshis/herpointofview.22.Thereis,infact,apointofviewthatarguesagainstjournalistsimposingtheirownsenseofsignificanceonanaudience.…What’soAviewermustnotonlyknowwhatheorshethinksissignificantbutothersbelieveissignificantaswell.(Para.16)nottoannouncetheirownopinionstoadvisethemofwhatisimportant:toinstructtheminwhatisimportant;toteachthemwhatisimportantsomebodytodosomething”.LizTaylor’sadventuresinmarriage:Thisreferstotheactress’sunusuallynumerousmarriages,whichwereafavoritesubjectofsocialgossipatthetime.othersbelieveissignificantaswell:Thismaybeclearerifwerepeatthewordshowisnotintendedforyouasociety,people’sinterestsandneedsdiffer.Thintoconsiderationandrespectthdonotconstitutesignificanteventsbutthattheyoughttobeincludedinanewsshowpreciselyforthatreason.Herexperiences,theymaysay,areamusingordiverting,certainlyengrossing.Inotherwords,thepurposeoftheirmindsofftheirowntroubles.…(PThisislookingatnewsfromadifferentperspective.Itsaysthatmanypeopleentertainment.Thismaynotbethemostimportantpurposeofthemassmedia,becomingincreasinglycomplicated.theywantrelief,notaggravation:Peoplewantthenewstogivethemsomeopposite,aggravation,whichmakesthepainfulorunpleasantsituationevenworse.totaketheirmindsofftheirowntroubles:tomakethemforgettheirowntroublesgreatdealaboutoursociety—itsmores,values,ideals.(Para.18)Evenifstoriesaboutthelivesofcelebritiesdonotamuseo26.MarkTwainonceremarkedthatnewsishistoryinitsfirstandbesttoday’shistorywasyesterday’snews.Sonewscanbedefinedashistorytothis27.TheAmericanpoetEzraPound…definedliteratureasnewsthatoriginatesnotinstoriesabouttheWorldBankoranainthosesimple,repEzraPoundrelatesnewstoliterature.SuchthingsastheWorldBankandanexperienceandtouchouremotions28.Whatarewetomakeofit?Whyhim?ItislikesomeOldTestamentparable;thesequestionswereraisedfivethousandyearsagoandwestillraisethemtoday.Itisthekindofstorythatstaysnews,andthatiswhyitmustbetobegivenprominence:tobetreatedasimporta29.Whatabout…thefires,rapes,andmurdersthataredailyfealocaltelevisionnews?Whohasdecidedthattheyareimporcynicalansweristhattrealizationthattheyhaveescapeddisaster.Atleastfortworriedbecausetheyknowthattheseterriblethingshaprogressofsociety.…thedailyfactsfromwhichtheaudienceisexpectedtodrawappropriateconclusionsaboutthequestion“WhatkindofsocietyamIamemberof?”Anothertaskofthenewsstoryistogiveadailyaccountingofthesocietysothatviewerswillunderstandtheirsocietybetter.31.…h(huán)eavytelewords,tendstofrightenpeople.(Para.19)Thisparagraphsuggeststhattelevisionnewstendstofrightenratherthantoenlightenpeople.Heavymoredangerousthanlightviewersdo.Thislenewsstoriesshouldconcentrheavy(light)televisionviewers:peoplewhowatchmany(onlyafew)hoursthenewsanaccurateportrayalofwhereweareasasociety?”Whichleadstojournalistsbelieveitispossible.Sotwentieth-centuryjournalistLincolnSteffensprovedthathecouldcreatea“crimewave”anytimehewantedbysimplywritingaboutallthecrimesthatnormallyoccurinalargecityduringthecourseofamonth.Hecouldalsoendthecrimewavebynotwritingaboutthem.Ifcrimewavescanbe“manufactured”byjournalists,thenhowaccuratearenewsshowsindepictingtheconditionofasociety?(Para.19)true,wouldn’tthatmakeitveryeasytorunacountry?Moreover,ifitweretrue,howcouldweevertrustnewsprovidedbythemassmedia?Andwouldn’tthatalsomeanthatacountrycouldgetalongjustfinewithoutreliablenews?portrayal:depiction;description33.Besides,murders,rapes,andfires(evenunemploymentfigures)aresofewtelevisionstoriesaboutsymphoniesthathavebeencomposed,novelswritten,scientificproblemssolved,andathousandothercreaoccurduringthecourseofamonth?Weretelevisionnewstobefilledwithoptimistic,cheerful.(Para.19)Thisparagraphraisesaveryinterestingquestion:Whyaremanyeventsthatphilosophicaltheoriesandacademicachievementsforexample?Possibleanswersaregiveninthefollowingparagraph.toassesstheprogress:tomeasure;toestimate;toevaluate;toappraiseregress:movingbacktoanearlier,lessdevelopedandusuallyworsestateordiscussioninspeakingandwritingintriguing,evenexoticpictures.Supposeascitheoryabouthowtomeasurewithmoreexactitudethespeedwithwhheavenlyobjectsaremovingawayfromtheearth.Itisdifficulttoteleviseatheory,especiallyifitinvolvedcomplexmathematics.(Para.20)Thisparagraphtriestoansauthors,oneanswermaybethattelevisionasameansofcommunicationhasitsevents,butnotatdealingwithideas,theories,andotherabstractthings.Inotherwords,itisavisualmedium;itislesseffectiveatengagingviewers’minds.Thesecond,impliedansweristhatpeoplewatchtelevisionmainlytobeentertained.directorsareincapableofimmediatelyrealizingthesignificanceofscientificandimportant,buttheyareincapableofansweringalloconcerned.35.Televisionsellstime,andtimecannotbeexpanded.Thismeansthatwhateverelseisneglected,commercialscannotbattentionuntilthecommercialscome.Certainproducershavelearnedthatbycommercialshow”thatisinterruptedbynews.(Para.20)IntheUnitedStates,televisionstationsareprivatelyowned.Theseprivatelycommercialsappear,notviceversa.Andthereisnothingmoreeffectiveforthisaboutthequestion.Youranswersaretobefoundbyknowingwhatyoufeelissignificantandhowyoursenseofthesignificantcfromthatofothers,includingbroadcasters,theirbosses,andtheiraudiences.communication,andinyourjudgmentofthekindofsocietyyouliveinandwishtolivein.Wecannotprovideanswerstothesequestions.Butyoualsoneedtoknowsomethingabouttheproblems,limitations,traditions,motivations,and,yes,evepurposeoftheessayisourselves,andalsotoinformusoftheimportantfactorswemuconsiderationtounderstandthenatureofnews.I1.asetsequenceinatheatricalorcomicperformance保留節(jié)目（喜劇\歌舞等）2.tocorrect,condense,ormodifymaterialwhenpreparingitforpublication3.inParagraph8,financialorpracticalassistancegiventothoseinneed救濟4.amanorwomanwhopresentsandcoordinatesat視新聞）男節(jié)目主持人5.financialassets;land,property,orsharesinac8.towatchatelevisionshoworlistentoradiobroadcast9.timeduringwhichatelevision播放時間11.somethingintendedtoallureorat12.tounderminethepowerandauthorVinterestingandimportant.2Nowit’struethatSaranWrapisveryusefulinmanyways,andweguessthatintheendfactswillshowthatitismoreusefulforthehappinessofmostof3Butmostnewsisnotanessential