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UNIT1SCIENCEANDSCIENTISTSXB211課前候背1.feelfrustrated/?fr?stret?d/感到沮喪2.thecholera/'kɑl?r?/outbreak霍亂的爆發(fā)3.throughthisintervention/??nt?'v?n??n/通過這一干預(yù)4.substantial/s?b'st?n?l/orders大量訂單asubstantialdecrease大幅度減少5.asevere/s?'v?r/teacher一位嚴(yán)厲的教師6.subscribe/s?b'skra?b/regularly定期訂購
7.needproof/pruf/需要證據(jù)8.alargehousehold一個(gè)大家庭9.suspect/s??spekt/theevidence懷疑這個(gè)證據(jù)10.blame/blem/himforhismistake由于錯(cuò)誤責(zé)備他11.removethehandle拆掉手柄12.puregold純金13.theuseofstatistics/st?'t?st?ks/
統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)的使用Toraisenewquestions,newpossibilities,toregardoldproblemsfromanewangle,requirescreativeimaginationandmarksrealadvanceinscience.-----AlbertEinstein&LeopoldInfeld提出新的問題,發(fā)現(xiàn)新的可能,從新的角度審視已存在的問題,這些需要?jiǎng)?chuàng)造性的想象力,并標(biāo)志著科學(xué)的真正進(jìn)步。
1.Areyoufamiliarwiththesesituationsrunnucleicacidtests
getvaccinatedlead-in2.Besidescoronavirus,whatotherkindsofepidemics流行病haveyouheardofBird-flu禽流感,malaria瘧疾,plague,瘟疫,鼠疫,Ebola,Smallpox天花3.AnepidemicjustlikecoronavirushitEuropeintheearly19thcentury,doyouknowwhatitisCholera霍亂4.Whatarethesymptoms癥狀
ofCholera?①dehydration/?diha?'dre??n/
缺水②severe嚴(yán)重的vomiting/'vɑm?t/嘔吐③diarrhoea/?da??'ri?/腹瀉Stagesinscientificresearch
DrawaconclusionCollectdata②Askaquestion
Findaproblem
Analysetheresults
Findsupportingevidence
③Thinkofamethod⑦Drawaconclusion④CollectdataAskaquestion
①Findaproblem
⑤Analysetheresults⑥Findsupportingevidence
ThinkofamethodReadthewholetextquicklyandmatchthemainideas.Para.1Para.2Para.4Para.5JohnSnowdesiredtodestroycholera.JohnSnowdecidedtoprovethesecondtheory.Snowbeganhisstudybymarkingonthemap.Truthoftheinfectionofcholera.Snow'scontributions.Para.3CholeraJohnSnowIt'soneof______________________intheworld,becauseitcauses_______________________________._____________________(when),anoutbreakofcholerahit________milionsofpeople____________________.Herosetobecome_______________,andeven__________QueenVictoria
whenshegavebirth.JohnSnowbecame___________becausenooneknew_____________________________.However,hehadadesireto______________onceandforall.
themostfeareddiseasesseverediarrhoeaanddehydrationIntheearly19thcenturyEuropediedfromthediseasefrustratedhowtopreventortreatcholeraafamousdoctorattendedtodestroycholera
[1]Cholerausedtobeoneofthemostfeareddiseasesintheworld,untilaBritishdoctor,JohnSnow,showedhowitcouldbeovercome.Thisillnesscausesseverediarrhea腹瀉,dehydration缺水,andevendeath.Intheearly19thcentury,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitEurope,millionsofpeoplediedfromthedisease.Asayoungdoctor,JohnSnowbecamefrustratedbecausenooneknewhowtopreventortreatcholera.Intime,herose(risev.變得更加成功)tobecomeafamousdoctor,andevenattendedtoQueenVictoriawhenshegavebirth.
However,heneverlosthisdesiretodestroycholeraonceandforall完全.
①Findaproblem
Twocontradictorytheories
Theoryone:causedby________Theorytwo:causedby_______?badair
germs
Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.Q:WhatdidJohnSnowinvestigatewhenanotheroutbreakhitLondonin1854[2]Ingeneral,doctorsinthosedayshadtwocontradictorytheoriestoexplainhowcholeraspread.Onetheory
wasthatbadaircausedthedisease.Another
wasthatcholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgerms微生物infoodorwater.Snowsubscribedtothesecondtheory.Itwascorrect,buthestillneededproof.
Consequently,whenanoutbreakofcholerahitLondonin1854,Snowbegantoinvestigate.Hediscoveredthatintwoparticularstreetsthecholeraoutbreakwassoseverethatmorethan500peoplediedintendays.Hewasdeterminedtofindoutwhy.②Askaquestion
{3}Snowbeganbymarkingonamaptheexactplaceswhereallthosewhodiedhadlived.ThereweremultipledeathsnearthewaterpumpinBroadStreet(especiallyhousenumbers16,37,38,and40).However,somehouseholds(suchas20and21BroadStreet,and8and9CambridgeStreet)hadhadnodeaths.Thesepeopleworkedinthepubat7CambridgeStreet.Theyhadbeengivenfreebeer,andsohadnotdrunkthewaterfromthepump.Snowsuspectedthatthewaterpumpwastoblame.Whatismore,inanotherpartofLondon,awomanandherdaughterhaddiedofcholeraaftermovingawayfromBroadStreet.Itseemedthatthewomanlikedthewaterfromthepumpsomuchthatshehaditdeliveredtoherhouseeveryday.Asaresultofthisevidence,JohnSnowwasabletoannouncethatthepumpwatercarriedcholeragerms.Accordingly,hehadthehandleofthepumpremovedsothatitcouldnotbeused.Throughthisintervention,thediseasewasstoppedinitstracks.⑥Findsupportingevidence
⑤Analysetheresults
③Thinkofamethod④Collectdata
⑤Analysetheresultsmultipledeathshappenedhere.Nodeathhappenedhere.Thewaterfromthepumpwastoblame.PublichouseClue:freebeerfrompublichouseResult:ThewatercamefromtheriverwhichhadbeenpollutedbythedirtywaterfromLondon.adj.數(shù)量多的[4]ThetruthwasthatthewaterfromtheBroadStreetpumphadbeeninfected
bywaste.Moreover,SnowwaslaterabletoshowalinkbetweenothercasesofcholeraandthedifferentwatercompaniesinLondon.SomecompaniessoldwaterfromtheRiverThamesthatwaspollutedbyrawwaste.Thepeoplewhodrankthiswaterweremuchmorelikelytogetcholerathanthosewhodrankpureorboiledwater.[5]ThroughSnow’stirelessefforts,watercompaniesbegantosellcleanwaterandthethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawasubstantialdecrease.However,choleraisstillaproblem.
Eachyear,millionsofpeoplearoundtheworldgetcholeraandmanydiefromit.Fortunately,wenowknowhowtopreventcholera,thankstotheworkofJohnSnow.Moreover,inhisuseofmapsandstatistics,Snowtransformedthewayscientistsstudydiseases.Forthisreason,Snowisconsideredthefatherofmodernepidemiology流行病學(xué).⑦Drawaconclusionpost-reading課文語填Doctorshadtwo①contradictorytheoriestoexplainhowcholeraspread.AndSnow②subscribedtothesecondone—cholerawascausedbyaninfectionfromgermsinfoodorwater.Itwascorrect,buthestill③neededproof.Sohebeganbymarking④onamaptheexactplaceswhereallthosewhodiedhadlived.Snowsuspectedthatthe⑤waterpumpwastoblame.⑥Onceandforall,throughSnow'stirelessefforts,thethreatofcholeraaroundtheworldsawa⑦substantialdecrease.However,chole
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