Ralph-Waldo-Emerson愛默生作品賞析課件

RalphWaldoEmerson拉爾夫·沃爾多·愛默生（1803-1882）1精選2021版課件RalphWaldoEmerson2精選2021版課件LifeStoryBorninBoston,Massachusetts(thesamestreetasthebirthhomeofBenjaminFranklin)inMay25,1803.FatherwasafamousministerwhoencouragedyoungRalphtopursuephilosophyatayoungage.(Most/clergymen)EducatedinBostonandHarvard,likehisfather,andgraduatedin1821.3精選2021版課件Fatherpassesawayatage8andEmersonislefttosupporthisfourotherbrothers.RalphwasaskedtoshareacoatwithhisbrotherEdwardtosavefinances.Despitethehardships,alltheEmersonboys,exceptone,graduatedfromHarvardUniversity.LifeStory4精選2021版課件LifeStoryIn1825hebegantostudyattheHarvardDivinitySchool,andthenextyearhewaslicensedtopreachbytheMiddlesexAssociationofMinisters.In1829Emersonmarriedtheseventeen-year-oldEllenLouisaTucker,whodiedin1831fromtuberculosis（肺結核）.（legacy/traveling,lecturing,andwriting）5精選2021版課件Emerson'sfirstandonlysettlementwasattheimportantSecondUnitarianChurchofBoston,wherehebecamesolepastorin1830.In1832,EmersontraveledtoEuropewherehemetpoetsSamuelTaylorColeridgeandWilliamWordsworthwhointroducehimtoRomanticnotionsofnatureandphilosophy.(IntroductiontoTranscendentalThought)LifeStory6精選2021版課件3yearsafterhebecamethesolepastor,hehadacrisisoffaith,findingthathe"wasnotinterested"intheriteofCommunion.(teacher/reform)EventuallyEmerson'scontroversialviewscausedhisresignation.However,heneverceasedtobebothteacherandpreacher,althoughwithoutthesupportofanyconcreteideaofGod.LifeStory7精選2021版課件AfterreturningtotheUnitedStates,Emersonlecturedonnaturalhistory,biology,andhistory.In1835EmersonmarriedLydiaJacksonandsettledwithherattheeastendofthevillageofConcord,Massachusetts,wherehethenspenttherestofhislife.LifeStory8精選2021版課件Emerson'shealthstartedtofailafterthepartialburningofhishousein1872.Hemadehislasttourabroadin1872-1873,andthenwithdrewmoreandmorefrompubliclife.EmersondiedonApril27,1882inConcord.LifeStory9精選2021版課件worksCollectionsEssays:FirstSeries

(1841)(aselectionofhisearlierlecturesandwritings)Essays:SecondSeries

(1844)Poems

(1847)Nature(1849)(acollectionofessays,summeduphisideas.Emphasizedindividualismandrejectedtraditionalauthority.)RepresentativeMen

(1850)EnglishTraits

(1856)

(asummaryofEnglishcharacterandhistory)ConductofLife

(1860)MayDayandOtherPoems(1867)SocietyandSolitude

(1870)10精選2021版課件FeaturesHisessayshavespeech-likecharacteristicsandaprophetic（預示的，先知的）tone,asermon（啟示，布道）likequality,oftenlinkedtohispracticeasaUnitarianminister.Emerson‘saimwasnotmerelytocharmhisreaders,butencouragethemtocultivate’self-trust‘,tobecomewhattheyoughttobe,andtobeopentotheintuitive（直覺的，直觀的）worldofexperience.MuchofhisspiritualinsightcomesfromhisreadingsinEasternreligion,especiallyHinduism(印度教),Confucianism（儒家思想，儒教）,andIslamicSufism（伊斯蘭教的蘇菲派）(即Islamicmysticism神秘主義).11精選2021版課件Emerson'sfirstbook,

Nature,acollectionofessays,summeduphisideas,describedhowhumansfindGodwithinnature.Emersonemphasizedindividualismandrejectedtraditionalauthority.Heinvitedtheworldto"enjoyanoriginalrelationtotheuniverse"andemphasized"theinfinitudeoftheprivateman."Allcreationisone,hebelieved-peopleshouldtrytoliveasimplelifeinharmonywithnatureandwithothers.Selectedworks12精選2021版課件Hislectures

TheAmericanScholar

(1837)and

AddressatDivinityCollege

(1838)challengedtheHarvardintelligentsia（知識界）andwarnedaboutalifelessChristiantradition.HewasostracizedbyHarvardformanyyears,buthismessageattractedyoungdisciples,whojoinedtheinformalTranscendentalClub,organizedin1836bytheUnitarianclergymanF.H.Hedge.Inthe1850'shestartedtogainsuccessasalecturer,andhisbooksbecameasourceofmoderateincome.13精選2021版課件Emersonwentontobecomeafamouslecturersharinghistranscendentalphilosophythroughoutthecountry.Amonghisquotablephrases:“Trustthyself:everyheartvibratestothatironstring.”（相信你自己：每顆心都隨那根弦震顫。）“Tobegreatistobemisunderstood.”（偉人似乎注定寂寞。）(FamousLecturer)14精選2021版課件Emerson’sHistoricalPositionHeembodiedanewnation’sdesireandstruggletoassertitsownidentityinitsformativeperiod.HisaestheticsbroughtaboutarevolutioninAmericanliterature.ItmarkedthebirthoftrueAmericanpoetry.Hecalledforanindependentculture,whichrepresentedthedesireofthewholenationtodevelopacultureofitsown.Hisreputationdeclinedsomewhatinrecentyearsbecauseofthecheerfuloptimismimpregnatedinhisworks.15精選2021版課件TheFounderofTranscendentalismAsa

greatprose-poet,EmersoninfluencedalonglineofAmericanpoets,includingWaltWhitman（惠特曼）,EmilyDickinson（迪金森）,EdwinArlingtonRobinson（埃德溫·阿靈頓·羅賓遜）,WallaceStevens（華萊士·史蒂文斯）,HartCrane（克萊恩）,andRobertFrost（弗羅斯特）.HeisalsocreditedwithinfluencingthephilosophiesofJohnDewey（杜威）,GeorgeSantayana（喬治·桑塔亞納）,FriedrichNietzsche（尼采）,andWilliamJames.16精選2021版課件AsanessayistEmersonwasamasterofstyle."EmersonisGod,"declaredtheliterarytheoristHaroldBloomonce,andtestifiedwiththistheimportanceofEmersontoAmericanliterature.TheBritishcriticMatthewArnoldsaidthemostimportantwritingsinEnglishinthe19thcenturyhadbeenWordsworth'spoemsandEmerson'sessays.17精選2021版課件FamousquotationsbyRalphWaldoEmersonAheroisnobraverthananordinaryman,butheisbraverfiveminuteslonger.BewarewhenthegreatGodletslooseathinkeronthisplanet.（上帝讓思想家來到地球上時，我們也要保持清醒。）Childrenareallforeigners.（孩子從來就像外鄉(xiāng)人。）18精選2021版課件Characterishigherthanintellect...Agreatsoulwillbestrongtolive,aswellastothink.（品格高于所謂的智力；偉大的靈魂能夠使我們的生命足夠堅強的活下去，也使我們能夠足夠堅強的去思考。）Donotgowherethepathmaylead,goinsteadwherethereisnopathandleaveatrail.（不要沿著前人留的路走，去自己開路并留下足跡。）19精選2021版課件Daysisatopicappearinginmanyworks,asmanypeopletrytofindtheactualmeaningof“days.”Howdoyouunderstandthemeaningof“days”?Ifyousetoffseekingthemeaningof“days”,thispoemmightbeagoodguide.20精選2021版課件Days

DaughtersofTime,thehypocriticDays,

Muffledanddumblikebarefootdervishes（托缽僧）,

Andmarchingsingleinanendlessfile,

Bringdiademsandfagotsintheirhands.

Toeachtheyoffergiftsafterhiswill,

Bread,kingdoms,stars,andskythatholdsthemall.

I,inmypleachedgarden,watchedthepomp,

Forgotmymorningwishes,hastily

Tookafewherbsandapples,andtheDaysturnedanddepartedsilent.I,toolate,underhersolemnfillet(發(fā)帶)

sawthescorn.21精選2021版課件

時光的女兒們，偽善的日子，

聲音黯啞如赤足的托缽僧，

她們單列行進，看不到盡頭，

手里拿著皇冠和成捆的薪柴。

禮物按照每個人的心愿分贈，

面包、王國、星辰，甚至天穹。

整枝盤蔓的花園里我矚目這場壯麗，忘記了清晨想要的東西匆忙采了些香料和蘋果，日子卻轉(zhuǎn)身悄然離去。待我在肅穆的發(fā)帶下,看見她輕蔑的嘲笑，已經(jīng)太遲。

日子22精選2021版課件Thispoemofferusaspacetoexperienceandunderstandtheurgencyofsavingtimeandtreasuringtime,inthatitemployspersonificationandmetaphor,whichenablethispoemtowearamysteriousveil,andisassistedbysimplifyingprocessingwhichsimplifytheabstractmeaningtobeunderstoodeasily.23精選2021版課件Thepoem“Days”isanalyzedherefromthreeaspectsLexicalfeaturesTranscendentalismMysticism24精選2021版課件LexicalfeaturesLexicalfeaturescontributetocreatingtheuniquenessofthepoem.Emersonemployssimplewordstodescribetheabstractconnotation.Andthesewordsexposedthethemeofthepoemlayerbylayer.Ifthesewordareunderstoodcompletely,thepoemwillbeunderstoodsuccessfully.25精選2021版課件Hypocritic“Hypocritic”isakeywordtoshowthethemeofthepoem.AllthewordsthatwillbediscussedareintendtodisclosewhyEmersonsays“days“arehypocritical,which,nevertheless,isnotthepurposeoftheauthor.Thepurposeisthat,ifweacceptedthat"Days”arehypocriticalwewouldacceptthat"Days”werenotdependable,andthenweknowthatlifeisinourownhands;andifwedon’tworkhard,wewillfeelsorrytoourselveswhenweareold.26精選2021版課件“Diademsandfagots”Inthesentence,"Bringdiademsandfagotsintheirhands”,“Diademsandfagots”metaphorizethenoblenessandhumblenessrespectively.Itseemsthat"Days“holdthenoblenessandhumblenessinhands,andtheywilldecidewhoisqualifiedtotheworldofthenoblenessorofthehumbleness.Soanyworldthatwetrytogetinisjustintheirhands,thatis,wearecontrolledbythem.Butitisatrick:weareactuallynotintheirhands,whichwillbeunderstoodattheendofthepoem.27精選2021版課件“Bread,kingdoms,stars,andsky”“Bread,kingdoms,stars,andsky”refertotheneedscomingfromdifferentsocialclasses.Somepeoplerequirefood,somewantacountryandsomeneedmore.Ifwegiveourwillorwishesto“Days”,theywillbeverykindtomeetourdemands.Butweallknow“nopains,nogains.”Ifwedreamedallthedays,anddidn’tmakeeffortstowardourwishes,wewouldgetnothingbut“scorns”.Soherethe“will”doesnotequal

to“wish”

but

share

the

same

connotation

with

the“will”

in“wherethereisawill,thereisaway.”From

thisthe

author

manages

to

show

that“days”arenotso

kind,but

hypocritical.It

is

not

so

easy

to

get

our

wantsfrom

Days

as

we

expected.

28精選2021版課件“I”“I”inthe“pleachedgarden”wastedtimeinwatchingother’s“pomp”,andforgotmyownmorningwishes.Atlast,“I”hastilytookafew“herbsandapples,”Emersoncompactedalife-longperiodtoasingleday,whichimpliedthatalifeisveryshortandweshouldvalueit.whenwewereyoung,welostourselvesinthesocietyandwastedtimeinwatchingother’ssuccessandfailure,happinessandsorrow,insteadofourownmatters.Finally,weareold,andhavenoenoughtimeandenergytorealizeourownwishes.Allthatwehavedoneistakingawholelifetogainsomecommonthings.Atthattime,“Days”arenotsokindtohelpus;insteadtheyscornusandletusdeserveit.Andit'stoolatetofeelsorrythen.29精選2021版課件“Days”“Days”marched“single”inanendlessfile.Whetherweforgettheirexistenceornot,theywillpassbysilently.Whateverwedo,goodorbad,excitingorsad,theywillnotpauseorslowdown.Howcruelandhypocriticalitis!30精選2021版課件“daughters”Thentheword“daughters”willbeemphasized.WhyEmersoncalls“Days”the“daughter”oftime,butnotthe“sons”oftime?Toanswerthisquestion,themetaphorshouldbediscussedfirst,thenthematterof“daughter”or“sons”.“Days”isanabstractnotion,invisibleanduntouchable.However,“daughter”makestheinvisiblenotionintobeingwithimagethatisvisible.And“daughter“givesspirittotheabstractnotion,whichoffersusabasicpointtosetoutourimagination.Thespiritof“daughter”iseasyforustothinkoftheonehavingthecharactersofbeauty,gentleness,kindnessandquietness,underwhichthecoldnessandcruelnesssometimeshide.Thatisthe“hypocritic”——“Days”aresokindastogivegiftstoyouafteryourwillwhileyouhavetofacetheirscornandcoldnessifyouidleawaydays,So,inthissense,"sons”doesn’thavesuchimplications.31精選2021版課件“Saw”“Saw”isanotherimportantword.That“I”“saw”thescornof“Days”impliesthat“Days”sawme;thereasonwhydaysscornmeisthattheyhaveseenme,andaredissatisfiedwithme.Itseemedthat“I”wasundertheirpower,andcan’trunaway.Buttheywon’thelpmeeventheyhaveknownmywrongs,So“I”havetosay“Days”arehypocritical.32精選2021版課件Allthewordsshowthat“Days”arehypocritical.Since“Days”arehypocritical,wemustdependonourselvestorealizeourwill.Ifwedependonourselves,howcanwesaythatweareintheirhands?Ifwearenotintheirhands,howcanwesaythatwearecontrolledbythem?Emersondeliberatelyarrangesthispoemlikethat,andhejustwantsustounderstandwhatwedowillbemirroredby“Days”.Infrontofthemirrorof“days”,wedoourownthings.Wehavedifferentwillandmakeeffortsindifferentdegrees,sosomeonewillgetbread,someonekingdoms,someonestars,someonesky,someoneherbsandsomeoneapples.33精選2021版課件它是一首關于時間問題的一則寓言。他用“偽善”(hypocritic)來表現(xiàn)時日的表面性的公允和慷慨，又用“喑啞無語”(muffledanddumb)來表現(xiàn)時日的狡黠與沉默，她們像托缽僧一樣掠過人群，并超脫于人群與世俗欲望之外。她們按照人們的心愿分贈禮品，使得每個人感覺好像都得到了自己索求的東西，在下文中，已經(jīng)洞悉時日之偽善的“我”依然被她們所蠱惑，不但因為她們“單行排列”、“無始也無終”，而且她們的慷慨和忙碌吸引了“我”的注意，以至于使“我”忘掉了“早晨的愿望”?！拔摇钡玫降闹皇窍悴莺吞O果，而它們作為最簡單的物質(zhì)欲望的隱喻，意味著“我”的精神追求的缺失。34精選2021版課件但是，如果僅僅把這首詩視為一個關于時間的寓言顯然是不夠的，我們必須看到愛默生在詩中有意識或無意識透露出來的深層含義。人與時間之間的緊張關系只是這首詩的表面張力，而內(nèi)在的軸心卻是詩人在自我的持守和丟失之間的搖擺與嘆息。35精選2021版課件一個人在一個時日結束之時卻受到了時日的輕蔑，而導致這種情況的唯一原因就在于“我”關注于一些外部的表象（時日發(fā)放贈卒的壯觀景象、香草以及蘋果），從而疏遠了那個有著“早晨的愿望”的內(nèi)在自我或深層自我（“愿望”是深層自我的能指），這種疏遠在海德格爾那里就是一種“沉淪”，但是“我”的可貴之處在于意識到了這種沉淪。36精選2021版課件

Mylifeisforitselfandnotforaspectacle.我為自己而活，而不是為一場奇觀。37精選2021版課件Transcendentalism1.主張人能超越感覺和理性而直接認識真理，強調(diào)直覺的重要性，其認為人類世界的一切都是宇宙的一個縮影,其隨著實踐哲學誕生而淡化。超驗主義者強調(diào)萬物本質(zhì)上的統(tǒng)一，萬物皆受“超靈”制約，而人類靈魂與“超靈”一致。2.超驗主義觀點強調(diào)人的主觀能動性，有助于打破加爾文教的"人性惡"、"命定論"等教條的束縛，為熱情奔放，抒發(fā)個性的浪漫主義文學奠定了思想基礎。38精選2021版課件TranscendentalismTranscendentalismisthesummitoftheRomanticMovementinthehistoryofAmericanliteratureinthe19thcentury.Transcendentalismhasbeendefinedphilosophicallyas“therecognitioninmanofthecapacityofknowingtruthintuitively”.TranscendentalistsplaceemphasisontheimportanceoftheOver-soul,theindividualandNature.39精選2021版課件

FatherofTranscendentalism

40精選2021版課件