考研英語(yǔ)模擬題整理版 五

考研英語(yǔ)考曲中芯模加敦盛理版A

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)fromeachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,

CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Chronicinsomniaisamajorpublichealthproblem.Andtoomanypeopleareusing_1—

therapies,evenwhilethereareafewtreatmentsthatdowork.MillionsofAmericans_2—awake

atnightcountingsheeporhaveastiffdrinkor_3_anpill,hopingitwillmakethem

sleepy._4_expertsagreeallthatself-medicatingisabadidea,andthecausesofchronic

insomniaremain_5_.

Almostathirdofadultshavetroublesleeping,andabout10percenthave_6_ofdaytime

impairmentthatsignaltrueinsomnia.But_7—thecomplaints,scientistsknowsurprisinglylittle

aboutwhatcauseschronicinsomnia,itshealthconsequencesandhowbesttotreatit,apanelof

specialists_8—togetherbytheNationalInstitutesofHealthconcludedWednesday.Thepanel

called_9—abroadrangeofresearchintoinsomnia,_10_thatifscientistsunderstoodits

—11_causes,theycoulddevelopbettertreatments.

Most,butnotall,insomniaisthoughtto_12—otherhealthproblems,fromarthritisand

depressiontocardiovasculardisease.Thequestionofteniswhethertheinsomniacamefirstorwas

aresultoftheotherdiseasesandhowtroublesleepingin_13_complicatesthoseotherproblems.

Otherdiseases_14—,theriskofinsomniaseemstoincreasewithageandtobemore

—15_amongwomen,especiallyaftertheir50s.Smoking,caffeineandnumerous_16_drugs

alsoaffectsleep.

TheNIHisspendingabout$200millionthisyearonsleep-relatedresearch,some_17—to

specificdisordersandothers_18—theunderlyingscientificlawsthatcontrolthenervoussystem

ofsleep.Theagencywas_19—thepanel,sreviewbeforedecidingwhatadditionalworkshould

be—20—atinsomnia.

1.[A]unproven[B]unknownEclimproper[D]imperative

2.[A]fallEB]lieEc]seemED]become

3.[A]prescribeEB]PθP[c]abuseLD]experiment

4.[A]And[B]ThoughLdThus[D]But

5.[A]peculiar[B]anonymousEcJmysteriousCD]unexpected

6.[A]signals[B]symptoms[c]signs[D]symbols

7.[A]inadditionto[B]exceptforEclowingto[D]forall

8.[A]pulledLB]collected[c]brought[D]drawn

9.[A]onEB]for[c]UP[D]in

10.[A]notingLB]notifying[c]nosing[D]nominating

??.[A]undertaking[B]underliningEcJunderlying[D]undermining

12.[A]cause[B]accompanyEclfollow[D]attend

13.[A]short[B]caseEc]essenceED]turn

14.[A]inside[B]outsideEclaside[D]besides

15.[A]common[B]popularEclfrequentED]regular

16.[A]conscription[B]descriptionEclsubscription[D]prescription

17.[A]aimed[B]targetedEc]designatedED]designed

18.LA]examining[B]inspecting[c]verifyingED]assessing

19.[A]conducting[B]awaitingLdreceiving[D]considering

20.[A]assigned[B]chargedEcldirected[D]attended

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,Cor

D.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)

Passage1

TimothyBerners-LeemightbegivingBillGatesarunforthemoney,buthepasseduphis

shotatfabulouswealth-intentionally—in1990.That,swhenhedecidednottopatentthe

technologyusedtocreatethemostimportantsoftwareinnovationinthefinaldecadeofthe20th

century:theWorldWideWeb.Berners-Leewantedtomaketheworldaricherplace,notamass

personalwealth.Sohegavehisbrainchildtousall.

Berners-Leeregardstoday,sWebasarebelliousadolescentthatcanneverfulfillhisoriginal

expectations.By,hehopestobeginreplacingitwiththeSemanticWeb—asmartnetworkthat

willfinallyunderstandhumanlanguagesandmakecomputersvirtuallyaseasytoworkwithas

otherhumans.

AsenvisionedbyBemers-Lee,thenewWebwouldunderstandnotonlythemeaningof

wordsandconceptsbutalsothelogicalrelationshipsamongthem.Thathasawesomepotential.

Mostknowledgeisbuiltontwopillars:semanticsandmathematics.Innumber-crunching,

computersalreadyoutclasspeople.Machinesthatareequallyadroitatdealingwithlanguageand

reasonwon,tjusthelppeopleuncovernewinsights;theycouldblazenewtrailsontheirown.

EvenwithafairlycrudeversionofthisfutureWeb,miningonlinerepositoriesfornuggetsof

knowledgewouldnolongerforcepeopletowadethroughscreenafterscreenofextraneousdata.

Instead,computerswoulddispatchintelligentagents,orsoftwaremessengers,toexploreWebsites

bythethousandsandlogicallysiftoutjustwhat,srelevant.Thatalonewouldprovideamajor

boostinproductivityatworkandathome.Butthere,sfarmore.

Softwareagentscouldalsotakeonmanyroutinebusinesschores,suchashelping

manufacturersfindandnegotiatewithlowest-costpartssuppliersandhandlinghelp-desk

questions.TheSemanticWebwouldalsobeabottomlesstroveofeurekainsights.Mostinventions

andscientificbreakthroughs,includingtoday,sWeb,springfromnovelcombinationsofexisting

knowledge.TheSemanticWebwouldmakeitpossibletoevaluatemorecombinationsovernight

thanapersoncouldjuggleinalifetime.SurescientistsandotherpeoplecanpostideasontheWeb

todayforotherstoread.Butwithmachinesdoingthereadingandtranslatingtechnicalterms,

relatedideasfrommillionsofWebpagescouldbedistilledandsummarized.Thatwillliftthe

abilitytoassessandintegrateinformationtonewheights.TheSemanticWeb,Berners-Lee

predicts,willhelpmorepeoplebecomemoreintuitiveaswellasmoreanalytical.Itwillfoster

globalcollaborationsamongpeoplewithdiverseculturalperspectives,sowehaveabetterchance

offindingtherightsolutionstothereallybigissues——liketheenvironmentandclimatewarming.

LHadheliked,Bemers-Leecouldhave.

[A]createdthemostimportantinnovationinthe1990s

[B]accumulatedasmuchpersonalwealthasBillGates

[C]patentedthetechnologyofMicrosoftsoftware

[D]givenhisbrainchildtousall

2.TheSemanticWebwillbesuperiortotoday,swebinthatit.

[A]surpassespeopleinprocessingnumbers

[B]fulfillsuser,soriginalexpectations

EC]dealswithlanguageandreasonaswellasnumber

[D]respondslikearebelliousadult

3.Tosearchforanyinformationneededontomorrow,sWeb,oneonlyhasto.

[A]wadethroughscreenafterscreenofextraneousdata

[B]asktheWebtodispatchsomemessengertohisdoor

[C]usesmartsoftwareprogramscalled“agents”

[D]exploreWebsitesbythethousandsandpickoutwhat,srelevant

4.ThankstotheWebofthefuture,.

[A]millionsofWebpagescanbetranslatedovernight

[B]onecanfindmostinventionsandbreakthroughsonline

[C]softwaremanufacturerscanlowerthecostofcomputerparts

CD]scientistsusingdifferentspecialtytermscancollaboratemuchbetter

5.Themostappropriatetitleforthistextis.

[A]DifferencesbetweenTwoWebs

[B]TheHumanizationofComputerSoftware

[C]ANewSolutiontoWorldProblems

ED]TheCreatorandHisNextCreation

Passage2

Likethediscoeraitdominated,stagflationhasadistinctivebeat:slowgrowth,rising

inflation,highoilpricesandweaklabourmarkets.Inthe1970sthisnastycombinationhauntedthe

globaleconomy.Coulditbemakingacomeback?

Today,sworldeconomydoesseemtobeplayingsomesimilartunes.Inthestatement

accompanyingitslatestinterest-ratehikeonMay3rd,America,sFederalReservefrettedabout

bothpricepressureandaslowdowninspending.OnMay4th,theEuropeanCentralBank(ECB)

keptinterestratesunchanged,butworriedaloudaboutoilpricesandslowinggrowth.

Theevidenceismountingthatglobalgrowthhasslowed.InAmerica,outputgrewbyan

annualised3.1%inthefirstthreemonthsof,theslowestpacefortwoyears.Morerecentfigures,

fromweakretailsalestosoggyconsumerconfidence,suggestthissoftpatchmaybegettingsofter

bytheday.InBritain,thelatestnumbers——inretailsalesandmanufacturing——pointtoweaker

growth.Andintheeurozone,sluggisheconomiesarelookingevermorelethargic.

Yelevenasgrowthisslowing,pricepressuresarelooming.InAmerica,consumerprices

rose3.1%intheyeartoMarch,upfrom1.7%ayearago.InBritain,inflationjumped

unexpectedlyinMarch.Andintheeurozone,consumerpricesarestillrisingfasterthanthe2%

goalthattheEuropeanCentralBanktargets.Withoutputslowingandinflationstubborn,itis

smallwonderthattheconcernsaboutstagflationarebackinfashion.

Infact,today,sversionofstagflationbearsscantresemblancetothe1970s.In1979,for

instance,America,scoreinflation,whichexcludesoilandfood,wasrisingatover7%ayear,

whiletheeconomygrewbarelymorethan1%.Recentcoreinflation,at2.2%,isonlyjustabove

thecentralbank,scomfortzone,whileGDPgrowthisprettyclosetotheeconomy,ssustainable

rate.Thereisabitofuflation,,,inotherwords,butnotmuchsignof"stag”.Theeurozone,by

contrast,hasplentyofstagnation,but—despitetheECB,snervousness—thereislittlesignthatits

inflationisgettingoutofcontrol.

Justbecausethingsarenotasbadasthe1970sdoesnot,byitself,givemuchcausefor

comfort,however.Howfarhistoryrepeatsitselfhingesontwootherfactors.Thefirstiscentral

bankers5determinationtoretaintheircredibilityasinflationfighters.The1970sstagflation

resulted,inlargepart,fromextendedperiodsofloosemonetarypolicypursuedtoaccommodate

thedemand-cripplingeffectofoilshocksbyprintingmoney.Thecredibility-obsessedfolkatthe

ECBclearlyhavenointentionOfrepeatingthatmistake.

ButtheFed,s(federalreserve)governorshaveplayedariskiergame.Theyhave,thusfar,run

anextremelyloosemonetarypolicy-evenafterthisweek,srise,realinterestratesarebarely

positive.Butthankstothecentralbank,sreserveofinflation-fightingcredibility,long-term

inflationexpectationshavebarelyshifted.Atissueishowlongthatremainsthecase.Atthevery

least,themeasuredmarchtohigherratesmustcontinueunabated.

Theotherwildcardcombineslabourcostsandproductivitygrowth.Inthe1970s,

productivitygrowthfellsharplyandunexpectedly.Addedtothis,strongtradeunions,little

internationalcompetitionandthoseaccommodatingcentralbankerscreatedapernicious

wage-pricespiral.Thereislittleofthisdynamictoday.Althoughproductivitygrowthhasslowed

fromitsrecentpeaks,ithasnotslumped.Globalcompetitionhasleftlittleroomforexcessive

wagedemands.Thissuggeststhatareturntoclassicstagflationisunlikely.

!.ThefirstsentenceinParagraph2meanstoday,sworldeconomyseemstobe.

[A]followingafamiliarbusinesscyclepattern

[B]characterizedbycontinuouschange

[C]affectedbyuncontrollableinflation

[D]acombinationofoutputslowingandinflation

2.SloweconomicgrowthnowadaysisevidentinallofthefollowingEXCEPT.

[A]soggyconsumerconfidence

[B]weakretailssales

[C]lowinterestrate

[D]slowoutputgrowth

3.Thestagnationinthe1970s,asmentionedinthepassage,resultedfrom.

[A]thedecreasingflowofcu∏?ency

[B]slowmarchtohigherrates

[C]economy,ssustainablerate

CD]viciouswage-pricespiral

4.Nowareturntoclassicstagflationisunlikelybecause.

[A]pricepressureiseasinginspiteofsloweconomicgrowth

[B]inflationratehasnotgoneoutofcontrol

[C]thecentralbankhasstrictmonetarypolicy

CD]productivitygrowthhasbeensteadilyrising

5.Theauthor,sattitudetowardsthecurrenteconomicsituationseemstobe.

[A]objective[B]optimistic[C]pessimistic[D]confused

Passage3

Withtheextensionofdemocraticrightsinthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcenturyandthe

ensuingdeclineoftheFederalistestablishment,anewconceptionofeducationbegantoemerge.

Educationwasnolongeraconfirmationofapre-existingstatus,butaninstrumentinthe

acquisitionofhigherstatus.Foranewgenerationofupwardlymobilestudents,thegoalof

educationwasnottopreparethemtolivecomfortablyintheworldintowhichtheyhadbeenborn,

buttoteachthemnewvirtuesandskillsthatwouldpropelthemintoadifferentandbetterworld.

Educationbecametraining;andthestudentwasnolongerthegentleman-in-waiting,butthe

journeymanapprenticeforupwardmobility.

Inthenineteenthcenturyacollegeeducationbegantobeseenasawaytogetaheadinthe

world.Thefoundingoftheland-grantcollegesopenedthedoorsofhighereducationtopoorbut

aspiringboysfromnon-Anglo-Saxon,working-classandlower-middle-classbackgrounds.The

mythofthepoorboywhoworkedhiswaythroughcollegetosuccessdrewmillionsofpoorboys

tothenewcampuses.Andwiththisshift,educationbecamemorevocational:itsobjectwasthe

acquisitionofpracticalskillsandusefulinformation.

Forthegentleman-in-waiting,virtueconsistedaboveallingraceandstyle,indoingwell

whatwasappropriatetohisposition;educationwasmerelyawayofacquiringpolish.Andvice

wasmanifestedingracelessness,awkwardness,inbehavinginappropriately,discourteously,or

ostentatiously.Fortheapprentice,however,virtuewasevidencedinsuccessthroughhardwork.

Therequisitequalitiesofcharacterwerenotgraceorstyle,butdrive,determination,andasharp

eyeforopportunity.Whilecasualliberalityandevenprodigalitycharacterizedthegentleman,

frugality,thrift,andself-controlcametodistinguishthenewapprentice.Andwhilethegentleman

didnotaspiretoahigherstationbecausehisstationwasalreadyhigh,theapprenticewas

continuallybecoming,striving,strugglingupward.Failurefortheapprenticemeantstandingstill,

notrising.

LWhichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothefirstparagraph?

[A]Democraticideasstartedwitheducation.

[B]Federalistswereopposedtoeducation.

[C]Neweducationhelpedconfirmpeople,ssocialstatus.

[D]Oldeducationhadbeenintunewithhierarchicalsociety.

2.Thedifferencebetween“gentleman-in-waiting"and“journeyman“isthat.

[A]educationtrainedgentleman-in-waitingtoclimbhigherladders

[B]journeymanwasreadytotakewhateverwasgiventohim

EC]gentleman-in-waitingbelongedtoafixedandhighsocialclass

[D]journeymancoulddopracticallynothingwithouteducation

3.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,land-grantCollege.

[A]belongedtotheland-owningclass

[B]enlargedthescopeofeducation

[C]wasprovidedonlytothepoor

[D]benefitedallbuttheupperclass

4.Whichofthefollowingwasthemostimportantforagentleman-in-waiting,,?

[A]Manners.[B]Education.[C]Moral.[D]Personality.

5.Thebesttitleforthepassageis.

[A]EducationandProgress

[B]OldandNewSocialNorms

LC]NewEducation:OpportunitiesforMore

CD]DemeritsofHierarchicalSociety

Passage4

Yourfirstintroductiontotheso-calleduprecautionaryprinciple,,mayhavecomefromyour

mother.Shemayhavetoldyouitwasubettertobesafethansorry,,assheadvisedyoutobuckle

yourseatbeltoradmonished“whenindoubt,throwitout”,asyouspeculatedontheoddsof

gettingfoodpoisoningfromtheleftoverturkeyyouforgottorefrigeratethenightbefore.Such

precautionaryadvicemakessense.Butthemodern-dayprecautionaryprinciple-whichis

generallytakentomeanthatenvironmentalandhealthpoliciesthatdealwithknownhazardsare

insufficient;weneednewpoliciesbasedonwhat“might“causeharm,evenifthere,sno

scientificevidenceahazardexists-isnotnearlysobenign.

Itisthisprecautionaryprinciplethatdominatesthecurrentlyragingdebateabouttrace

levelsofso-calledhormone-disruptingchemicalswintheenvironment.Atanumberofrecent

internationalconferencesandinawidelypublicizedbook,OurStolenFuture,ithasbeen

suggestedthatthereleaseintotheenvironmentofsyntheticchemicals-especiallychlorineand

relatedcompounds—hasbeenresponsiblenotonlyforanincreaseinchronicdiseaseslikecancer,

butevenmoreominously,foranincreaseinreproductiveanddevelopmentalproblems.The

suggestedresponse?Stopthetechnologyandbanallthechemicalsjustincase—anddoso

immediately.Thescientificevidenceforthecharges?Spotty,ambiguousandfilledwithgaps——

andtheadvocatesofprecautionaryprincipleacknowledgeit.

Butundertheprecautionaryprinciple,scientificallyquestionableobservationsofwildlife

andincompletehumandataaresufficienttosoundthealarm.Inshort,sincenodataexisttoprove

thereisn,taproblem,weshouldassumethereis.Soasistypicalinsituationswherethescientific

evidenceisextremelytentativebutthepotentialforarousingfearisgreat,theprecautionary

principleisinvoked.OurStolenFutureusestheword“might"30times,—asin,uthose

exposedprenatallytoendocrine-disruptingchemicalsmayhaveabnormalhormonelevelsas

adults,andtheycouldpassonpersistentchemicalstheythemselveshaveinherited-bothfactors

whichcouldinfluencethedevelopmentoftheirownchildren."Still,justthehintofpossible

harmsisseductiveandtheprecautionaryprincipleplayswelltothecrowd,placingenvironmental

advocatesonthesideofthepublic,andportrayingopponentsasindifferent,evenhostiletopublic

health.

Therearehowever,atleasttworeasonswhytheprecautionaryprincipleitselfisahazard,

bothtoourhealthandourhighstandardofliving,andwhyitshouldnotbeappliedtoregulatory

policy.First,ifweacton"mays"andt?coulds,?wewillhavelesstime,lessmoney,andfewer

resourceslefttodealwiththerealpublichealthchallengesthatconfrontus.Weshouldnotletthe

distractionofpurelyhypotheticalthreatscauseustolosesightofknownorhighlyprobablyones.

Second,theprecautionaryprincipleassumesthatnodetrimenttohealthwillresultfroma

proposednewregulation.Forexample,whataretheknownhealthrisksfromthecurrent,

regulateduseofchlorine?None.Howgreatarethebenefits?Enormous.Whatnewhealthrisks

wouldWeencounterifweweretobanchlorinatedcompoundsbecausetheymightmakealligators

lessvirile?Plenty.Chlorineistheessentialcornerstoneofmodernindustrialchemistry.Weneed

chlorinetomakethepesticidesthatenableustohaveafoodsupplyrichincancer-fightingfruits

andvegetables.Weneedittoproducelifesavingpharmaceuticals.Andweneedittodisinfectour

nation,swatersupply.Sowhat,stobedoneinthoseinstanceswhentherisksarehypotheticaland

thecostsofeliminatingatechnologyaresubstantial?Gobacktowhatmothersaid:ttWhenin

doubt,throwtheprecautionaryprincipleout.”

1.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshertopicby.

[A]justifyingaprinciple[B]makinganassumption

[C]posingacontrast[D]havingquotations

2.Whichofthefollowingmaydisagreewithadvocatesofprecautionaryprinciple?

[A]Chemicalsintheenvironmentcauseseriousdamagetohumanhealth.

[B]Thefinalsolutionistoimmediatelybanthetechnologyandchemicals.

[C]Thescientificevidenceforenvironmentalharmisdisputable.

ED]Moretimeandmoneyshouldbespentindealingwithknowndiseases.

3.Inthepublic,seyes,.

[A]environmentaladvocatesareindifferenttopublichealth

[B]healthpoliciesareinsufficienttodealwithunknownhazards

[C]manydiseaseshavenoenvironmentalcomponent

CD]newpoliciesbasedonwhatmightcauseharmmaycauseharmthemselves

4.Theprecautionaryprincipleitselfisahazard,because.

[A]tostopasupposedlyriskytechnologydoesmoreharmthangood

[B]thereisnoscientificevidencethatahazardtrulyexists

[C]hypotheticalthreatsdistractourattentionfromthetruth

ED]tentativetheoriesarelikelytomisinformthepublic

5.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheauthor,sattitudetowardsthepresent-day

environmentalissue?

[A]Bettertobesafethansorry.

[B]Whenindoubt,throwitout.

[C]Nodoubtabouttheneedforaction.

ED]NOtrouble,nofuss.

PartB

Directions:

YouaregoingtoreadalistOfheadingsandatextaboutpreparingintheacademic

community.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph

(41-45).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheading

whichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Archaeologicalstudycoversanextremelylongspanoftimeandagreatvarietyofsubjects.

Theearliestsubjectsofarchaeologicalstudydatefromtheoriginsofhumanity.Theseinclude

fossilremainsbelievedtobeofhumanancestorswholived3.5millionto4.5millionyearsago.

TheearliestarchaeologicalsitesincludethoseatHadar,Ethiopia;Laetoli,Tanzania;EastTurkana,

Kenya;andelsewhereinEastAfrica.Thesesitescontainevidenceofthefirstappearanceof

bipedal(upright-walking,apelikeearlyhumans).41.

Thefirstphysicallymodernhumans,Homosapiens,appearedintropicalAfricabetween

200,000and150,000yearsago-datesdeterminedbymolecularbiologistsandarchaeologists

workingtogether.DozensofarchaeologicalsitesthroughoutAsiaandEuropeshowhowpeople

migratedfromAfricaandsettledinthesetwocontinentsduringthelastIceAge(100,000to

15,000yearsago).42.

Archaeologistshavedocumentedthatthedevelopmentofagriculturetookplaceabout

10,000yearsago.Earlydomestication-theplantingandharvestingofplantsandthebreedingand

herdingofanimals—isevidentinsuchplacesastheancientsettlementofJerichoinJordanandin

TehuacanValleyinMexico.Archaeologyplaysamajorroleinthestudyofearlycivilizations,

suchasthoseoftheSumeriansofMesopotamia,whobuiltthecityofUr,andtheancient

Egyptians,whoarefamousforthepyramidsnearthecityofGizaandtheroyalsepulchres(tombs)

oftheValleyoftheKingsatThebes.43.

Archaeologicalresearchspanstheentiredevelopmentofphenomenathatareuniqueto

humans.Forinstance,archaeologytellsthestoryofwhenpeoplelearnedtoburytheirdeadand

developedbeliefsinanafterlife.Sitescontainingsignsofthefirstsimplebutpu?posefulburialsin

gravesdatetoasearlyas40,000yearsagoinEuropeandSouthwestAsia.Bythetimepeople

livedincivilizations,burialsandfuneralceremonieshadbecomeextremelyimportantand

elaboraterituals.44.

Archaeologyalsoexaminesmorerecenthistoricalperiods.Somearchaeologistsworkwith

historianstostudyAmericancoloniallife,forexample.Theyhavelearnedsuchdiverse

informationashowtheearliestcolonialsettlersinJamestown,Virginia,tradedglassbeadsfor

foodwithnativeAlgonquianpeoples;howthelivesofslavesonplantationsreflectedtheirrootsin

Africa;andhowthefirstmajorcitiesintheUnitedStatesdeveloped.45.

[A]Forexample,theMochelordsofSipdnincoastalPeruwereburiedinaboutAD400

infinecottondressandwithexquisiteornamentsofbead,gold,andsilver.Fewburialsrivaltheir

lavishsepulchres.Beingabletotracethedevelopmentofsuchritualsoverthousandsofyearshas

addedtoourunderstandingofthedevelopmentofhumanintellectandspirit.

[B]By40,000yearsagopeoplecouldbefoundhuntingandgatheringfoodacrossmostof

theregionsofAfrica.Populationsindifferentregionsemployedvarioustechnological

developmentsinadaptingtotheirdifferentenvironmentsandclimates.

[C]Archaeologicalstudieshavealsoprovidedmuchinformationaboutthepeoplewho

firstarrivedintheAmericasover12,000yearsago.

[D]Thefirstfossilrecordsofvascularplants—thatis,landplantswithtissuethatcarries

food—appearedintheSilurianperiod.Theyweresimpleplantsthathadnotdevelopedseparate

stemsandleaves.

[E]Laetolievenrevealsfootprintsofhumansfrom3.6millionyearsago.Somesitesalso

containevidenceoftheearliestuseofsimpletools.Archaeologistshavealsorecordedhow

primitiveformsofhumansspreadoutofAfricaintoAsiaabout1.8millionyearsago,theninto

Europeabout900,000yearsago.

[F]Oneresearchprojectinvolvesthestudyofgarbageinpresent-daycitiesacrossthe

UnitedStates.Thisgarbageisthemodernequivalentoftheremainsfoundinthearchaeological

record.Inthefuture,archaeologistswillcontinuetomoveintonewrealmsofstudy.

EG]Othersitesthatrepresentgreathumanachievementareasvariedasthecliffdwellings

oftheancientAnasazi(agroupofearlyNativeAmericansofNorthAmerica)atMesaVerde,

Colorado;theIncacityofMachuPicchuhighintheAndesMountainsofPeru;andthemysterious,

massivestoneportraitheadsofremoteEasterIslandinthePacific.

PartC

Directions:

ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChine