沖刺全真模考閱讀卷答案

about20minutesonReading11Advantagesabout20minutesonReading11AdvantagesofpublicAnewstudyconductedfortheWorldBankbyMurdochUniversity'sforScienceandTechnologyPolicy(ISTP)hasdemonstratedthatofwealthpouredintotransportbythirty-sevencitiesaroundtheThisincludedboththepublicandprivatecostsofbuilding,andusingatransportofacitywithminimalpublictransport.Asaresult,17%ofitswentintotransportcosts.SomeEuropeanandAsiancities,onthehand,spentaslittleas5%.ProfessorPeterNewman,ISTPpointedoutthatthesemoreefficientcitieswereabletoputpointedoutthatthesemoreefficientcitieswereabletoputdifferenceintoattractingindustryandjobsorcreatingabettertoAccordingtoProfessorNewman,thelargerAustraliancityofaratherunusualcityinthissortofcomparison.Hedescribesitascities:'AEuropeancitysurroundedbyacar-dependentone'.largetramnetworkhasmadecaruseintheinnercitymuchlower,butoutersuburbshavethesamecar-basedstructureasmostothercities.TheexplosionindemandforaccommodationintheinnerofMelbournesuggestsarecentchangeinmanypeople'spreferencesaswheretheyNewmansaysthisisanew,broaderwayofconsideringpublicissues.Inthepast,thecaseforpublictransporthasbeenmadeonbasisofenvironmentalandsocialjusticeconsiderationsrathereconomics.Newman,however,believesthestudydemonstratesthatauto-dependentcitymodelisinefficientandgrosslyinadequateeconomicaswellasenvironmentalBicycleusewasnotincludedinthestudybutNewmannotedthatthemost'bicyclefriendly'citiesconsidered-AmsterdamandCopenhagenwereveryefficient,eventhoughtheirpublictransportsystems'reasonablebutnotItiscommonforsupportersofroadnetworkstorejectthemodelsItiscommonforsupportersofroadnetworkstorejectthemodelsofwithgoodpublictransportbyarguingthatsuchsystemswouldnotintheirparticularcity.Oneobjectionisclimate.Somepeoplesayhotortoocold.Newmanrejectsthis,pointingoutthatpublichasbeensuccessfulinbothTorontoandSingaporeand,infact,hetheuseofcarsagainstclimateandfound'zeroWhencomestootherphysicalfeatures,roadlobbiesareonForexample,NewmanacceptsitwouldbehardforacityasasAucklandtodevelopareallygoodrailnetwork.However,hepointsthatbothHongKongandZürichhavemanagedtomakeasuccessoftheirsystems,heavyandlightrespectively,thoughtherearefewcitiesinworldasAInfact,Newmanbelievesthemainreasonforadoptingonesortmorepublictransportisfavored.'HeconsidersPortland,Oregon,anewroad.However,localpressuregroupsforcedareferendumwhethertospendthemoneyonlightrailinstead.Therailproposalandtherailwayworkedspectacularlywell.Intheyearsthathavemoreandmorerailsystemshavebeenputin,dramaticallychangingnatureofthecity.NewmannotesthatPortlandhasaboutthenatureofthecity.NewmannotesthatPortlandhasaboutthepopulationasPerthandhadasimilarpopulationdensityattheBIntheUK,traveltimestoworkhadbeenstableforatleastsixwithpeopleavoidingsituationsthatrequiredthemtospendmorethananhourtravellingtowork.TrainsandcarsinitiallyallowedpeopleHowever,publicinfrastructuredidnotkeeppacewithurbancausingmassivecongestionproblemswhichnowmakecommutingtimesCThereisawidespreadbeliefthatincreasingwealthencouragestolivefartheroutwherecarsaretheonlyviabletransport.TheofEuropeancitiesrefutesthat.TheyareoftenwealthierthanAmericancounterpartsbuthavenotgeneratedthesamelevelofcarbecomelargerandwealthier.AnewstudymakesthispointevenmoreDevelopingcitiesinAsia,suchasJakartaandBangkok,makemoreusethecarthanwealthyAsiancitiessuchasTokyoandSingapore.Inthatdevelopedlater,theWorldBankandAsianDevelopmenttorelyoncars-creatingthemassivetrafficjamsthatcharacterizeDNewmanbelievesoneofthestudiesonhowcitiesbuiltDNewmanbelievesoneofthestudiesonhowcitiesbuiltmightbeconvertedtorailuseTheUrbanVillagereport,Melbourneasanexample.ItthatpushingeveryoneintocentrewasnotthebestInstead,theproposaladvocatedcreationofurbanvillagesathundredsofsites,mostlyaroundEItwasonceassumedthatimprovementsintelecommunicationswouldtomoredispersalinthepopulationaspeoplewerenolongerforcedcities.However,theISTPteam'sresearchdemonstratesthatafterdecadesofdecline.Theexplanationforthisseemstobethatisvaluabletoplacepeopleworkinginrelatedfieldstogether.'Theworldwilllargelydependonhumancreativity,andcreativitywherepeoplecometogetherface-to-Questions1-ReadingPassage1hasfivemarkedparagraphs,A-Choosethecorrectheadingforeachparagraphfromthelistofi-1-12345Listofi-1-12345ListofAvoidinganovercrowdedAsuccessfulexerciseinpeopleThebenefitsofworkingtogetherincitiesivHigherincomesneednotmeanmorecarsvEconomicargumentsfailtopersuadeviTheimpactoftelecommunicationsonpopulationdistributionviiIncreasesintravellingtimeviiiRespondingtoargumentsagainstpublic填寫答案：正確答案：ii,viiivi,AdvantagespublicAnewstudyconductedtheWorldBank填寫答案：正確答案：ii,viiivi,AdvantagespublicAnewstudyconductedtheWorldBankMurdochdemonstratedthattransportisefficientthanThestudycomparedtheproportionofwealthpouredintobythirty-sevencitiesaroundtheworld.Thisincludedbothpublicandprivatecostsofbuilding,maintainingandusingtransportThestudyfoundthattheWesternAustraliancityofPerthisaexampleofaThestudyfoundthattheWesternAustraliancityofPerthisaexampleofacitywithminimalpublictransport.Asaresult,ofitswealthwentintotransportcosts.SomeEuropeanandcities,ontheotherhand,spentaslittleas5%.ProfessorNewman,ISTPDirector,pointedoutthatthesemorecitieswereabletoputthedifferenceintoattractingandjobsorcreatingabetterplacetoAccordingProfessorNewman,thelargerAustraliancityMelbourneisratherunusualcityinthissortofcomparison.describesastwocities:'AEuropeancitysurroundedbycar-dependentone'.Melbourne'slargetramnetworkhasuseintheinnercitymuchlower,buttheoutersuburbssamecar-basedstructureasmostotherAustralianexplosionindemandforaccommodationintheinnersuburbsMelbournesuggestsarecentchangeinmanypeople'sastowheretheyNewmansaysthisisanew,broaderwayofconsideringtransportissues.Inthepast,thecaseforpublictransportbeenmadeonthebasisofenvironmentalandsocialconsiderationsratherthaneconomics.Newman,however,thestudydemonstratesthat'theauto-dependentcitymodelinefficientandgrosslyinadequateineconomicaswellenvironmentalBicycleuseinefficientandgrosslyinadequateineconomicaswellenvironmentalBicycleusewasnotincludedinthestudybutNewmannotedthetwomost'bicyclefriendly'citiesconsidered-AmsterdamCopenhagen-wereveryefficient,eventhoughtheirtransportsystemswere'reasonablebutnotItiscommonforsupportersofroadnetworkstorejecttheofcitieswithgoodpublictransportbyarguingthatsuchwouldnotworkintheirparticularcity.OneobjectionisSomepeoplesaytheircitycouldnotmakemoreuseoftransportbecauseitiseithertoohotortoocold.Newmanthis,pointingoutthatpublichasbeensuccessfulbothTorontoandSingaporeand,inhehascheckedtheofcarsagainstclimateandfoundWhenitcomestootherphysicalfeatures,roadlobbiesarestrongerground.Forexample,NewmanacceptsitwouldbehardacityashillyasAucklandtodevelopareallygoodrailHowever,hepointsoutthatbothHongKongandZürichhavetomakeasuccessoftheirrailsystems,heavyandrespectively,thoughtherearefewcitiesintheworldasAInfact,NewmanbelievesthemainreasonforadoptingAInfact,Newmanbelievesthemainreasonforadoptingoneoftransportoveranotherispolitics:'Themoredemocraticprocess,themorepublictransportisfavored.'HePortland,Oregon,aperfectexampleofthis.Someyearsfederalmoneywasgrantedtobuildanewroad.However,pressuregroupsforcedareferendumoverwhethertospendmoneyonlightrailinstead.Therailproposalwonandtheworkedspectacularlywell.Intheyearsthathavefollowed,andmorerailsystemshavebeenputin,dramaticallychangingnatureofthecity.NewmannotesthatPortlandhasaboutthepopulationasPerthandhadasimilarpopulationdensityatBIntheUK,traveltimestoworkhadbeenstableforatsixcenturies,withpeopleavoidingsituationsthatrequiredtospendmorethanhalfanhourtravellingtowork.Trainscarsinitiallyallowedpeopletoliveatgreaterdistancestakinglongertoreachtheirdestination.However,infrastructuredidnotkeeppacewithurbansprawl,massivecongestionproblemswhichnowmakecommutingtimesCThereisawidespreadbeliefthatincreasingwealthpeopletoliveCThereisawidespreadbeliefthatincreasingwealthpeopletolivefartheroutwherecarsaretheonlyviableTheexampleofEuropeancitiesrefutesthat.TheyarewealthierthantheirAmericancounterpartsbuthavenotthesamelevelofcaruse.InStockholm,carusehasfalleninrecentyearsasthecityhasbecomelargerandAnewstudymakesthispointevenmorestarkly.DevelopinginAsia,suchasJakartaandBangkok,makemoreuseofthethanwealthyAsiancitiessuchasTokyoandSingapore.Inthatdevelopedlater,theWorldBankandAsianDevelopmentdiscouragedthebuildingofpublictransportandhaveforcedtorelyoncars-creatingthemassivejamscharacterizethoseDNewmanbelievesoneofthebeststudiesonhowbuiltcarsmightbeconvertedtorailuseisTheUrbanVillagewhichusedMelbourneasanexample.Itfoundthatpushingintothecitycentrewasnotthebestapproach.Instead,proposaladvocatedthecreationofurbanvillagesathundredssites,mostlyaroundrailwayEItwasonceassumedthatimprovementsinwouldleadtomoredispersalinthepopulationaspeoplewerelongerforcedintocities.However,theISTPteam'sdemonstrateslongerforcedintocities.However,theISTPteam'sdemonstratesthatthepopulationandjobdensityofcitiesorremainedconstantinthe1980safterdecadesofdecline.explanationforthisseemstobethatitisvaluabletopeopleworkinginrelatedfieldstogether.'Thenewworldlargelydependonhumancreativity,andcreativitywherepeoplecometogetherface-to-Questions6-DothefollowingstatementsagreewithinformationgivenPassage6-10onyouranswersheet,TRUEthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationon26TheISTPexaminedpublicandprivatesystemsineveryTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththe26TheISTPexaminedpublicandprivatesystemsineveryTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonABC37EfficientcitiescanimprovethequalityoflifeforTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonABC48Aninner-tramnetworkisdangerousforcarTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictsthe48Aninner-tramnetworkisdangerousforcarTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisinformationonABC59InpeopleprefertolivetheouterTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoinformationonABC610Citieswithhighlevelsofbicycleusagecanbeefficientevenpublic610CitieswithhighlevelsofbicycleusagecanbeefficientevenpublicisonlyaveragelyTRUEifthestatementagreeswiththeFALSEifthestatementcontradictstheNOTGIVENifthereisnoABC7ofpublicAnewstudyconductedfortheWorldBankbyMurdochUniversity'sforScienceandTechnologyPolicy(ISTP)hasdemonstratedthatofwealthpouredintotransportbythirty-sevencitiesaroundtheThisincludedboththepublicandprivatecostsofbuilding,andusingatransportThestudyfoundthattheWesternAustraliancityofPerthisagoodofacitywithminimalpublictransport.Asaresult,17%ofitswentintotransportcosts.SomeEuropeanandAsiancities,onthehand,spentaslittleas5%.ProfessorPeterNewman,ISTPpointedoutthatthesemoreefficientcitieswereabletoputdifferenceintoattractingindustryandjobsorcreatingabettertoAccordingtoProfessorNewman,thelargerAustraliancityaratherunusualcityinthissortofcomparison.Hedescribesitascities:'AEuropeancitysurroundedbyacar-dependentone'.largetramnetworkhasmadecaruseintheinnercitymuchlower,butoutersuburbshavethesamecar-basedstructureasmostothercities.TheexplosionindemandforaccommodationintheinnerofMelbournesuggestsarecentchangeinmanypeople'spreferencesaswheretheyNewmansaysthisisanew,broaderwayofconsideringpublicissues.Inthepast,thecaseforpublictransporthasbeenmadeonbasisofenvironmentalandsocialjusticeconsiderationsrathereconomics.Newman,however,believesbasisofenvironmentalandsocialjusticeconsiderationsrathereconomics.Newman,however,believesthestudydemonstratesthatauto-dependentcitymodelisinefficientandgrosslyinadequateeconomicaswellasenvironmentalBicycleusewasnotincludedinthestudybutNewmannotedthatthemost'bicyclefriendly'citiesconsidered-AmsterdamandCopenhagenwereveryefficient,eventhoughtheirpublictransportsystems'reasonablebutnotItiscommonforsupportersofroadnetworkstorejectthemodelsofwithgoodpublictransportbyarguingthatsuchsystemswouldnotintheirparticularcity.Oneobjectionisclimate.Somepeoplesayhotortoocold.Newmanrejectsthis,pointingoutthatpublichasbeensuccessfulinbothTorontoandSingaporeand,infact,hetheuseofcarsagainstclimateandfound'zeroWhencomestootherphysicalfeatures,roadlobbiesareonForexample,NewmanacceptsitwouldbehardforacityasasAucklandtodevelopareallygoodrailnetwork.However,hepointsthatbothHongKongandZürichhavemanagedtomakeasuccessoftheirsystems,heavyandlightrespectively,thoughtherearefewcitiesinworldasAInfact,NewmanbelievesthemainreasonforadoptingoneAInfact,Newmanbelievesthemainreasonforadoptingonesortmorepublictransportisfavored.'HeconsidersPortland,Oregon,anewroad.However,localpressuregroupsforcedareferendumwhethertospendthemoneyonlightrailinstead.Therailproposalandtherailwayworkedspectacularlywell.Intheyearsthathavemoreandmorerailsystemshavebeenputin,dramaticallychangingnatureofthecity.NewmannotesthatPortlandhasaboutthepopulationasPerthandhadasimilarpopulationdensityattheBIntheUK,traveltimestoworkhadbeenstableforatleastsixwithpeopleavoidingsituationsthatrequiredthemtospendmorethananhourtravellingtowork.TrainsandcarsinitiallyallowedpeopleHowever,publicinfrastructuredidnotkeeppacewithurbancausingmassivecongestionproblemswhichnowmakecommutingtimesCThereisawidespreadbeliefthatincreasingwealthencouragestolivefartheroutwherecarsaretheonlyviabletransport.TheofEuropeancitiesrefutesthat.TheyareoftenwealthierthanAmericancounterpartsbuthavenotgeneratedthesamelevelofcarbecomelargerandwealthier.AnewstudymakesthispointevenmoreDevelopingcitiesinAsia,suchasJakartaandBangkok,makemoreusethecarthanwealthyAsiancitiessuchasTokyoandSingapore.Inthatdevelopedlater,theWorldBankandAsianDevelopmenttorelyoncars-creatingthemassivetrafficjamsthatcharacterizeDNewmanbelievesoneofthebeststudiesonhowcitiesbuiltformightbeconvertedtorailuseisTheUrbanVillagereport,centrewasnotthebestapproach.Instead,theproposaladvocatedcreationofurbanvillagesathundredsofsites,mostlyaroundEItwasonceassumedthatimprovementsintelecommunicationswouldtomoredispersalinthepopulationaspeoplewerenolongerforcedcities.However,theISTPteam'sresearchdemonstratesthatafterdecadesofdecline.Theexplanationforthisseemstobethatisvaluabletoplacepeopleworkinginrelatedfieldstogether.'Theworldwilllargelydependonhumancreativity,andcreativityworldwilllargelydependonhumancreativity,andcreativitywherepeoplecometogetherface-to-Questions11-Lookatthefollowingcities(Questions11-andthelistdescriptionsMatcheachcitywiththecorrectdescription,A-Writethecorrectletter,A-F,inboxes11-13onyouranswerListofAsuccessfullyusesalightrailtransportsysteminhillyenvironmentBsuccessfulpublictransportsystemdespitecoldwinters填寫答案：正確答案：F,D,填寫答案：正確答案：F,D,Youshouldspendabout20onReadingPassage28GREYINGPOPULATIONSTAYSINTHEElderlypeoplearegrowinghealthier,happierandmoreindependent,CprofitablymovedfromroadtolightrailtransportsystemDhillyandinappropriateforrailtransportsystemEheavilydependentoncarsdespitewidespreadFinefficientduetoalimitedpublictransportthismonthrevealthatthediseasesassociatedwitholdagethismonthrevealthatthediseasesassociatedwitholdageareInthelast14years,theNationalLong-termHealthCareSurveygathereddataonthehealthandlifestylesofmorethan20,000menwomenover65.Researchers,nowanalysingtheresultsofdatain1994,sayarthritis,highbloodpressureandcirculationproblemsthemajormedicalcomplaintsinthisagegroup-aretroublingaproportioneveryyear.Andthedataconfirmsthattherateatwhichdiseasesaredecliningcontinuestoaccelerate.Otherdiseasesofold-dementia,stroke,arteriosclerosisandemphysema-arealsofewerandfewer'ItreallyraisesthequestionofwhatshouldbeconsideredCarolina.Hesaystheproblemsdoctorsacceptedasnormalina65-year-in1982areoftennotappearinguntilpeopleare70orClearly,certaindiseasesarebeatingaretreatinthefaceofadvances.Buttheremaybeothercontributingfactors.Improvementschildhoodnutritioninthefirstquarterofthetwentiethcentury,example,gavetoday'selderlypeopleabetterstartinlifethanOnthedownside,thedataalsorevealsfailuresinpublichealthOnthedownside,thedataalsorevealsfailuresinpublichealththatcausedsurgesinsomeillnesses.Anincreaseinsomecancersbronchitismayreflectchangingsmokinghabitsandpoorerairoursubjectshavebeenexposedtoworseandworsepollutionforoveryears.It'snotsurprisingweseesomeOneinterestingcorrelationMantonuncoveredisthatbetter-peoplearelikelytolivelonger.Forexample,65-year-oldwomenfewerthaneightyearsofschoolingareexpected,onaverage,tolive82.ThosewhocontinuedtheireducationliveanextrasevenAlthoughsomeofthiscanbeattributedtoahigherincome,MantonitismainlybecauseeducatedpeopleseekmoremedicalThesurveyalsoassessedhowindependentpeopleover65were,andfoundastrikingtrend.Almost80%ofthoseinthe1994surveycompleteeverydayactivitiesrangingfromeatinganddressingunaidedcomplextaskssuchascookingandmanagingtheirfinances.ThatasignificantdropinthenumberofdisabledoldpeopleintheIfthetrendsapparentintheUnitedStates14yearsagohadresearcherscalculatetherewouldbeanadditionalonemillionelderlypeopleintoday'spopulation.AccordingtoManton,slowingtrendhassavedtheUnitedStatesgovernment'sMedicaresystemmore$200billion,suggestingthatthegreyingofAmerica'spopulationprovelessofafinancialburdenthan$200billion,suggestingthatthegreyingofAmerica'spopulationprovelessofafinancialburdenthanTheincreasingself-relianceofmanyelderlypeopleisprobablytoamassiveincreaseintheuseofsimplehomemedicalaids.Fortheuseofraisedtoiletseatshasmorethandoubledsincethestartthestudy,andtheuseofbathseatshasgrownbymorethan50%.theMacArthurFoundation'sresearchgrouponsuccessfulageing.ThefoundthatthoseelderlypeoplewhowereabletoretainasenseindependenceweremorelikelytostayhealthyinoldsaysCarlCotman,aneuroscientistattheUniversityofCaliforniaIrvine.Hefoundthatratsthatexerciseonatreadmillhaveraisedofbrain-derivedneurotrophicfactorcoursingthroughtheirCotmanbelievesthishormone,whichkeepsneuronsfunctioning,preventthebrainsofactivehumansfromAspartofthesamestudy,TeresaSeeman,asocialepidemiologistatUniversityofSouthernCaliforniainLosAngeles,foundabetweenself-esteemandstressinpeopleover70.Incontroloftheirlivespumpedoutlowerlevelsofstresshormonesascortisol.Chronicallyhighlevelsofthesehormoneshavebeentoheartascortisol.Chronicallyhighlevelsofthesehormoneshavebeentoheartfeltemotionallyisolatedmaintainedhigherlevelsofstressevenwhenasleep.Theresearchsuggeststhatolderpeoplefarebesttheyfeelindependentbutknowtheycangethelpwhentheyneed'Likemuchresearchintoageing,theseresultssupportcommonsense,'Seeman.Theyalsoshowthatwemaybeunderestimatingtheimpactofsimplefactors.'Thesortofthingthatyourgrandmotheralwaystoldturnsouttoberightontarget,'sheQuestions14-Completethesummaryusingthelistofwords,A-QWritethecorrectletter,A-Q,inboxes14-22onyouranswerResearchcarriedoutbyscientistsintheUnitedStateshasshowntheproportionofpeopleover65sufferingfromthemostage-relatedmedicalproblemsis14(1).andthatthespeedofthisItalsoseemsthatthesediseasesareaffectingpeoplelifethantheydidinthepast.Thisislargelyduetobutotherfactorssuchasimprovedmayalsobeplayingpart.Increasesinsomeotherillnessesmaybeduetochangesinpart.Increasesinsomeotherillnessesmaybeduetochangesinandlifeexpectancy.Italsoshowsthattherehasbeenareductioninthenumberofelderlypeoplewhoare21(8).whichmeanstheinvolvedinthisofthe填寫答案：AcostBfallingCDundernourishedEearlierFlaterGdisabledHmoreIincreasingJnutritionKeducationLMmedicineNpollutionOenvironmentalPhealthQindependent正確答案：B,IFM,JNKG本題【9正確答案：B,IFM,JNKG本題【909GREYINGPOPULATIONSTAYSINTHEElderlypeoplearegrowinghealthier,happierandmoreindependent,thismonthrevealthatthediseasesassociatedwitholdageareInthelast14years,theNationalLong-termHealthCareSurveygathereddataonthehealthandlifestylesofmorethan20,000menwomenover65.Researchers,nowanalysingtheresultsofdatain1994,sayarthritis,highbloodpressureandcirculationproblemsthemajormedicalcomplaintsinthisagegroup-aretroublingaproportioneveryyear.Andthedataconfirmsthattherateatwhichdiseasesaredecliningcontinuestoaccelerate.Otherdiseasesofold-dementia,stroke,arteriosclerosisandemphysema-arealsofewerandfewer'ItreallyraisesthequestionofwhatshouldbeconsideredCarolina.HesaystheproblemsdoctorsacceptedasnormalinCarolina.Hesaystheproblemsdoctorsacceptedasnormalina65-year-in1982areoftennotappearinguntilpeopleare70orClearly,certaindiseasesarebeatingaretreatinthefaceofadvances.Buttheremaybeothercontributingfactors.Improvementschildhoodnutritioninthefirstquarterofthetwentiethcentury,example,gavetoday'selderlypeopleabetterstartinlifethanOnthedownside,thedataalsorevealsfailuresinpublichealththatcausedsurgesinsomeillnesses.Anincreaseinsomecancersbronchitismayreflectchangingsmokinghabitsandpoorerairoursubjectshavebeenexposedtoworseandworsepollutionforoveryears.It'snotsurprisingweseesomeOneinterestingcorrelationMantonuncoveredisthatbetter-peoplearelikelytolivelonger.Forexample,65-year-oldwomenfewerthaneightyearsofschoolingareexpected,onaverage,tolive82.ThosewhocontinuedtheireducationliveanextrasevenAlthoughsomeofthiscanbeattributedtoahigherincome,MantonitismainlybecauseeducatedpeopleseekmoremedicalThesurveyalsoassessedhowindependentpeopleover65were,andThesurveyalsoassessedhowindependentpeopleover65were,andfoundastrikingtrend.Almost80%ofthoseinthe1994surveycompleteeverydayactivitiesrangingfromeatinganddressingunaidedcomplextaskssuchascookingandmanagingtheirfinances.ThatasignificantdropinthenumberofdisabledoldpeopleintheIfthetrendsapparentintheUnitedStates14yearsagohadresearcherscalculatetherewouldbeanadditionalonemillionelderlypeopleintoday'spopulation.AccordingtoManton,slowingtrendhassavedtheUnitedStatesgovernment'sMedicaresystemmore$200billion,suggestingthatthegreyingofAmerica'spopulationprovelessofafinancialburdenthanTheincreasingself-relianceofmanyelderlypeopleisprobablytoamassiveincreaseintheuseofsimplehomemedicalaids.Fortheuseofraisedtoiletseatshasmorethandoubledsincethestartthestudy,andtheuseofbathseatshasgrownbymorethan50%.theMacArthurFoundation'sresearchgrouponsuccessfulageing.ThefoundthatthoseelderlypeoplewhowereabletoretainasenseindependenceweremorelikelytostayhealthyinoldsaysCarlCotman,aneuroscientistattheUniversityofCaliforniaIrvine.HefoundthatratsthatexerciseonatreadmillIrvine.Hefoundthatratsthatexerciseonatreadmillhaveraisedofbrain-derivedneurotrophicfactorcoursingthroughtheirCotmanbelievesthishormone,whichkeepsneuronsfunctioning,preventthebrainsofactivehumansfromAspartofthesamestudy,TeresaSeeman,asocialepidemiologistatUniversityofSouthernCaliforniainLosAngeles,foundabetweenself-esteemandstressinpeopleover70.Incontroloftheirlivespumpedoutlowerlevelsofstresshormonesascortisol.Chronicallyhighlevelsofthesehormoneshavebeentoheartfeltemotionallyisolatedmaintainedhigherlevelsofstressevenwhenasleep.Theresearchsuggeststhatolderpeoplefarebesttheyfeelindependentbutknowtheycangethelpwhentheyneed'Likemuchresearchintoageing,theseresultssupportcommonsense,'Seeman.Theyalsoshowthatwemaybeunderestimatingtheimpactofsimplefactors.'Thesortofthingthatyourgrandmotheralwaystoldturnsouttoberightontarget,'sheQuestions23-Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectending,A-H,Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectending,A-H,Writethecorrectletter,A-H,inboxes23-26onyouranswerHomemedicalRegularamountsofFeelingsofcontroloverFeelingsofAmaycauseheartBcanbehelpedbyhormoneCmaycauserisesinlevelsofstressDhavecosttheUnitedStatesgovernmentmorethan$200billion.Emayhelppreventmentaldecline.FmaygetstrongeratGallowoldpeopletobemoreindependent.Hcanreducestressindifficultsituations.填寫答案：正確答案：G,E,Hminuteson3填寫答案：正確答案：G,E,Hminuteson3ofintellectualayoungchildistotalk,closelyfollowedbylearninghowtocount.Fromchildhoodwearesoboundupwithoursystemofnumerationchildhoodwearesoboundupwithoursystemofnumerationthatitisfeatofimaginationtoconsidertheproblemsfacedbyearlyhumansofnumerationleadstotheconvictionthat,ratherthanbeingathatcomesnaturallytoaperson,itisoneofthegreatandachievementsofthehumanItisimpossibletolearnthesequenceofeventsthatledtoourtheconceptofnumber.Eventheearliestoftribeshadasystemnumerationthat,ifnotadvanced,wassufficientforthetasksthathadtoperform.Ourancestorshadlittleuseforactualnumbers;theirconsiderationswouldhavebeenmoreofthekindIsthisratherthanHowmany?whentheywereengagedinfoodgathering,forHowever,whenearlyhumansfirstbegantoreflectonthenatureofaroundthem,theydiscoveredthattheyneededanideaofnumbertokeeptheirthoughtsinorder.Astheybegantosettle,growplantsItwillneverbeknownhowandwhenthisnumerationabilitybutitiscertainthatnumerationwaswelldevelopedbythetimehadformedevensemi-permanentEvidenceofearlystagesofarithmeticandnumerationcanbereadilyTheindigenouspeoplesofTasmaniawereonlyabletocountone,two,thoseofSouthAfricacountedone,two,twoandone,twotwos,twothoseofSouthAfricacountedone,two,twoandone,twotwos,twotwosone,andsoon.Butinrealsituationsthenumberandwordsareusingtheone,two,manytypeofsystem,thewordmanywouldmean,islimitedintherangeofnumbersthatitcanexpress,butthiswillgenerallysufficewhendealingwiththesimpleraspectsofThelackofabilityofsomeculturestodealwithlargenumbersisreallysurprising.Europeanlanguages,whentracedbacktotheirversion,areverypoorinnumberwordsandexpressions.Theancientwordforten,tachund,isusedtoexpressthenumber100astachundBytheseventhcentury,thewordteonhadbecomeinterchangeablewithtachundorhundoftheAnglo-Saxonlanguage,andso100wasdenotedhundteontig,ortentimesten.TheaveragepersonintheseventhinEuropewasnotasfamiliarwithnumbersaswearetoday.Infact,qualifyasawitnessinacourtoflawamanhadtobeabletocountnine!Perhapsthemostfundamentalstepindevelopingasenseofisnottheabilitytocount,butrathertoseethatanumberisanabstractideainsteadofasimpleattachmenttoagroupofobjects.Itmusthavebeenwithinthegraspoftheearliesthumansconceivethatfourbirdsaredistinctfromtwobirds;however,itisanelementarysteptoassociatethenumber4,asconnectedwithanelementarysteptoassociatethenumber4,asconnectedwithfourtothenumber4,asconnectedwithfourrocks.Associatinganumberoneofthequalitiesofaspecificobjectisagreathindrancetodevelopmentofatruenumbersense.Whenthenumber4canbeinthemindasaspecif