專題02 閱讀理解(說(shuō)明文)（解析版）

專題02閱讀理解說(shuō)明文1.【2024屆廣西柳州高中、南寧三中高三聯(lián)考試題】InJapan,thenewyearbeganwithdisasterasa7.5magnitudeearthquakestrucktheNotoPeninsula(能登半島)onthecountry’swesternedgeonMonday.Morethan2,000activefaultlines(斷層線)liebeneathJapan,makingitoneofthemostearthquake-pronecountriesintheworld.Manyscientistshavelongconsideredearthquakeforecastingtobeimpossible.Butgivenrecentimprovementsinartificialintelligence,someresearchershavebeenstudyingwhetherthatcouldchange.Lastfall,researchersattheUniversityofTexasatAustinincreasedsuchhopesforearthquakepredictionwithaseven-monthtrialinChina.Inall,thealgorithm(演算法)successfullyforecast14earthquakes,eachwithinabout200milesofitsactualepicenter(震中).Meanwhile,itmissedonequakeandpredictedeightthatneverhappened.ThetrialwaspartofaninternationalA．I.-designcompetition,oneofafewsucheventsheldinrecentyearstoadvanceearthquakepredictiontechnologies.SergeyFomel,ageoscientistatUTAustinandamemberoftheresearchteam,saysinastatement.“We’renotyetclosetomakingpredictionsforanywhereintheworld,butwhatweachievedtellsusthatwhatwethoughtwasanimpossibleproblemissolvableinprinciple.”Additionally,machinelearningcouldhelpdetecthiddenpatternsindataorcollectmoredatatobetterinformearthquakeforecasting,HutchisonwritesforMITTechnologyReview.Forexample,someresearchersareshowinghowA．I.mightuserecordingsfromaspecificseismicsitetoanticipateanearthquake’smagnitude.Oneteamhasbuiltandtrainedneuralnetworkstopredictwhereaftershocksmayoccurafteraninitialstrike.Andothersareusingmachinelearningtoidentifyandextractseismicwaves—thevibrationsthatspreadthroughtheearthduringtectonicactivity(構(gòu)造活動(dòng))—fromothernoisesintheground.8．What’sthefunctionofthefirstparagraph?A．Toexplainaconcept. B．Tointroduceanewtopic.C．Tosupplyasummary. D．Toprovideanexample.9．Whatmadesomeresearchersoptimisticabouttheearthquakeforecasting?A．Therecentprogressintheories. B．Theuseoftraditionalmethods.C．Theincreasingnumberofearthquakes. D．Theadvancementsinartificialintelligence.10．Whatdoweknowfromthethirdparagraph?A．ThetrialwasconductedbyChinese. B．Thealgorithmwastotallysuccessful.C．A．I.showspromiseinearthquakeprediction. D．TheA．I.competitiononlyfocusedonearthquakes.11．Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．Japan’sVulnerabilitytoEarthquakes B．HelperinPredictingEarthquakes—A．I.C．TheImpossibilityofEarthquakePrediction D．InternationalEffortstoPredictEarthquakes【答案】8．B9．D10．C11．B【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要說(shuō)明了經(jīng)過(guò)試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，人工智能在地震預(yù)測(cè)方面大有前途，并給出詳細(xì)的例子。8．推理判斷題。根據(jù)第一段“InJapan,thenewyearbeganwithdisasterasa7.5magnitudeearthquakestrucktheNotoPeninsula(能登半島)onthecountry’swesternedgeonMonday.Morethan2,000activefaultlines(斷層線)liebeneathJapan,makingitoneofthemostearthquake-pronecountriesintheworld.(在日本，新的一年從災(zāi)難中開(kāi)始，周一，該國(guó)西部邊緣的諾托半島發(fā)生了7.5級(jí)地震。日本地下有2000多條活動(dòng)斷層帶，使其成為世界上地震最頻繁的國(guó)家之一)”可推知，第一段的作用是引入一個(gè)新話題。故選B。9．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第二段“Butgivenrecentimprovementsinartificialintelligence,someresearchershavebeenstudyingwhetherthatcouldchange.(但鑒于最近人工智能的進(jìn)步，一些研究人員一直在研究這種情況是否會(huì)改變)”可知，人工智能的進(jìn)步讓一些研究人員對(duì)地震預(yù)報(bào)持樂(lè)觀態(tài)度。故選D。10．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段“Inall,thealgorithm(演算法)successfullyforecast14earthquakes,eachwithinabout200milesofitsactualepicenter(震中).Meanwhile,itmissedonequakeandpredictedeightthatneverhappened.(該算法總共成功預(yù)測(cè)了14次地震，每次地震都在震中200英里以內(nèi)。與此同時(shí)，它錯(cuò)過(guò)了一次地震，并預(yù)測(cè)了8次從未發(fā)生的地震)”可知，人工智能在地震預(yù)測(cè)方面大有前途。故選C。11．主旨大意題。根據(jù)第二段“Manyscientistshavelongconsideredearthquakeforecastingtobeimpossible.Butgivenrecentimprovementsinartificialintelligence,someresearchershavebeenstudyingwhetherthatcouldchange.(許多科學(xué)家一直認(rèn)為地震預(yù)報(bào)是不可能的。但鑒于最近人工智能的進(jìn)步，一些研究人員一直在研究這種情況是否會(huì)改變)”結(jié)合文章主要說(shuō)明了經(jīng)過(guò)試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，人工智能在地震預(yù)測(cè)方面大有前途，并給出詳細(xì)的例子?？芍?，B選項(xiàng)“預(yù)測(cè)地震的幫手——人工智能”最符合文章標(biāo)題。故選B。2.【2024屆江西省九江十校高三二聯(lián)試題】Theworldneedstoinvestmoreinagriculturalknow—howtoenhancefoodproduction,reduceruralpovertyandfightclimatechange,accordingtoaconsensusreachedbyaglobalgroupoffarmingtechnologyleadersonThursday.Technologicalinnovationisthecrucialdriverfortransformingtheglobalagri-foodsystems,accordingtotheSanyaDeclarationofthe7thGlobalForumofLeadersforAgriculturalScienceandTechnology.Progressintheareaplaysacrucialroleinenhancingtheworld’sagriculturalproductioncapacity,revolutionizingagriculturalsectors,andpromotingruraldevelopment,thedeclarationsaid.Expertsattendingtheforumcalledupongovernments—especiallythoseindevelopingcountriesandpossiblyfacingurgentfoodsupplyissues—andagriculturalenterprisesworldwidetostepupfundingforagriculturalresearchandtechnologyspreading,suchasbytrainingmoretalent.Theypromisedtoworkmorecloselyinagriculturalscienceandtechnology,withtheaimofhelpingreformagri-foodsystemsandaddressingglobalchallengesrangingfromfoodinsecuritytopovertytoclimatedisasters,andhelpachievethegoalsoftheChina—proposedGlobalDevelopmentInitiative.“Effortsshouldbemadetoturnglobalagri-foodsystemstowardbeingmoreefficient,inclusive,resilientandsustainable,throughenhancinggreenagriculturaltechnologicalinnovation,climatechangeadaptation,carbonemissionreductioninagriculture,andreducingfoodlossesandwasteacrosstheentireproductionchain,”thedeclarationsaid,addingsuchexpertiseistheunderlyingpillar(臺(tái)柱)forachieving“energy-efficient,emission-reducing,greenandlow-carbonsustainableagriculturaldevelopment”.ParticipantsapplaudtheChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,theforum’sorganizer,forlaunchingtheInternationalMegaScienceProjectfromGenotypetoPhenotypeInitiative,whichhelpswiththesharingofcropgeneticresourcesandofferspublicproductsandplatformsformolecularbreeding(分子育種).12．Whereshouldtheworldinvestmoreaccordingtothearticle?A．Techniquesconcerningfarming. B．Measurestocombatclimatechange.C．Researchesoffieldinvestigation. D．Solutiontothepovertyissues.13．Whatdoexpertsappealtothegovernmentstodo?A．Theyappealtotherichcountriestohelpdevelopingcountries.B．Theyappealtoallcompaniestoinvestmoreininnovation.C．Theycallongovernmentstoprovidejobsformoretalentedpeople.D．Theycallongovernmentstoinvestmoreinagriculturalresearch.14．Whichofthefollowingdisagreeswiththedeclaration?A．Globalagri-foodsystemshouldbemoreefficientandsustainable.B．Greenagriculturaltechnologicalinnovationshouldbeenhanced.C．Agri-foodsystemsshouldbeabletoadapttoclimatechange.D．Foodlossesandwasteexistmainlyinthepartoffoodproduction.15．Whatisparticipants’attitudetowardsorganizingtheforum?A．Contradictory. B．Favorable. C．Indifferent. D．Critical.【答案】12．A13．D14．D15．B【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。主要介紹了專家呼吁政府加強(qiáng)對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)的投資及相關(guān)科學(xué)論壇的舉辦。12．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“Theworldneedstoinvestmoreinagriculturalknow—howtoenhancefoodproduction,reduceruralpovertyandfightclimatechange,accordingtoaconsensusreachedbyaglobalgroupoffarmingtechnologyleadersonThursday.”（全球農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)領(lǐng)袖周四達(dá)成共識(shí)，世界需要加大對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)的投資，以提高糧食產(chǎn)量、減少農(nóng)村貧困和應(yīng)對(duì)氣候變化。）可知，世界需要加強(qiáng)對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)的投資。故選A項(xiàng)。13．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第四段“Expertsattendingtheforumcalledupongovernments—especiallythoseindevelopingcountriesandpossiblyfacingurgentfoodsupplyissues—andagriculturalenterprisesworldwidetostepupfundingforagriculturalresearchandtechnologyspreading,suchasbytrainingmoretalent.”（參加論壇的專家呼吁各國(guó)政府——特別是那些可能面臨緊急糧食供應(yīng)問(wèn)題的發(fā)展中國(guó)家的政府——以及世界各地的農(nóng)業(yè)企業(yè)加大對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)研究和技術(shù)傳播的資助，例如通過(guò)培訓(xùn)更多的人才。）可知，專家呼吁政府要加大對(duì)農(nóng)業(yè)研究的投資。故選D項(xiàng)。14．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)倒數(shù)第二段第一句“Effortsshouldbemadetoturnglobalagri-foodsystemstowardbeingmoreefficient,inclusive,resilientandsustainable,throughenhancinggreenagriculturaltechnologicalinnovation,climatechangeadaptation,carbonemissionreductioninagriculture,andreducingfoodlossesandwasteacrosstheentireproductionchain”（應(yīng)該通過(guò)加強(qiáng)綠色農(nóng)業(yè)技術(shù)創(chuàng)新、適應(yīng)氣候變化、減少農(nóng)業(yè)碳排放、減少整個(gè)生產(chǎn)鏈中的糧食損失和浪費(fèi)，努力使全球農(nóng)業(yè)糧食系統(tǒng)朝著更高效、更包容、更有彈性和更可持續(xù)的方向發(fā)展。）可知，糧食損失和浪費(fèi)存在于整個(gè)生產(chǎn)鏈中，故D項(xiàng)“糧食損失和浪費(fèi)主要存在于糧食生產(chǎn)環(huán)節(jié)?！闭f(shuō)法與宣言內(nèi)容不符。故選D項(xiàng)。15．推理判斷題。根據(jù)最后一段“ParticipantsapplaudtheChineseAcademyofAgriculturalSciences,theforum’sorganizer,forlaunchingtheInternationalMegaScienceProjectfromGenotypetoPhenotypeInitiative,whichhelpswiththesharingofcropgeneticresourcesandofferspublicproductsandplatformsformolecularbreeding”（與會(huì)者對(duì)論壇組織者中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院?jiǎn)?dòng)“從基因型到顯型”國(guó)際大型科學(xué)項(xiàng)目表示贊賞，該項(xiàng)目有助于作物遺傳資源的共享，并為分子育種提供公共產(chǎn)品和平臺(tái)。）可知，與會(huì)者對(duì)論壇持支持贊成的態(tài)度。故選B項(xiàng)。3.【2024屆河南省開(kāi)封市高三二測(cè)試題】Afallacyisanerrorinreasoningbasedonopinion,misunderstanding,orintentionalmisdirectionthatmakesanargumentinvalid.Commoncausation(因果關(guān)系)fallaciesincludethoseofoversimplificationandexaggeration,whichoccurwhenactual‘causesofaneventarereducedtothepointwhereconnectionsbetweencausesandeffectsareblurredorburied.Oversimplificationiscommon,whichmeansreducingmultiplecausestojustoneorafew.Well-intentionedwritersandspeakerscanfallintothetrapofoversimplificationifnotcareful.Onemotivationforsimplificationisthebasicadvicegiventowriters:Don’tgetstuckindetails.Intheprocess,however,awritercanleaveouttoomanydetails,evencriticalinformation.AnothercontributingfactortooversimplificationistheoveruseofanimportanttoolincriticalthinkingcalledOceam’sRazor,aprinciplethatstatesthatthesimplestexplanationthatfitsthedataisthepreferableone.Theproblemisthatthesimplestexplanationmightnotalwaysbetheright-one.

AwritercreatinganargumentcanassumethatbasedonOccam’sRazor,thesimplestexplanationislikelytrue,buttheymustnotassumethatisalwaysthecase.Theymustlookatallanglesandcomplexitiesofanissuebeforesettlingonthesimplestexplanation.Hereisanexampleofoversimplification:Schoolviolencehasgoneupandacademicperformancehasgonedownsincevideogamesfeaturingviolencewereintroduced.Therefore,videogameswithviolenceshouldbebanned,resultinginschoolimprovement.Thisargumentexhibitsoversimplificationbecauseitassumesproblemsinschools(increasingviolence,decreasingacademicperformancecanbeattributedtoasinglecause:thetimeyoungpeoplespendplayingvideogamesthatfeatureviolence).Variousotherfactors,includingsocialandeconomicconditionsthatmaycontributetoachild’smentalhealth,areignored.Relatedtothefallacyofoversimplificationisthefallacyofexaggeration-multiplyingacoupleofcausesintomany.12．Whatdoesparagraph3mainlyfocuson?A．Thecausesofoversimplification.B．Theimpactofoversimplification.C．Thedefinitionofoversimplification.D．Thecharacteristicsofoversimplification.13．HowdowriterscommitoversimplificationwhencreatinganargumentbasedonOccam’s-Razor?A．Theyconsideranissuetobecomplicated.B．Theylookatanissuefromdifferentangles.C．Theybelievethesimplestexplanationislikelytrue.D．Theyhaveabsolutetrustinthesimplestexplanation.14．Whichofthefollowingstatementsisanexampleofoversimplification?A．Thenation’slackofmoralstandardsiscausedbymultiplefactors.B．Thelatestcurrencypolicytakesfullblameforthedecliningeconomy.C．Shewassavedbecauseofthesealbeltaswellasdoctors’timelysaving.D．Theproblemofeducationnotjustliesinteachers’failureofdoingtheirjobs.15．Whatmighttheauthordiscussintheparagraphsthatfollow?A．Waystoavoidoversimplification.B．Moreexamplesofoversimplification.C．Causesandexamplesofexaggeration.D．Thedistinctionbetweenexaggerationandoversimplification.【答案】12．A13．D14．B15．C【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文為一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了常見(jiàn)的因果關(guān)系謬論主要包括過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單化和夸大的謬論，文章重點(diǎn)介紹了造成過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單化謬論的原因以及具體的例子。12．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Onemotivationforsimplificationisthebasicadvicegiventowriters(過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)化的一個(gè)動(dòng)機(jī)就是給作家的基本建議)”和“AnothercontributingfactortooversimplificationistheoveruseofanimportanttoolincriticalthinkingcalledOceam’sRazor(另一個(gè)導(dǎo)致過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單話的因素就是過(guò)度使用了一種名為Oceam’sRazor的批判性思維)”可知，本段主要介紹了造成過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單化的原因，故選A。13．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段“AnothercontributingfactortooversimplificationistheoveruseofanimportanttoolincriticalthinkingcalledOceam’sRazor,aprinciplethatstatesthatthesimplestexplanationthatfitsthedataisthepreferableone.(另一個(gè)導(dǎo)致過(guò)度簡(jiǎn)單化的因素是過(guò)去使用一種名為Oceam’sRazor的批判性思維，該原則指出，符合數(shù)據(jù)的最簡(jiǎn)單的解釋就是最好的解釋。)”可知，基于Oceam’sRazor，作家會(huì)認(rèn)為符合數(shù)據(jù)的最簡(jiǎn)單的解釋就是最好的解釋，而最簡(jiǎn)單的解釋不一定就是準(zhǔn)確的，因此過(guò)度簡(jiǎn)單化的作家會(huì)一味地相信最簡(jiǎn)單的解釋，故選D。14．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章倒數(shù)第二段對(duì)文中提到的過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單化的例子的評(píng)判“Thisargumentexhibitsoversimplificationbecauseitassumesproblemsinschools(increasingviolence,decreasingacademicperformancecanbeattributedtoasinglecause:thetimeyoungpeoplespendplayingvideogamesthatfeatureviolence).Variousotherfactors,includingsocialandeconomicconditionsthatmaycontributetoachild’smentalhealth,areignored.(這一論點(diǎn)過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單化，因?yàn)樗僭O(shè)學(xué)校存在問(wèn)題（暴力事件的增加、學(xué)習(xí)成績(jī)的下降可能歸因于一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單的原因：年輕人玩以暴力為特征的電子游戲的時(shí)間。）但其他因素，包括可能有助于兒童心理健康的社會(huì)和經(jīng)濟(jì)條件，都被忽視了。)”可知，簡(jiǎn)單化不懂得從各個(gè)角度來(lái)考慮問(wèn)題，而是一味地將原因歸咎在一件事情上，故B項(xiàng)“最近的貨幣政策是導(dǎo)致經(jīng)濟(jì)下滑的全部原因”就是一個(gè)典型的過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單化的例子，故選B。15．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Relatedtothefallacyofoversimplificationisthefallacyofexaggeration-multiplyingacoupleofcausesintomany.(與過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單化的謬論相關(guān)的就是將幾個(gè)原因夸大為多個(gè)原因的謬論。)”可知，文章末尾提到了與過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單化的謬論相關(guān)的夸大謬論，且前文提到了過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單化的原因并給出了相關(guān)的例子，故接下來(lái)也將講述夸大謬論的原因以及具體例子，故選C。4.【2024屆安徽省安慶市高三下學(xué)期二模試題】Nobodyknowsyetwhatthebestwayofremovingallthatcarbonwillbe,butscientistsaroundtheworldaredevelopinganewmethod.TheSwisscompanyClimeworksisbuildingbigextractor(抽油煙機(jī))fanstoremovecarbon.Butotherscientistsarelookingtonature’scarboncycleforinspiration.They’relookingforwaystoimproveit,speeditupandhelpittakemorecarbonoutoftheairpermanently.OneofthosescientistsisProfessorLukeMackinder,aplantbiologistattheUniversityofYork.Hisresearchintocarbonremovalisinspiredbyoceanalgac(海藻).“Abouthalfofcarbonabsorptiontakesplaceintheocean,”hesays.“Algaeareextremelyefficientatabsorbingit.”Inordertodothis,histeamhasstudiedthegeneticcode(基因密碼)ofalgaetoworkoutwhichgenesplayavitalroleincarbonabsorption.Hebelievestheyhavenowfiguredthisout.“Nowwehavealistandwecanstartthinkingabouthowtobringthemtogetherindifferentlivingthings,”hesays.“Weplacethegenesintothoseofotherplants.It’sgeneticmodification.”Mackinderanticipatesaddingthemtoarangeofcropsandtrees.Theresultingincreasedproductioncouldbegoodforfoodsecurity.Alternatively,theycouldhelptoenhancetheinfluenceofclimatechange.Italldependsonwhatwedowiththecarbononceit’strappedinthoseplants.Eatingthemwouldquicklyreturnittotheatmosphere.Butifinsteadwefindwaystostoreit,wecouldkeepitoutoftheatmosphereforgood.DaveHillyard,chiefadministratoroftheCarbonTechnologyResearchFoundationthatisfundingMackinder’sresearch,saysthatitisimportanttofundworkonawiderangeofcarbonremovalmethods,because“somewillnotgettheresultsthey’relookingforandsomewillsucceed.Therearealotofopportunitiesherebutverylittlefundingandresearchgoingintoit.”12．Whatisdiscussedinthefirstparagraph?A．Anapproachtocarbonremoval. B．Awaytoimprovebigextractorfans.C．Ameansofjoiningacompany. D．Amethodofdoingscientificresearch.13．WhydoesProfessorLukeMackinderfocusonoceanalgae?A．Itissecure. B．Itiseffective. C．Itissufficient. D．Itisaccessible.14．Whatcanweknowaboutthegenesofalgaefromthefourthparagraph?A．Theybringaboutgreatsideeffects. B．Theyareuselessforcarbonabsorption.C．Theyhelpincreasefoodproduction. D．Theyhavebeenputintootherplants.15．WhatisrequiredaccordingtoDaveHillyard?A．Thegovernment’spermission. B．Morescientists’participation.C．Increasingexperimentalchances. D．Theinputintotheresearch.【答案】12．A13．B14．D15．D【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】這是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了關(guān)于利用藻類去除碳的研究。12．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Nobodyknowsyetwhatthebestwayofremovingallthatcarbonwillbe,butscientistsaroundtheworldaredevelopinganewmethod.TheSwisscompanyClimeworksisbuildingbigextractor(抽油煙機(jī))fanstoremovecarbon.(沒(méi)有人知道去除所有碳的最佳方法是什么，但世界各地的科學(xué)家正在開(kāi)發(fā)一種新方法。瑞士公司Climeworks正在建造大型抽風(fēng)機(jī)來(lái)去除碳)”可知，第一段討論了一種去除碳的方法。故選A項(xiàng)。13．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第二段“Algaeareextremelyefficientatabsorbingit.(藻類對(duì)它的吸收效率極高)”可知，盧克·麥金德教授關(guān)注海洋藻類是因?yàn)樗怯行У?。故選B項(xiàng)。14．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段“Weplacethegenesintothoseofotherplants.It’sgeneticmodification.(我們把這些基因植入其他植物的基因中。這是基因改造。)”可知，藻類的基因被植入到其他植物中。故選D項(xiàng)。15．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“Therearealotofopportunitiesherebutverylittlefundingandresearchgoingintoit.(這里有很多機(jī)會(huì)，但投入的資金和研究卻很少。)”可知，根據(jù)DaveHillyard的說(shuō)法，對(duì)研究的投入是需要的。故選D項(xiàng)。5.【2024屆黑龍江省部分學(xué)校高三二模試題】ThestudybyUniversityofArizonaresearchers,publishedintheCreativityResearchJournal,findsthatcreativepeoplearemorelikelytofruitfullyuseidle(空閑的)timebylettingoneidealeadtoanother.“Inpsychologyandneuroscience,moststudiesonhumanthoughtseitherprompt(提示)participantstothinkinacertainwayoraskthemtoreportonthoughtstheyexperienced,butlessisknownabouthowthoughtsnaturallyariseandunfoldovertimeinunpromptedcontexts,”saidJessicaAndrews-Hanna,anassociateprofessorintheDepartmentofPsychologyandseniorauthorofthepaper.“Thisiswhereourstudycomesin.”Theresearchersdividedthestudyintotwoparts.Forthefirstexperiment,theresearchersaskedeachparticipanttositaloneinaroomfor10minuteswithoutanyaccesstodigitaldevices.Intheabsenceofanyparticularprompt,theparticipantswereaskedtovoicetheirthoughtsaloudinrealtime.Therecordedfilesfrom81participantswerethentranscribed(轉(zhuǎn)錄)andanalyzed.Thefirstexperimentfoundthatcreativepeopleweremoreengagedintheirthoughtswhentheywereleftalonewithoutdistractions,suchascellphonesandtheInternet.“Creativepeopleratedthemselvesasbeinglessbored,evenoverthose10minutes.Theyalsospokemorewordsoverall,whichindicatedthattheirthoughtsweremorelikelytomovefreely,”saidAndrews-Hanna.Forthesecondexperiment,over2,600adultsansweredquestionsthroughasmartphoneappcalledMindWindow,developedbyAndrews-HannaandhergraduatestudentEricAndrews.Participantswhoself-identifiedasbeingcreativereportedbeinglessboredduringtheidletime.TheresearchersarecontinuingthislineofworkusingtheirMindWindowapp.Theyencouragepeopletodownloadandusetheapptohelpscientistsunderstandhowpeopleacrosstheworldthinkintheireverydaylives.“Understandingwhydifferentpeoplethinkthewaytheydomayleadtopromisinginterventionstoimprovehealthandwell-being,”saidAndrews-Hanna.8．WhatdoAndrews-Hanna’swordsinparagraph2focuson?A．Thenecessityofthestudy. B．Thevalueofformerstudies.C．Theparticipantsofthestudy. D．Theprocessofformerstudies.9．Whatdidtheparticipantsdointhefirstexperimentofthestudy?A．Theyspokeoutwhattheythought. B．Theyrecordedtheirownvoices.C．Theyrememberedsomeprompts. D．Theyfinishedanumberofreports.10．Whatdidthestudyfindaboutcreativepeople?A．Theymadebetteruseofdigitaldevices.B．Theyenjoyedidletimemorethanothers.C．Theyweremorelikelytounderstandothers.D．Theyweremorewillingtosharetheirthoughts.11．WhichwordbestdescribesMindWindowappaccordingtotheresearchers?A．Educational. B．Fashionable. C．Expensive. D．Beneficial.【答案】8．A9．A10．D11．D【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文為一篇說(shuō)明文，主要介紹了新的科學(xué)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)有創(chuàng)造力的人更有可能有效地利用空閑時(shí)間，而不會(huì)感覺(jué)無(wú)聊。8．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第二段““Inpsychologyandneuroscience,moststudiesonhumanthoughtseitherprompt(提示)participantstothinkinacertainwayoraskthemtoreportonthoughtstheyexperienced,butlessisknownabouthowthoughtsnaturallyariseandunfoldovertimeinunpromptedcontexts,”saidJessicaAndrews-Hanna,anassociateprofessorintheDepartmentofPsychologyandseniorauthorofthepaper.“Thisiswhereourstudycomesin.”(“在心理學(xué)和神經(jīng)科學(xué)中，大多數(shù)關(guān)于人類思想的研究要么促使參與者以某種方式思考，要么要求他們報(bào)告他們所經(jīng)歷的想法，但關(guān)于想法是如何在無(wú)提示的情況下自然產(chǎn)生和展開(kāi)的，我們知之甚少，”心理學(xué)系副教授、該論文的資深作者杰西卡·安德魯斯-漢納說(shuō)。“這就是我們研究的意義所在?！?”可知，文章第二段可知，Andrews-Hanna的話重點(diǎn)說(shuō)明了這項(xiàng)研究的必要性。故選A項(xiàng)。9．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Forthefirstexperiment,theresearchersaskedeachparticipanttositaloneinaroomfor10minuteswithoutanyaccesstodigitaldevices.Intheabsenceofanyparticularprompt,theparticipantswereaskedtovoicetheirthoughtsaloudinrealtime.(在第一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)中，研究人員要求每個(gè)參與者單獨(dú)坐在一個(gè)房間里10分鐘，不接觸任何數(shù)字設(shè)備。在沒(méi)有任何特別提示的情況下，參與者被要求實(shí)時(shí)大聲說(shuō)出他們的想法)”可知，試驗(yàn)中第一組參與者被要求說(shuō)出他們的想法。故選A項(xiàng)。10．細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第四段“Thefirstexperimentfoundthatcreativepeopleweremoreengagedintheirthoughtswhentheywereleftalonewithoutdistractions,suchascellphonesandtheInternet.“Creativepeopleratedthemselvesasbeinglessbored,evenoverthose10minutes.Theyalsospokemorewordsoverall,whichindicatedthattheirthoughtsweremorelikelytomovefreely,”saidAndrews-Hanna.(第一個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)，有創(chuàng)造力的人在沒(méi)有手機(jī)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等干擾的情況下更專注于思考?！坝袆?chuàng)造力的人認(rèn)為自己不那么無(wú)聊，即使是在那10分鐘里?？偟膩?lái)說(shuō)，他們說(shuō)的話也更多，這表明他們的思想更容易自由流動(dòng)?！?”可知，有創(chuàng)造力的人在沒(méi)有手機(jī)和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)等干擾的情況下更專注于思考，說(shuō)的話也更多，這說(shuō)明更愿意分享自己的想法。故選D項(xiàng)。11．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“TheresearchersarecontinuingthislineofworkusingtheirMindWindowapp.Theyencouragepeopletodownloadandusetheapptohelpscientistsunderstandhowpeopleacrosstheworldthinkintheireverydaylives.“Understandingwhydifferentpeoplethinkthewaytheydomayleadtopromisinginterventionstoimprovehealthandwell-being,”saidAndrews-Hanna.(研究人員正在使用他們的MindWindow應(yīng)用程序繼續(xù)這項(xiàng)工作。他們鼓勵(lì)人們下載并使用這款應(yīng)用程序，以幫助科學(xué)家了解世界各地的人們?cè)谌粘Ｉ钪惺侨绾嗡伎嫉?。安德魯?漢納說(shuō)：了解為什么不同的人會(huì)有不同的想法，可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致有希望的干預(yù)措施，以改善健康和福祉?！?”可推知，MindWindow軟件有助于研究者的研究，可得出MindWindow軟件對(duì)于研究者來(lái)說(shuō)是有好處的。故選D項(xiàng)。6.【2024屆甘肅省白銀市名校高三二模試題】Electricallypoweredvertical-take-off-and-landing(eVTOL)aircraft—flyingcarsareanideawhosetimehasnotquiteyetcome,butisfastapproaching.Manyfirmsareofferingvariousdesigns.Noneofthese,however,willbeJetson-likefamilyflyingcars.Pivotal,basedinSiliconValley,bycontrasthascraftedsomethingthatpeoplecanpurchaseandpilotthemselves.Helixisasingle-seatvehicle,so“flyingmotorbike”mightbemoreaccurate.Fromnextyear,manypeoplewillbeabletoorderoneforpersonaluse,thoughtheywillnotbeabletotakedeliveryuntilJune.MarcusLengfoundedPivotalin2011,andsomeback-of-the-envelopecalculationshemadesuggestedthatelectriclift-offofahuman-carryingcraft,usingmotorspoweredbythelithium-ionbatteriesoughttowork.HethusbuiltamodelandflewitinthegardenofhishouseinWarkworth,Ontario.Now,afteramelioratingit,thefirmthinksithassomethingmarketable.Theaircrafthas,nevertheless,changedlittleinitsfundamentalsovertheyears.Ithastwopairsofwingsandeightpropellers(螺旋槳),makingitslightlyresembleasquashed“H”whenseenintheskyfrombelow.Andthereisnoundercarriage.Instead,itsbellyiscurvedinawaysimilartoahumpbackwhale’s,soitrockstostabilityafterlanding.Pilot’slicenceornot,buyerswillstillneedsometrainingtoflyaHelix.Pivotalinsistsonthis.Forthesamereason,thecraft’ssoftwarewillstopthepilotdoinganythingthatdoesnotfititssafetyrules.Andif,despitethis,somethingdoesgowrong,itisfittedwithaparachute（降落傘）.TheHelix’stopspeedisarespectable100kph,butitsrangeisonly30km.Andrefuelingitisabitofapain.Fillingupfromthemainstakesfourandahalfhours,thoughaspecialhigh-powersystemsimilartothoseemployedforelectriccarscanbringthatdownto75minutes.WhileHelixstilldoesn’tcomparetotheflyingcarfromtheJetsons,itcouldbeastepforward.12．Whatcanwelearnfromthefirsttwoparagraphs?A．HelixhasbeenusedinWarkworthwidely.B．Flyingcarswon’tbeallowedforpersonaluse.C．Lengwasthefirstpersontodesignflyingcars.D．Helixisonlysuitableforonepersontodrive.13．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“ameliorating”inparagraph3’mean?A．Testing. B．Driving. C．Improving. D．Repairing.14．Whatisparagraph4mainlyabout?A．Helix’srelativedevices. B．Helix’strainingprocess.C．Helix’ssafetymeasures. D．Helix’sworkingprinciple.15．Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardsHelix?A．Doubtful. B．Objective. C．Indifferent. D．Cautious.【答案】12．D13．C14．C15．B【導(dǎo)語(yǔ)】本文是一篇說(shuō)明文。文章主要介紹了一家名為Pivotal的硅谷公司開(kāi)發(fā)的電動(dòng)垂直起降飛行器Helix，對(duì)其設(shè)計(jì)、特點(diǎn)、市場(chǎng)前景等方面進(jìn)行了介紹。12．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Helixisasingle-seatvehicle,so“flyingmotorbike”mightbemoreaccurate.(Helix是一輛單座汽車(chē)，所以“會(huì)飛的摩托車(chē)”可能更準(zhǔn)確。)”可知，Helix只適合一人駕駛。故選D。13．詞句猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)劃線單詞下文“thefirmthinksithassomethingmarketable.(公司認(rèn)為它有了市場(chǎng))”可推測(cè)，在改進(jìn)之后，公司認(rèn)為它有了市場(chǎng)。劃線單詞ameliorating指的是“提高、改進(jìn)”之意。選項(xiàng)A“Testing(測(cè)試)”；選項(xiàng)B“Driving(駕駛)”；選項(xiàng)C“Improving(改善)”；選項(xiàng)D“Repairing(修理)”。故選C。14．主旨大意題。根據(jù)文章第四段“Pilot’slicenseornot,buyerswillstillneedsometrainingtoflyaHelix.Pivotalinsistsonthis.Forthesamereason,thecraft’ssoftwarewillstopthepilotdoinganythingthatdoesnotfititssafetyrules.Andif,despitethis,somethingdoesgowrong,itisfittedwithaparachute（降落傘）.(無(wú)論是否有飛行員執(zhí)照，買(mǎi)家仍然需要一些訓(xùn)練來(lái)駕駛螺旋。Pivotal堅(jiān)持這一點(diǎn)。出于同樣的原因，飛行器的軟件會(huì)阻止飛行員做任何不符合安全規(guī)則的事情。盡管如此，如果出了什么問(wèn)題，它還配備了降落傘。)”可知，文章第四段主要講述的是Helix的安全措施。故選C。15．推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章最后一段“TheHelix’stopspeedisarespectable100kph,butitsrangeisonly30km.Andrefuelingitisabitofapain.Fillingupfromthemainstakesfourandahalfhours,thoughaspecialhigh-powersystemsimilartothoseemployedforelectriccarscanbringthatdownto75minutes.WhileHelixstilldoesn’tcomparetotheflyingcarfromtheJetsons,itcouldbeastepforward.(Helix的最高時(shí)速可達(dá)100公里，但續(xù)航里程只有30公里。加油是一件很痛苦的事。從主電源加滿電需要四個(gè)半小時(shí)，不過(guò)一種類似于電動(dòng)汽車(chē)的特殊大功率系統(tǒng)可以把這個(gè)時(shí)間縮短到75分鐘。雖然Helix仍然無(wú)法與《杰森一家》中的飛行汽車(chē)相比，但它可能是向前邁出的一步。)”以及全文內(nèi)容可知，作者在文章中客觀地介紹了Helix的設(shè)計(jì)、特點(diǎn)、市場(chǎng)前景等方面，沒(méi)有表達(dá)出明顯的懷疑、冷漠或謹(jǐn)慎的態(tài)度。相反，作者通過(guò)提供技術(shù)細(xì)節(jié)和背景信息，幫助讀者更好地理解和評(píng)估這款新型飛行器。因此，可以認(rèn)為作者對(duì)于Helix的態(tài)度是客觀的。故選B。7.【2024屆貴州省黔東南州高三下學(xué)期二模試題】AteamofphysicistsattheUniversityofEdinburgh,workingwithaninfectionandimmunityspecialist,has,viaexperimentation,validatedatheorytoexplainwhypaintdriesatthesamerateregardlessofhumidity(濕度)levels.

Generally,paintshoulddryfasteronanoutdoorfenceonadrydaythanwhenitishumidbecauseevaporation(蒸發(fā))occursfasterwhentheairaroundaliquidsourceisdrier.Butevidencesuggeststhisisnotthecaseforpaintandsomeotherliquids.ChemistSalmonandhiscolleaguesdevelopedatheorytoexplainwhy.Theysuggesteditisbecauselargemoleculesintheliquidarepulledtothesurfaceduringevaporation,forminga“polarizationlayer”thatpreventsevaporation,andbyextension,drying.Inthisneweffort,theresearchteamworkedtotestthistheory.Theresearchersdrilledfiveholesintoashortcylinder(圓柱體)andinserted