2021-2022學年部編版高中語文選擇性必修下冊13-1《自然選擇的證明》課件33張

自然選擇的證明達爾文目錄CONTENTS01020304作者及作品介紹主要觀點及寫作思路選文的藝術(shù)特色拓展練習一、作者及作品介紹Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenter

yourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHEREClickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHEREClickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHERE查爾斯·羅伯特·達爾文(1809—1882)，英國博物學家，進化論的奠基人。曾經(jīng)乘坐“貝格爾號”艦作了歷時5年的環(huán)球航行，對動植物和地質(zhì)結(jié)構(gòu)等進行了大量的觀察和采集。出版《物種起源》，提出了生物進化論學說，從而摧毀了各種唯心的神造論以及物種不變論。1882年4月19日，達爾文因病逝世，享年73歲，葬于威斯敏斯特大教堂。1.1關(guān)于達爾文Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHEREClickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHEREClickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHERE《物種起源》于1859年11月24日在倫敦出版。在書中，達爾文根據(jù)20多年積累的對古生物學、生物地理學、形態(tài)學、胚胎學和分類學等許多領(lǐng)域的大量研究資料，以自然選擇為中心，從變異性、遺傳性、人工選擇、生存競爭和適應等方面論證物種起源和生命自然界的多樣性與統(tǒng)一性。1.2《物種起源》Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHEREClickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHEREClickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHERE在書中，達爾文的《物種起源》非常有意義，這本書可以用來當做歷史上的階級斗爭的自然科學根據(jù)?！R克思

我認為《物種起源》這本書的格調(diào)是再好也沒有的，它可以感動那些對這個問題一無所知的人們。至于達爾文的理論，我準備即使赴湯蹈火也要支持。

——英國博物學家赫胥黎1.3名家評價Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHEREClickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHEREClickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHERE達爾文在《物種起源》中的主導思想，即“自然選擇”，一定會被當做科學上的確定真理而為人們所接受。它有一切偉大的自然科學真理所具有的特征，變模糊為清晰，化復雜為簡單，并且在舊有的知識上添加了很多新的東西。達爾文是本世紀的、甚至是一切世紀的博物學中最偉大的革命者。

——英國植物學家華生1.3名家評價二、主要觀點及寫作思路Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHEREClickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHEREClickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHERE第一步：理解句意地質(zhì)學揭示，大陸經(jīng)歷過環(huán)境變遷，我們可望在自然條件下看到生物變異。生物在自然狀態(tài)下發(fā)生變異，說明自然選擇發(fā)揮了作用。有人認為自然條件下變異量小，但這種觀點無法證實。雖然變異結(jié)果難確定，但積累馴養(yǎng)生物個體的微小差異，短時間內(nèi)也能產(chǎn)生大的效果。大家公認物種存在個體差異，博物學家還承認自然變種的存在。Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHEREClickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHEREClickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHERE第二步：分層地質(zhì)學揭示，大陸經(jīng)歷過環(huán)境變遷，我們可望在自然條件下看到生物變異。生物在自然狀態(tài)下發(fā)生變異，說明自然選擇發(fā)揮了作用。有人認為自然條件下變異量小，但這種觀點無法證實。雖然變異結(jié)果難確定，但積累馴養(yǎng)生物個體的微小差異，短時間內(nèi)也能產(chǎn)生大的效果。大家公認物種存在個體差異，博物學家還承認自然變種的存在。╱╱Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHEREClickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHEREClickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHERE第三步：概括段意1.生物在自然狀態(tài)下發(fā)生變異，說明自然選擇發(fā)揮了作用。大家公認物種存在個體差異，博物學家承認自然變種的存在，都證明了自然選擇的作用。Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHEREClickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHEREClickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHERE活動一：小組合作，找到段落中心句1.生物在自然狀態(tài)下發(fā)生變異，說明自然選擇發(fā)揮了作用。大家公認物種存在個體差異，博物學家承認自然變種的存在，都證明了自然選擇的作用。2.擇優(yōu)棄劣、適者生存的自然選擇學說是可信的。3.任何物種其實都是變種。4.自然選擇的結(jié)果就更傾向于保存物種中那些最為歧異的后代。Clickheretoenteryou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Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHEREClickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHEREClickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHERE概括梳理、歸類整合物種在自然狀態(tài)下發(fā)生變異，說明自然選擇發(fā)揮了作用。擇優(yōu)棄劣、適者生存的自然選擇學說是可信的。任何物種其實都是變種，自然選擇的結(jié)果就更傾向于保存物種中那些最為歧異的后代。自然選擇是漸變的，漸變理論可以解釋許多事實，如物種的美感、物種的本能；地質(zhì)考古的證據(jù)、生物遷移和地理分布的事實等等都可以證明自然選擇中的遺傳和變異理論。Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHEREClickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHEREClickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHERE概括梳理、歸類整合物種在自然狀態(tài)下發(fā)生變異，說明自然選擇發(fā)揮了作用。擇優(yōu)棄劣、適者生存的自然選擇學說是可信的。任何物種其實都是變種，自然選擇的結(jié)果就更傾向于保存物種中那些最為歧異的后代。自然選擇是漸變的，漸變理論可以解釋許多事實，如物種的美感、物種的本能、變種的雜交后代與父母相似等；地質(zhì)考古的證據(jù)、生物遷移和地理分布的事實等等都可以證明自然選擇中的遺傳和變異理論。Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHEREClickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHEREClickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHERE引起思考自然條件下變異自然選擇解釋證明結(jié)果物種之美以及自然并非完美無缺動物的本能變種雜交后代酷似父母特點地質(zhì)記錄地理分布遷移理論擇優(yōu)棄劣適者生存漸變緩慢Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHEREClickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHEREClickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.ADDYOURTEXTHERE

選文首先提出論點，并初步論證了自然選擇客觀上存在可能性，事理上具有合理性，然后從物種最初的存在形式大量變種的存在、物種的演化與改良、生物的遺傳性與變異性、生物的地理分布等方面，列舉了大量科學考察所得到的事實，充分證明了自然選擇決定了生物進化的方向這一觀點，有力地駁斥了物種特創(chuàng)論的觀點。活動三、主旨歸納及觀點明晰（1）《物種起源》提出人類和動物的祖先是一樣的，這一理念對西方社會和思想產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響，也是現(xiàn)代生物學和進化論的基礎(chǔ)。（2）《物種起源》第一次把生物學建立在完全科學的基礎(chǔ)上，以全新的生物進化思想，推翻了“神創(chuàng)論”和物種不變的理論。（3）《物種起源》是達爾文進化論的代表作，標志著進化論的正式確立，是一本劃時代的科學巨著，是科學對宗教的勝利。了解《物種起源》的意義三、選文的藝術(shù)特色①知識的科學性：作者在文中援引了大量科學考察所得到的事實以及一些其他學科的研究成果，使自己的論證建立在科學的事實基礎(chǔ)之上，結(jié)論無可辯駁。②綜述的完備性：選文部分從生物物種的最初形態(tài)，到生物的習性、本能、遺傳與變異，以及物種的滅絕與地理分布，做了全面的論證。4.1歸納本文的藝術(shù)特色③態(tài)度的嚴謹性：作者在論證過程中，并沒有擺出生物學權(quán)威的姿態(tài)，對不了解的內(nèi)容坦然承認。比如在談到自然選擇讓“自然界處處充滿著美”時，對“某些顏色、聲音和形態(tài)何以能給人及動物以愉悅”“最簡單的美感，最初是如何獲得的”等問題就沒有給出答案，而是坦然地說“這是很難搞清楚的”。④結(jié)論的明確性：擺事實，講道理，兼以與特創(chuàng)論的屢次對比，使結(jié)論鮮明而穩(wěn)固。4.2歸納本文的藝術(shù)特色四、拓展研究Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoenteryourtext.Clickheretoentery