語(yǔ)域理論視域下國(guó)際商務(wù)合同的翻譯技巧研究

①isthemostcommonlyusedmodalverbinlegalEnglishtext.Forthetranslationofthismodalverb,itisusuallynottranslatedinto"should",butintoastrongertoneof"must",inordertoreflectthecharacteristicsoflegaltext.Inaddition，"execute"and"perform"arealsocommonwordsinlegaltexts,oftentranslatedas"sign"and"execute."Inaddition,duetoitsinvolvementinlendingactivitiesincommercialactivities,theuseofcommercialtermsincontracttranslationisalsorelativelycommon.Theaccuratetranslationofbusinesstermsalsogreatlyaffectsthequalityoftexttranslation.Example:Thecommonmeaningoftheword"facility"is“設(shè)施、便利”.Butinthetranslationofbusinesscontract,thefirstletteriscapitalized,itmeans“借款額度，外匯貸款”."AvailabilityPeriod"betranslatedinto“有效提款期”;"InterestPaymentDate"betranslatedinto“付息日”.Thesearecommonbusinesstermsincontracttranslation.Forthetranslationofsuchterms,translatorsshouldsearchandaccumulatemoretoensuretheaccuracyoflexicaltranslation.Therefore,whentranslatingcommercialcontracts,moretechnicalexpressionsshouldbeused,accurateandrigorous,toavoidunnecessarylossescausedbyerrors.Thelanguagefieldofcommercialactivitiesdeterminestherigor,formality,accuracy,andstandardizationofthewordsusedincommercialcontracts.Inthetranslationofbusinesscontracts,theuseofregisterequivalencetranslationskillscanlargelyreflecttherigorandformalityofbusinesscontracts.（ii）TheJuxtapositionofSynonymsWhentranslatingabusinesscontract,inordertomakethewordingmorepreciseandaccurate,accuratelyexpressthemeaningandlimitthescopeofthemeaning,thetranslatorcanusethesynonymjuxtapositionmethodinthiscase.InlegalEnglishliteraturesuchasbusinesscontracts,synonymsareoftenusedinjuxtaposition.Thistypeofusageiswhentwoormorewordsareusedwhenasingleconceptcouldbeexpressedinoneword.Thepurposeofthisusageistoexpresstheprecisemeaningandtolimitthescopeofthemeaning.Example:Thecommonusesofthistypeofsynonymjuxtapositionare"byandbetween"betranslatedinto“由……并在……之間”;"termsandconditions"betranslatedinto“條件，條款”;"nullandvoid"betranslatedinto“無(wú)效，失效”;"beamendedandrevised"betranslatedinto“被修改”;"buyandpurchase"betranslatedinto“購(gòu)買”.Thesearecommonjuxtapositionsofsynonyms.Inthetranslationofbusinesscontracts,translatorsshouldskillfullyusethesynonymjuxtapositiontranslationmethod,whichrequirestranslatorstopracticeandaccumulatemoreindailytranslation.4.1.2TransitivityAnalysisSkillofBusinessContractTransitivityisaconceptinsystemicfunctionallinguistics.Accordingtosystemicfunctionallinguistics,languageisaproductofhumansocialactivities.Asatoolforhumancommunication,itperformsvariousfunctions.Hallidaydividesthemetafunctionsoflanguageintothreecategories:conceptualfunction,interpersonalfunction,anddiscoursefunction.Amongthem,conceptualfunctionreferstotheabilityoflanguagetoexpresshumanfunctionsinvariousenvironmentsintherealworld(includingtheinnerworld).Inotherwords,itreflectstheeventsthatoccurintheobjectiveandsubjectiveworlds,thepeopleandeventsinvolved,aswellastherelevantevents,locations,andotherenvironmentalfactors.Transitivityisasemanticsystemthatrepresentsconceptualfunctions.Itexpressespeople'sexperiencesoftherealandinnerworldinseveralprocesses,andidentifiestheparticipantsandenvironmentalcomponentsintheprocess.Thepurposeofusingtransitivitytranslationskillsinbusinesscontracttranslationisnotonlytoaccumulatewordsandsentences,butalsotoincludethebackground,characters,andeventsinvolvedinthetranslation.Analyzingthetransitivityofbusinesscontractsisofgreathelptotranslatorsinthetranslationprocess.Itwillhelptranslatorsfamiliarizethemselveswithtranslationmaterialsassoonaspossibleandimprovetranslationefficiency.（i）ProcessAnalysisSkillBasedonthetransitivityclassificationofsystematicfunctionalgrammar,thispaperanalyzestheprocessinvolvedinthetranslationofbusinesscontracts,reasonablyusescorrectandappropriatewords,andreflectstherigorandparticularityofbusinesscontracttranslation.Accordingtothetransitivitysystematicclassificationofsystemic-functionalgrammar,itdividesseveralprocessesintherealworldintosixmajorprocesses,whicharematerialprocess,mentalprocess,relationalprocess,behavioralprocess,verbalprocessandexistenceprocess.Firstofall,weneedtoanalyzethetransitivityprocessreflectedinthebusinesscontract.Therearealotoflegalstatementsinbusinesscontract,andthelegalstatementsmainlyincludethreeprocesses:materialprocess,relationalprocessandverbalprocess.Materialprocessesrefertoprocessesthatinvolvephysicalbehavior.Alargenumberofverbsareusedinthetranslationofbusinesscontracts.Theseverbsaretheso-called"doingwords"todescribeeconomicandtradeactivities,suchaspurchase,delivery,performance,supply,compensation,signingandinvestment,whichareallmaterialprocesses.Relationalprocessreferstotheprocessofestablishingarelationshipbetweentwoconcepts.Incontracts,theseprocessesareusedtodefinethelegalrelationshipbetweenthepartiestothecontract.Inbusinesscontract,theprocessofspeechis"speak"theverb,thewordsusedtoexpressthemeaningofchargesandcommitment,suchassomething,declare,thestate,demand,etc.Thesethreeprocessesarecommonlyusedinbusinesscontracts.Theuseoftranslationskillsthatcanreflectthesethreeprocessesintranslationcanreflecttheparticularityofcontracttranslationandreflecttherigorandaccuracyofwordsandsentencesinbusinesscontractsbetweensentencesandcharacters.Toreflectthetechnicalandobjectivenatureofcontracttranslationmeanstoexcludethepersonalemotionsofthetranslator,soforverbsinvolvingpsychologicalprocesses,suchasfeeling,seeingandhoping.Thiskindofverbisalmostnotinvolvedinthetranslationofthecontract.Inaddition,verbssuchasplay,talk,runandlaugh,whichreflectbehavioralprocesses,shouldalsobeavoidedasfaraspossibleintranslation.Tosumup,translatorsshouldgivefullconsiderationtotheprocessinvolvedinbusinesscontracts,fullyunderstandthecontentofcontracts,andchooseappropriate,accurateandrigorouswordsfortranslation.（ii）ProcessAnalysisSkillIntransitivesystems,thethirdremainingcomponentofthehumanexperienceprocessisthe"environment".Asmentionedabove,contextreferstothedetailofthebackgroundinwhichtheprocesstakesplace,anditbecomestheadverbialpartofthesentenceoutsidethenounandnoungroup.Therefore,thetranslatorshouldpayattentiontothepositionofthepartsinthesentence,analyzetheenvironmentalcomponentscontainedinthetranslationcontent,andselecttheappropriatepositionforthem.Example:TheContractorshall,ifcalledupontodoso,enterintoandexecutetheContract,tobepreparedandcompletedatthecostoftheemployer,intheformannexedtotheseconditionswithsuchmodificationasmaybenecessary.Translation：在被邀簽約時(shí)，承包人應(yīng)簽訂并履行合同，該合同是由雇主按照本合同根據(jù)所附條件的需要進(jìn)行修訂擬定，該合同的擬定由雇主完成。Businesscontractsarelegaltexts.Generallyspeaking,thetranslationoflegaltextsusuallytakesthewordorderoftheoriginaltextasthefirstprinciple.Butthetranslationhereistohighlighttheenvironmentalcomponentofthesentence.Accordingtothemeaningexpressedintheoriginaltext,thetranslatoradjustedthewordorderintranslation.4.2TenorEquivalenceTranslationSkillsinContractTranslationTenorshowswhatkindofrelationshiptheparticipantswanttoestablishwitheachother.Thetenorofabusinesscontractmeansthatthespeakeristhesignerofthecontract,andthetwopartiesestablishalegalrelationshipbythecontract.Therelationshipbetweenthetwopartiesisformalandformal.Therefore,ifthetranslationofabusinesscontractisrequiredtoachievetheeffectoftenorequivalence,thetextshouldbestandardizedandformal,thewordingshouldbeprecise,thesentencepatternshouldberigorous,objective,clearandlogical.4.2.1VocabularyUsageSkillinBusinessContractTranslationThetoneofbusinesscontractsisseriousandsolemn,andalargenumberofformalwordsareoftenusedtoreplacespokenwordsthatexpressthesamemeaningindailylife.(i）SkillforUsingAntiquarianWordsBecauseofitslegalnature,businesscontractsoftenchoosearchaicwordsorarchaicgrammarformstoreflecttheseriousnessofthelawandtheformalityofthetext,andalsoemphasizethesolemnbindingforceofthelegaltext.Theseancientwordsincludewordscomposedof"here,there,where"and"after,by,in,of,on,to,under,on,with".Forexample:hereinafter,hereby,herein,hereof,thereby,thereunder,therewith,whereof,wherewith.Example:本契約期滿時(shí)，授予被授予人的一切獨(dú)家權(quán)力應(yīng)回歸到授權(quán)人，但被授權(quán)人應(yīng)繼續(xù)支付所有到期應(yīng)付的權(quán)利金。Translation:uponexpirationofthetermofthisagreement,allexclusiverightsgrantedtoLicenseehereinshallreverttoLicensor,providedthatLicenseeshallcontinuetopayallroyaltieswhichbecomedueandpayable.Whentranslatingabusinesscontract,weoftenusethearchaicword,inthissentence“upon”isthearchaicword”on”,and”herein”isalsothearchaicword.Theirusewillimprovetheformaldegreeofsentences.Translatorsshouldpayattentiontotheuseofarchaicwordswhentranslatingbusinesscontracts.(ii）ForeignVocabularyUsageSkillInordertoaccuratelyexpressconceptsinthetranslationofbusinesscontracts,translatorswillrelyonthehelpofforeignwords.InbusinesscontractEnglish,manyofthebusinesstermsusedarederivedfromLatinorFrench.Becausetheyhavebeenusedforalongtime,theyhaverelativelystablemeanings,whichisconducivetothetranslator'saccurateexpressionofconceptsintranslation.Example:“addiem”betranslatedinto“在指定日期”;“advaloremduty”betranslatedinto“從價(jià)稅”；“adhoc”betranslatedinto“特別，臨時(shí)”;“asper”betranslatedinto“按照”;“bonalideholder”betranslatedinto“匯票的善意持有者”;“defacto”betranslatedinto“事實(shí)上”,fromLatin;“exdividend/excoupon”betranslatedinto“除股息/除股票”,exherecomesfromLatinandmeanswithoutnotincluding;“nallandvoid”betranslatedinto“無(wú)效”;“viceversa”betranslatedinto“反之亦然”;“statusquo”betranslatedinto“現(xiàn)狀”;And“forcemajeure”betranslatedinto“不可抗力”.4.2.2ObjectiveExpressionSkillinBusinessContractTranslationAbusinesscontractwillclearlydefinetheexactmeaningandscopeoftherights,obligationsandcodesofconductofbothparties.Therefore,translatorsshouldobjectivelyexpressthecontentofthebusinesscontractwithoutanyemotionalcolorandtranslateittruthfullytoaccuratelyconveytheintentionofbothparties.Example:SubjecttospecialprovisionsexplicitlyprovidedforinthisAgreement,ifeitherpartyhasbeenpreventedfromperformingitsobligationsundertheAgreementbecauseofaneventofforcemajeuresuchasearthquake,storm,flood,fire,otheractsofnature,epidemic,warriot,hostility,publicdisturbance,actsofpublicenemies,prohibitionoractsbyagovernmentorpublicagencyorlabordisputes,orotherunforeseeableeventsbeyondthecontroloftheparties,andtheiroccurrenceisunpreventableandunavoidable,thepartysopreventedshallnotifytheotherpartyinwritingwithineight(8)daysaftertheoccurrenceofsucheventofforcemajeure,acttomitigatedamages,ifpossible,andwithinfifteen(15)daysthereafterprovidedetailedinformationoftheevent,acertificateofevidencethereofissuedbytherelevantauthoritiesandastatementexplainingthereasonforitsinabilitytoperformallorpartofitsobligationsundertheAgreement.Translation:根據(jù)本協(xié)議明確規(guī)定的特殊條款，如果任何一方因地震、風(fēng)暴、洪水、火災(zāi)、其他自然行為、流行病、戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)暴亂、敵意、公眾騷亂、公敵行為等不可抗力事件而無(wú)法履行其在本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下的義務(wù)，政府或公共機(jī)構(gòu)的禁令或行為，或勞動(dòng)爭(zhēng)議，或其他超出雙方控制范圍的不可預(yù)見(jiàn)事件，且其發(fā)生是不可預(yù)防和不可避免的，被阻止的一方應(yīng)在不可抗力事件發(fā)生后八（8）天內(nèi)書(shū)面通知另一方，盡可能采取行動(dòng)減輕損害，并在此后十五（15）天內(nèi)提供事件的詳細(xì)信息、相關(guān)當(dāng)局頒發(fā)的證據(jù)證明以及解釋其無(wú)法履行本協(xié)議項(xiàng)下全部或部分義務(wù)的原因的聲明。Inthetranslationoftheaboveexamples,theobjectiveexpressionskillofbusinesscontracttranslationisfullyconsidered.Whentranslatingthecontentofabusinesscontract,donotcarryanyemotionalcolor,considerthetranslationofthecontractcontentfromtheperspectiveofathirdparty,fullyandobjectivelyshowthecontentofthecontract.4.3ModeequivalencetranslationSkillsincontracttranslationModereferstothewayandmediaoflanguagetransmission.Asfarasbusinesscontractsareconcerned,itisawrittenagreementforpeopletoread.Thelanguageusedistypicalofwrittenlanguage,withrigoroustextstructureandorderlywriting.4.3.1CoherenceSkillincontracttranslationCohesionisthesemanticrelationshipbetweenthelinguisticcomponentsinatext,whichcanalsobeunderstoodastheinterdependenceandinterpretationoftwoormorecomponents.Onekindofmeaningrelationisveryimportanttothecharacterofatext,thatis,theinterpretationofonecomponentofatextshouldrefertoanotherpart.Cohesionisconcernedwithhowthemeaningoftextualelementsisinterpreted.Inthetranslationofbusinesscontracts,translatorsshouldtakeintoaccountthecohesionincontracttranslation,andthereshouldbecorrelationbetweentheelementsinthecontext,soastoachievemutualdependenceandmutualunderstanding.Translatorsareoftenusedinbusinesscontracttranslationoflexicalcohesionskill,especiallyinthebiasinthelegalnatureofthecontract,inordertominimizethepossibleambiguity,usefrequencyishighestrepetitionskillinthelexicalcohesion.ThisisalsocommoninChinese.Example:Incase,withinareasonabletime,theContractorfailstocarryoutsuchinstruction,theEmployershallbeentitledtoemployandpayotherpersonstocarryoutthesame.Providedthatif,intheopinionoftheEngineer,theContractorisliabletodosuchworkathisowncastundertheContract,allthecostsinquestionconsequentthereonorincidentaltheretoshall,afterdueconsultationwiththeEmployerandtheContractor,bedeterminedbytheEngineer,andshallberecoverablefromtheContractorbytheEmployer,andmaybedeductedbytheEmployerfromanymoniesdueortobecomeduetotheContractor.TheEngineershallnotifytheContractoraccordingly,withacopytotheEmployer.Translation:如果在一段合理的時(shí)間內(nèi)，承包商未執(zhí)行該指示，雇主有權(quán)雇用并支付其他人員執(zhí)行該指示。但如工程師認(rèn)為承包商有責(zé)任按合同規(guī)定自行施工，則由此產(chǎn)生的或附帶的一切費(fèi)用，應(yīng)在與雇主和承包商充分協(xié)商后，由工程師決定，雇主應(yīng)向承包商追償，并可從應(yīng)付或?qū)?yīng)付給承包商的款項(xiàng)中扣除。工程師應(yīng)據(jù)此通知承包商，并抄送雇主一份。Ascanbeseenfromthisexample,inordertoexpressclearlyandavoidpossibleambiguitywhenusingpersonalpronouns,theword”contractor”isrepeatedsixtimesinthetextandtheword“employer”isrepeatedfivetimesinthetext,alsointheChinesetranslation.AnditcanbesaidthatthisphenomenonisverycommoninbothEnglishandChinesebusinesscontracts.Whentranslatingbusinesscontracts,translatorsshouldfullyconsiderthecommonphenomenonofcohesionandproperlytranslatetheircontents.4.3.2EffectivenessSkillforTopicandInformationStructureDuetothewidevarietyofbusinesscontracts,translatorsshouldfirstdeterminethethemeofthecontractanddeterminethetypeofcontractundertheguidanceofeffectiveinformation.Throughthisapproach,translatorscanquicklyselectwordsandexpressionsthataresuitableforthetopic,therebyimprovingtranslationefficiency.Thethemereferstothecohesivepointofthearticle'scontent,whichdeterminesthetoneandmainmelodyofthearticle.Thethemeofabusinesscontractreferstoitstype.Duetothemanyclassificationstandardsofbusinesscontracts,therearemanydifferenttypes.Sowhenmakingtopicjudgments,translatorsneedthehelpofeffectiveinformation.Thelanguagecharacteristicsofbusinesscontractsarerigorousandaccurate,conveyingalotofeffectiveinformationbetweenthelines.Thisinformationcanassistusindeterminingthesubjectmatterofthebusinesscontract.Example(1):Sucheffectiveinformationwasconveyedinthecontract.Thetrademethodofdirectexportbytheproducingcountry,directimportbytheconsumingcountry,andsingleentry,singleexit,andtransactionbytransactioniscalled"orderbytransaction".Whenconductingsuchtrade,inprinciple,awrittencontractshouldbesigned,clearlystipulatingthetermsandconditions.Withthehelpoftheaboveeffectiveinformation,translatorscanmakejudgmentsonthetopicofthecontractanddeterminethatthetypeofbusinesscontractisasalescontract.Example(2):Ininternationalbusinesscontracts,suchinformationisconveyed.Tradeaimedatintroducingpatentsortransferringpatentapplicationrights,proprietarytechnologyandsecrets,trademarksandlicenses,etc.Byjudgingthethemeofthecontract,itcanbedeterminedthatitinvolvesthistypeoftrade,andthetypeofbusinesscontractthatbothpartiesneedtosignisatechnologytransfercontract.Translationistheprocessoftransformingonelanguageintoanother.Ininternationaltradewheretimeismoney,theresultsoftranslationneedtobepresentedquickly.Andaccordingtotheprincipleofmodeequivalence,thetranslationresultsshouldconformtothecharacteristicsofbusinesscontractEnglish,anditsformatshouldbestandardized.Identifyingthetopicandidentifyingeffectiveinformationcanhelptranslatorsquicklydeterminethetypeofcontractthatneedstobetranslated,therebyimprovingtranslationefficiency.ChapterFiveConclusionThisarticleattemptstoapplytheregistertheoryofHalliday'ssystemicfunctionallinguisticstothetranslationofinternationalbusinesscontracts.Basedonregistertheory,thisarticleanalyzesthecharacteristicsofthefield,tenor,andmodereflectedininternationalbusinesscontracts,andproposescorrespondingtranslationskills.Itconductedamorecomprehensiveandin-depthstudyonthetranslationskillsofinternationalbusinesscontracts.Inpractice,thisarticlestudiesthetranslationskillsofinternationalbusinesscontractsfromtheperspectiveofregistertheory.Underthepremiseofregistertheory,translatorsshouldconveycontractinformationinanaccurate,professional,andconsistentmannerwiththelanguagecharacteristicsofbusinesscontracts.Underthepremiseofregistertheory,translatorsshouldchooseappropriatevocabularyandgrammaticalformstomaintaintheformalityandauthorityofthecontract.Underthepremiseofregistertheory,translatedpapersmustbeclearlyexpressedandorganizedintheusualwayofthetargetlanguage.Accordingtothedifferentcontextsofthesourceandtargetlanguages,reasonableandnecessaryadjustmentsshouldbemadeduringthetranslationprocess.Intheory,thispaperprovesthatregistertheorycombinedwithHalliday'ssystemic-functionallinguisticscanprovideamoreeffectiveandcomprehensivetheoreticalbasisforthestudyofthetranslationofinternationalbusinesscontracts.Systemicfunctionallinguisticsisacomprehensive,profoundandfunction-orientedlanguagesystem,whichconsidersmanycontextualfactorsinthestudyoflanguage,includinglanguage,situation,socialandculturalcontext.Itaimstoproposetherelationshipbetweenlanguagefunctionandlanguageform,andtoexplaintherelationshipbetweengrammaticalstructureandmeaning.ThispapertriesanewresearchAngletostudythetranslationskillsofinternationalbusinesscontracts,whichtosomeextenttestsandenrichesthevalueofregistertheoryandHallidaysystemic-functionallinguistics.Inshort,registertheoryisausefulguideandtoolforstudyingthetranslationofinternationalbusin