中英園林造園要素差異研究

-10-ChapterFourFormationReasonofDifferenceinChineseandBritishGardenLandscapeElementsTherearemanyreasonsforthedifferencesintheelementsofChineseandEnglishgardens.Intermsofclimate,geographyandhumanity,manyfactorshavecreatedthedifferencesintheelementsofChineseandEnglishgardens.4.1ClimateFactorsTherearemanyreasonsforthedifferencesintheelementsofChineseandEnglishgardens.Intermsofclimate,geographyandhumanity,manyfactorshavecreatedthedifferencesintheelementsofChineseandEnglishgardens.4.1.1ChineseClimateMostofChineseclimatetypeiscomplicated,islocatedinthenorthtemperatezoneandsubtropical,isacontinentalmonsoonclimatezone.Inmostofthefourseasons,hotinthesummerofdetermination.Duetothevast,complexterrain,elevationdifference,thushasawidevarietyofclimatetypes.Chinesetemperaturebeltfromsouthtonorthinturnisatropical,subtropical,warm,intemperate,coldwarm,andaverticalQinghai-Tibetplateautemperatezone.JiangnangardensinSuzhou,Hangzhou,Yangzhouasthecenter,warmwetweather,duetotheneedofventilationandlighting,buildingmostlysmalltransparent,imageandlightsome.Jiangnanhumidtemperateclimatesuitableforthegrowthofflowersandtrees.Sotherearemanydifferentkindsofflowersandtreeshere,giveprioritytowithdeciduoustrees,withanumberofevergreentree,alongwithvinesandbamboo,banana,tone,etctheplantdisposition.Andbeabletomakefulluseoftheseasonalconstitutethefourseasonsofflowersandtreesgrowdifferentscenery.Becausetheareaisrichinstone,sofoldmountaindiversifiedapproachofJiangnangardens,andskilled.4.1.2BritishClimateThevastmajorityoftheUKislocatedbetween50°and60°northlatitude,subjecttotheislandposition,westerlywindcirculation,northwestundertheinfluenceofwarmoceancurrentandotherfactors.ItisatemperateMarineclimatewithwarmwinterandcoolsummerandhumidyearround.Buttheclimatevariesslightlyfromplacetoplace,winterwarmcurrenthasastronginfluenceonthewest,andcoldairfromEurasiamainlyaffectstheeast,sowintertemperature.Thewestishigherthantheeast.Thevariationofsummertemperatureismainlycontrolledbylatitudedifference,whichishigherinthesouththaninthenorth.Annualprecipitationinmostareastheprecipitationis600-1500mm,andtheseasonaldistributionismoreuniform,withmoreprecipitationinautumnandlessinspring.Theeastandnorthoutnumberthesouth.HighfogandlowsunshinehoursareanimportantfeatureoftheBritishclimate.Annualmeansunshinethehoursare3-5hoursindifferentplaces,andonly1-2hoursinwinter.Themorenorthwardthesunshinehoursare,theless.Lesssunshine,insufficientheattofarmersproductionisnotgood.Thenorthwestalpineregioniscoolandwetinsummer,whichhindrancecropripening,butisconducivetothegrowthofpasture,suitableforthedevelopmentofanimalhusbandry.PlantsareinfluencedbytheclimaticconditionsinChinaandtheUK.Differentclimaticconditionsanddifferentenvironmentsleadtodifferentplanttypes,whichresultsinadifferenceinplantelementsinChineseandEnglishgardens.4.2GeographicalFactorsGeographyisanotheraspectofthedifferencebetweenChineseandEnglishgardens.Geographicalfactorsareanimportantreasonforthedifferencesingardenconstructionbetweenthetwocountries.Geographicallocationcanmakeahugedifferencebetweentwocountries,andeveryaspectwillbeaffectedbygeographicalfactors.4.2.1ChineseGeographyFactorsChinaislocatedinthenorthernHemisphere,intheeasternpartoftheworld’slargestcontinent,Eurasia,andtheworld'slargestocean.ThewestcoastofthePacificOcean.MostofChinaislocatedinthemiddlelatitudes,fromthePamirPlateauincentralAsiainthewesttoTaipingintheeastcoastoftheocean,thenorthernmostHeilongjiangMohe,thesouthernmostneartheequatoroftheNanshaIslandsZengmusand.Itextends5,500kilometersfromnorthtosouth,about50degreesacrosslatitudes,andcoversalandareaof9.6millionsquarekilometers.Chinesetopographyissimplyhighinthewestandlowintheeast,withmountainsinthewestandnorthandseaintheeastandsouth.HighmountainsandplateausaredistributedinthewestoftheGreatKhinganMountains-TaihangMountains-WushanMountains-XuefengMountainsline,andhillsandplainsaremainlydistributedintheeastofthisline.Mountains,plateausandhillsaccountfortwothirdsofthecountry’stotallandarea.Inaddition,numerousriversandlakesintheterritorytogetherwithmountainsandhillsconstitutethelandscapepatternofChineseclassicalgardenswithmountainsandriversasthemainframework.Thislandscapepatternwithlandscapeasthemainframeworkhasdifferentmanifestationsindifferentregions:northerngardenshavemoremountainsandlesswater,whilesoutherngardenshavemorewaterandlessmountains.TakeBeijingasanexample.BeijingwasthecapitaloftheMingandQingDynasties,andthefolkgardensinthecitycouldnotusethewaterfromtheImperialRiverwithoutorders.Duetothewaterisnoteasy,sothesegardensfewchiselpondmanagementwater,eventheuseof“droughtgarden”practice.Itisworthexplainingthattheroyalgardeninthelateruseofwater,isfromtheimitationofJiangnanwater.SouthernChinaisahillyarea,rivers,lakesrob,richstackmountainstone,sothegardenmorechiselmountainLiwater,andwhichwateraccountsforalargerarea,themostfamousistheHumbleAdministrator’sGardeninSuzhou.Thewateraccountsforthreefifthsoftheareaofthegarden.Fromthepointofviewoftheselectionandutilizationofterrain,Chinesegardenscanbedividedintoartificiallandscapeandnaturallandscape.Artificiallandscapepark,thatis,cutwaterontheflat,pilerockery,artificiallycreatelandscape,withflowersandtreesplantingandarchitecturalconstruction,thenaturallandscapeshrinkingtomimicinasmallrange.Mostofthesegardensarebuiltincities,alsoknownas“urbanmountainsandforests”.InancientChina,itwasbelievedthatthemountainsoftheworldoriginatedinKunlun,withthenorthwestastheheadandthesoutheastasthetail.Theoverallflowtrendofriversandriversalsofollowedthemountainsfromnorthwesttosoutheast,andeventuallyreturnedtothesea.Manyfamousgardensinhistory,suchasGenYueintheNorthernSongDynastyandQingyiGardenintheQingDynasty,adoptedthislandscapepattern.Inessence,thelayoutofurbangardenswithmountainsinthenorthwestandwaterinthesoutheastisanimitationofChinesetopography.Naturallandscapegardenistheuseofnaturallandscapepartsorfragments,withflowersandtreesplantingandconstruction.Bothnaturalandartificiallandscapegardensreflectthenatureoflandscape.4.2.2BritishGeographyFactorsAcrosstheplateau,lowmountains,hills,plains,widevalleyandtheterrain.Thegeneralterrainishighnorthwest,southeastlow,largelytofromsouth-westEnglandakersestuariesattachmentisboundedtothenortheast,classifiedashighnorthwestandsoutheastofthelowareas.HighnorthwestScotland,wales,NorthernIrelandandthewestofEngland,allareatanaltitudeof500metersbelowthelowmountainandplateau.InEngland,eastsoutheastlowareaishilly,cliff,valleysandplainsandthedistributionoftheregion,areunder200metersabovesealevel,mostoftheearth’ssurfaceandgentle,is17-classicalgardensaremainlydistributedinthe18thcentury.Atthesametime,becausetheBritishlandscapeinthemajoritywithhills,isestablishedinordertoavoidthescaletransformationterrain,andtheresultinghighconstructioninvestment,andafterthe18thcenturyBritishlandscapeisgivenprioritytowithnaturalscenerybotanicalgarden,builtalongthebase,makefulluseofthepresentsituationandtheexpansionofthereform.4.3SocialFactorsSocialfactorisamorecomplexfactor,itplaysanaestheticroleingardenconstruction.Socialfactorsincludemanyaspects,thecontentofmiscellaneous,inthepassageofalongtime,producedalotofbranches,eachparttogether,mutualinfluence.Socialfactorsarealsotheculturaldifferencesinthelong-termdevelopmentofthetwocountries.4.3.1ChineseSocialElementsThemajorityethnicgroupofChinaisHan.TheHancivilizationissoextensiveandcohesivethatthepoliticalindependenceandlinguisticandculturalindependenceoftheHannationhavenotbeenaffectedbythewholeChineseHancivilization,nomatterwhatperiod,nomatterwhatthebloodoftherulersandnomatterhowdestroyedithasbeen.Thedevelopment,maturityandextinctionofthefeudalempirewithHannationalityasthemainbodyalsoreflectedtheevolutionofChineseclassicalgardens.Therefore,asanintegralpartofChinesefeudalculture,thedevelopmentofChineseclassicalgardenshasalwaysbeeninasingleculturalbackground,thusformingthecharacteristicsofbothroyalgardensandprivategardens,whicharedominatedbynaturalstyle.4.3.2BritishSocialElementsAsanintegralpartofBritishculture,Britishgardenscontainabundantforeignculturalelements.Throughthechurchandtheinfluenceofthetwomainchannels,royalItalian.FrenchandMuslimstylegardenformsaresuccessivelyintroducedintotheUK,haveplayedanimportantroleintheenlightenmenttothedevelopmentofthegarden.Asaresult,theBritishgardenatalltimeswithaverydifferentformofexpressionandstylecharacteristic,dividebythe18thcentury,beforetheruletypegardeningera,thenformedthenaturalscenerybotanicalgarden.ChapterFiveEnlightenmentofChineseandBritishGardenElementstoModernGardenConstructionThroughthecomprehensivecomparativestudyofChineseandEnglishgardenart,whichbelongtotwodifferentculturalsystems,peoplecanrevealtheoverallcharacteristicsofChineseandEnglishgardenartmoreprofoundly.5.1LandscapeConstructionIntegrationofNationalCultureIdeaThedevelopmentofChineseclassicalgardenChineseclassicalgardenhasalonghistoryandrichculturalcontent,charactertraitisbright,colorful,highlyartisticcharm,istheworldculturalheritagetreasurehouseofbrightcanluminouspearloftheOrientalcivilization.Socialfactorsplaysakeyroleintheformationofgardenstyle.RemainthesingledevelopmentprocessofChineseclassicalgardenlongunderthebackgroundofHanculture,formedovertwothousandyearsisgivenprioritytowithnaturalstyleoflandscapefeatures.ButtheBritishgardencontainscompositionofforeigncultureisveryrich,soindifferenterarespectivelyformedadistinctiverulestypelandscapeandnaturallandscape.5.2AestheticDiversityLandscapeConstructionDifferentideologicalcontentandculturalimplication,causedthedifferentlandscapeconcept,leadtodifferentformsoflandscapedesignmethodsandexpression,resultinginadistinctartstyleinthegarden.Itisclearthatnationcarryingcultureaffectsthedesign.Culturemainlyincludesmaterialculture,systemcultureandspiritualculture,andspiritualcultureisthehumanactivitiesofthesocialconsciousnessinoculationwayofthinking,values,aesthetictemperamentandinterest,etc.Designperformancecultureasanimportantmeansofart,itisbasedonculturalbackground.Inspirationforartisticcreationofthedesigner,allfromournationalvalues,lifestylesanddeepunderstandingofaestheticideal.Designarealsocreatingcultureatthesametime,theHumbleAdministrator’sgardenandStoweHydeparkrichgardentype,becomeamodelofgardenculture.ChapterSixConclusionWiththedevelopmentofcitiesandsocialchanges,newartisticideashavetriggeredthemodernisttrendofthought.Urbanparksaregraduallyprevailinginvariouscountries,andthedevelopmentofgardensisbecomingmoreandmorediversified.Landscapedesigners,asmoderngardenbeauticians,shouldbewell-versedandwell-versedinlearningandmasteringtheclassicaltheoryofgardenconstructiontobetterintegrateandcreateabeautifulhomelandforhumanbeings.Firstofall,learnthenaturalbeautyofclassicalChinesegardens,grasptheessenceof“thoughmadebyman,itisliketheopeningofheaven”,andcreatedifferentlandscapesinthewindingpathsandsecludedplaces.Givepeopleadifferentaestheticfeeling.Secondly,weshouldgraspthespacestructureconceptof“combiningdynamicanddynamic,creatingvirtualandreal”.Whetheritistheselectionofgardenelementsorthecompositionofspaceform,weshouldconsiderthegardenasawhole,whichhasboththebrightanddarkflowersanddifferentsceneryofChineseclassicalgardensandthecontrast,unityandgrandatmosphereofwesterngardens.Landscapeconstructionisahugediscipline,containingarchitecture,ecology,humanity,biologicalspeciesandmanyotherdisciplines,landscapeconstructionshouldreflecttheconstructionofthecore,architecturalthoughtandphilosophy.Naturalresourceconditionsandlandscapecharacteristics,aswellastherelationshipbetweenmanandnaturearetwoimportantaspectstobereflectedingardendesign.Moderngardendevelopmentshouldrespectnature,localhistoryandculturaltraditions,maximizethepreservationoflocalhistory,culturalheritageandnaturalresources,andmakefulluseoflocaltopography,animalandplantresources.Onlybycreatinglandscapeworksthatnotonlyconformtolocallandscapecharacteristics,butalsomeetthelivinghabitsandaesthetictasteoflocalresidents,canmoderngardenstrulydevelopandmature.TherearegreatdifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishgardensintheformsofexpression,buttherearemanysimilaritiesinessence.ItisashortcuttoacceleratethedevelopmentofmodernChinesegardenstotakethestrengthsofChineseandwesterngardens,complementtheweaknessesofmodernChinesegardens,andintegratemodernconceptsanddesignmethodsofwesterngardensintothelocallandscaperesourcesandculturalconnotationsofChina.Finally,withtherapiddevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,thegardenshouldalsohavearigorousspirito