2021年英語專業(yè)八級翻譯英譯漢

英譯漢Atitsheart，psycholinguisticworkconsistsoftwoquestions.Oneis，Whatknowledgeoflanguageisneededforustouselanguage?Inasense，wemustknowalanguagetouseit，butwearenotalwaysfullyawareofthisknowledge.Adistinctionmaybedrawnbetweentacitknowledgeandexplicitknowledge.Tacitknowledgereferstotheknowledgeofhowtoperformvariousacts，whereasexplicitknowledgereferstotheknowledgeoftheprocessesormechanismsusedintheseacts.Wesometimesknowhowtodosomethingwithoutknowinghowwedoit.Forinstance，abaseballpitcher(投手)mightknowhowtothrowabaseball90milesanhourbutmighthavelittleornoexplicitknowledgeofthemusclegroupsthatareinvolvedinthisact.Similarly，wemaydistinguishbetweenknowinghowtospeakandknowingwhatprocessesareinvolvedinproducingspeech.Generallyspeaking，muchofourlinguisticknowledgeistacitratherthanexplicit.參照譯文：心理語言學(xué)研究涉及兩個核心問題。第一，咱們使用語言需要什么語言知識？從某種意義上說，咱們必要擁有某種語言知識才干使用該語言，但卻并不總是能完全意識到這種知識。咱們也許要對隱性知識和顯性知識加以區(qū)別。隱性知識是指如何執(zhí)行各種動作所擁有知識，而顯性知識是指在這些動作中使用過程或者機(jī)制所蘊(yùn)含知識。有時，咱們懂得如何做某事，卻無法說出咱們是怎么做。例如，一名棒球投手也許懂得如何以每小時90英里速度把球拋出去，但對關(guān)于參加此活動肌群顯性知識卻知之甚少，或一無所知。同樣地，咱們懂得如何說話，但卻不清晰言語產(chǎn)生包括哪些過程?？倎碚f，咱們大多數(shù)語言知識都是隱性知識而非顯性知識。英譯漢Thephysicaldistancebetweenspeakerscanindicateanumberofthingsandcanalsobeusedtoconsciouslysend

messages

about

intent.Closeness，forexample，indicatesintimacyorthreattomanyspeakerswhilstdistancemay

denoteformalityoralackofinterest.Proximityisalsobothamatterofpersonalstyleandisoftenculture-boundsothatwhatmayseemnormaltoaspeakerfromoneculturemayappearunnecessarily

closeordistanttoaspeakerfromanother.And，standingclosetosomeonemaybequiteappropriateinsomesituationssuchasinformalparty，butcompletelyoutofplaceinothers，suchasmeetingwithasuperior.Posturecanconveymeaningtoo.Hunchedshouldersandahangingheadgiveapowerfulindicationofmood.Aloweredheadwhenspeakingtoasuperior(withorwithouteyecontact)canconveytheappropriaterelationshipinsomecultures.演說者與聽眾之間實際距離普通來是用來傳送演說內(nèi)容最佳途徑但是同步可以表白諸多問題。就拿距離遠(yuǎn)近來說，近距離可以體現(xiàn)演說者和聽眾一種密切限度但同步對于演說者也是一種心靈上震懾，相反，遠(yuǎn)距離會是一種較正式提現(xiàn)但也可說是一種缺少興趣體現(xiàn)。大體距離不但僅是一種個人風(fēng)格提現(xiàn)同步也和個人文化背景息息有關(guān)，因而在一種文化中所體現(xiàn)演說者與聽眾之間適當(dāng)距離在另一種文化中也許會被界定成一種過度親近亦或過度疏遠(yuǎn)。再例如，如在非正規(guī)宴會中，雙方之間緊貼距離是一種適當(dāng)體現(xiàn)但是如若是和高層領(lǐng)導(dǎo)洽談，這樣距離就顯得適得其反了。不但僅是距離，姿勢也會透露諸多細(xì)節(jié)。俯身前傾，頭部前伸是一種正面情緒提現(xiàn)。但當(dāng)和尊者溝通還隨著著時不時眼神交流時，謙卑低頭在某些文化背景中卻也是一種適當(dāng)氛圍。英譯漢TheUNGeneralAssembly，thecentralpoliticalforum，iscomposedof193members，includingvirtuallyalltheworld’snation-states.Twothirdsofitsmembersaredevelopingcountries，whichaccountforaboutthree-quartersoftheworld’spopulation.Reachingdecisionsisdifficult，especiallysinceallagreementsbycustommustbereachedbyconsensus.Asaresult，importantagreementsareoftenheldhostagebynarrowspecialinterests，andmostagreementsarereachedonlybyreducingthemtotheirlowestcommondenominators.Buttherealquestioniswhetherthemajorcountriesoftheworldwillallowdemocracytofunctionatthehighestlevel.TheSecurityCouncil，whichisresponsibleforpeaceandsecurity，dealswithissuesofthegreatestpoliticalimportance.TheCouncilhasonly15memberssoitcanmeetfrequentlyanddealwithcrises.OnceimpotenceduetoColdWarrivalries，ithasregainedmuchoftheauthorityaccordedbytheUNcharter.參照譯文聯(lián)合國代表大會，中心政治論壇，由193個成員國構(gòu)成，幾乎涉及世界上所有國家，其中三分之二國家為發(fā)展中華人民共和國家，占世界總?cè)丝谒姆种?。通過決策非常困難，特別是所有慣例決出合同必要達(dá)到一致才干通過。成果就是，重要合同總是被狹隘特殊利益所挾持，并且大某些合同都只是用來使自己利益最大化。但真正問題是世界上重要國.與否樂意看到民主最大限度地開展。聯(lián)合國安理睬，負(fù)責(zé)和平和安全，解決最重要政治問題。安理睬只有15個成員國，因此能經(jīng)常性地應(yīng)付危機(jī)。它曾一度由于冷戰(zhàn)對立而停擺，但已經(jīng)重新獲得了聯(lián)合國憲章予以權(quán)利。英譯漢Insomecases，intelligentpeopleimplementingintelligentpoliciesareresponsibleforproducinga"boomerangeffect"；theyactuallycreatemoreofwhateveritistheyseektoreduceinthefirstplace.

Theboomerangeffecthasbeenachievedmanytimesinrecentyearsbymenandwomenofgoodwill.Statelegislaturesaroundthenationhaverecentlyraisedthedrinkingagebackto21inanefforttoreducetheprevalenceofviolentdeathsamongouryoungpeople.Butsuchpoliciesseeminsteadtohavecreatedtheconditionsforevenmorecampusviolence.Somecollegestudentswhopreviouslydrankinbarsandloungesunderthewatchfulsupervisionofbouncers(夜總會,酒吧等保安人員)(nottomentionownerseartokeeptheirliquorlicenses)nowretreattothesanctuaryoftheirfraternityhousesandapartments，wheretheynolongercontroltheirbehavior-ortheirdrinking.

Theboomerangeffecthasalsoplayedaroleinattemptstoreducetheavailabilityofillicitdrugs.Duringrecentyears，thefederalgovernmenthasbeenquitesuccessfulinreducingthesupplyofstreetdrugs.Asfieldsareburnedandcontraband(違禁品）confiscated，thepriceofstreetdrugshasskyrocketedtoapointwherecheapalterativehavebeguntocompeteinthemarketplace.Unfortunately，thecheapalternativesareevenmoreharmfulthantheillicitdrugstheyreplace.參照譯文：相反是，上述政策似乎引起了更多校園暴力。此前，某些大學(xué)生會在夜總會酒吧飲酒，那是處在酒吧保安人員嚴(yán)密監(jiān)控之下(酒吧老板們這樣做固然只是為了保住自己營業(yè)執(zhí)照)。當(dāng)前，大學(xué)生們會躲到兄弟會會所和公寓中酗酒，她們主線不會控制自己行為。在打擊非法毒品方面，政府采用辦法同樣適得其反。近年來,聯(lián)邦政府卓有成效地抑制了街頭毒品。毒品種植地被燒毀，違禁品被沒收，直接導(dǎo)致街頭毒品價格暴漲，某些便宜代替品開始進(jìn)入市場。不幸是，便宜代替品帶來危害遠(yuǎn)比非法毒品更大。英譯漢WhenflyingoverNepal，it'seasytosoarinyourimaginationandpretendyou'retiny-abutterfly-anddriftingaboveoneofthosethree-dimensionaltopographicalmapsarchitectsuse，thecirclingcontourlinesreplacedbytheterracedricepaddiesthatsurroundeachhighridge.

Nepalisasmallcountry，andfromthewindowsofourplanefloatingeastwardat12,000feet，onecanseeclearlythebrilliantwhitemirageofthehighHimalayasthirtymilesoftheleftwindow.Outtherightwindow，theviewisofthreeorfourhighterracedridgesgivingsuddenwaytotheplainsofIndiabeyond.

Threewerefewroadsvisiblebelow，mosttransportationinNepalbeingbyfootalongancienttrailsthatconnectandbindthecountrytogether.Thereisalsoanetworkofdirtairstrips，whichwasfortunateforme，asIhadnotimeforthetwo-and-a-halfweektrektomydestination.Iwasinaflighttothelocalairport.

參照譯文：飛機(jī)飛越尼泊爾上空時，你很容易天馬行空起來，假想自己很渺小像只蝴蝶在建筑師所使用某個三維地形圖上方漂浮著，在這里，地形圖一圈圈輪廓線變成了環(huán)繞高聳山脊成階梯狀稻田。尼泊爾是個小國。咱們飛機(jī)在1英尺高空向東飛去。從左邊機(jī)窗望去，你能清晰地看到30英里外高聳喜馬拉雅山耀眼白色蜃景。

靠右邊機(jī)窗外是三、四條成梯狀高聳山脊，再往遠(yuǎn)處突然之間成了印度平原。飛機(jī)下面看不這幾條公路。尼泊爾交通方式以步行為主，人們沿著連接整個國家古老小徑行走著。尼泊爾也有一種土筑飛機(jī)場網(wǎng)絡(luò)，這對我來說很幸運(yùn)，由于我沒時間長途跋涉兩周半時間到達(dá)我目地。我在飛往本地機(jī)場飛機(jī)上。.英譯漢IthoughtthatitwasaSundaymorninginMay；thatitwasEasterSunday，andasyetveryearlyinthemorning.Iwasstanding，asitseemedtome，atthedoorofmyowncottage.Rightbeforemelaytheveryscenewhichcouldreallybecommandedfromthatsituation，butexalted，aswasusual，andsolemnizedbythepowerofdreams.Therewerethesamemountains，andthesamelovelyvalleyattheirfeet；butthemountainswereraisedtomorethanAlpineheight，andtherewasinterspacedfarlargerbetweenthemofsavannahsandforestlawns；thehedgeswererichwithwhiteroses；andnolivingcreaturewastobeseen，exceptingthatinthegreenchurchyardtherewerecattletranquillyreposingupontheverdantgraves，andparticularlyroundaboutthegraveofachildwhomIhadoncetenderlyloved，justasIhadreallyseenthem，alittlebeforesunrise，inthesamesummerwhenthatchilddied.參照譯文：我想那是五月一種周日上午;那天是復(fù)活節(jié)，一種大清早上。我站在自家小屋門口。就在我面前呈現(xiàn)出了那么一番景色，從我那個位置其實可以盡收眼底，可是夢里感覺往往如此，由于夢幻力量，這番景象顯得超凡出塵，一派肅穆氣象。群山形狀相似，其山腳下均有著同樣可愛山溝;但是群山挺然參天，高于阿爾卑斯峰，諸山相距空曠，豐草如茵，林地開闊，錯落其間；樹籬上白玫瑰娟娟彌望;遠(yuǎn)近看不見任何生物，唯有蒼翠教堂庭院里，牛群靜靜地臥躺在那片郁郁蔥蔥墳場歇息，好幾頭環(huán)繞著一種小孩墳?zāi)?。我曾對她一腔柔情，那年夏天是在旭日東升前一刻，那孩子死去了，我猶如當(dāng)年那樣望著牛群。英譯漢We，thehumanspecies，areconfrontingaplanetaryemergency–athreattothesurvivalofourcivilizationthatisgatheringominousanddestructivepotentialevenaswegatherhere.Butthereishopefulnewsaswell：wehavetheabilitytosolvethiscrisisandavoidtheworst–thoughnotall–ofitsconsequences，ifweactboldly，decisivelyandquickly.However，despiteagrowingnumberofhonorableexceptions，toomanyoftheworld'sleadersarestillbestdescribedinthewordsWinstonChurchillappliedtothosewhoignoredAdolfHitler'sthreat："Theygooninstrangeparadox，decidedonlytobeundecided，resolvedtobeirresolute，adamantfordrift，solidforfluidity，allpowerfultobeimpotent."Sotoday，wedumpedanother70milliontonsofglobal-warmingpollutionintothethinshellofatmospheresurroundingourplanet，asifitwereanopensewer.Andtomorrow，wewilldumpaslightlylargeramount，withthecumulativeconcentrationsnowtrappingmoreandmoreheatfromthesun.參照譯文：咱們?nèi)祟悾媾R全球性危機(jī)，咱們生存和文明受到威脅。盡管咱們聚在一起共商對策，而劫難卻在擴(kuò)大，形式不容樂觀。但也有令人欣喜消息：如果行動大膽堅決，反映迅速，咱們有能力解決這場危機(jī)，避免其向最壞方向發(fā)展。但是，時下世界上許多國家領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人可以用當(dāng)年溫斯頓?丘吉爾批評歐洲諸政要忽視阿道夫?希特勒名言來形容，“它們在奇怪悖論中前行，僅僅為一種決定而躊躇不決，有了決心卻拖泥帶水，信心猶疑不定，看法隨波逐流，掌權(quán)者虛弱無力?！倍缃裨蹅兿蜻@個星球脆弱大氣層傾倒超過七千萬噸溫室氣體，把其當(dāng)作天然排污口。明天咱們還會變本加厲，堆積溫室氣體吸納了越來越多太陽熱度。英譯漢But,ashasbeentrueinmanyothercases，whentheywereatlastmarried,themostidealofsituationswasfoundtohavebeenchangedtothemostpractical.insteadofhavingsharedtheiroriginalduties，andasschool–boyswouldsay，goinghalves，theydiscoveredthatthecaresoflifehadbeendoubled.Thisledtosomedistressingmomentsforbothourfriends；theyunderstoodsuddenlythatinsteadofdwellinginheaventheywerestilluponearth,andhadmadethemselvesslavestonewlawsandlimitations.Insteadofbeingfreerandhappierthaneverbefore，theyhadassumednewresponsibilities；theyhadestablishedanewhousehold，andmustfulfillinsomewayoranothertheobligationsofit.Theylookedbackwithaffectiontotheirengagement；theyhadbeenlongingtohaveeachothertothemselves，apartfromtheworld，butitseemedthattheyneverfeltsokeenlythattheywerestillunitsinmodernsociety.參照譯文：但是正如其她許多已經(jīng)發(fā)生過事情同樣，當(dāng)她們最后結(jié)婚后，發(fā)現(xiàn)最憧憬生活變得再實際但是了。她們非但沒有分擔(dān)各自原先責(zé)任正如那些學(xué)生們所說"一半一半"，相反卻發(fā)現(xiàn)生活重任加倍了。這使得咱們那兩個結(jié)婚朋友時常覺得沮喪;她們突然發(fā)現(xiàn)自己并沒有過著天堂般生活而是仍實實在在地生活在地球上，并且成為了新規(guī)則和新約束奴隸。生活并沒有比此前更自由、更幸福，由于她們要去承擔(dān)新責(zé)任。既然成立了一種新家庭，那就無論如何也要盡一點家庭義務(wù)。她們深情地回憶起訂婚那段時光，曾經(jīng)如此地渴望擁有彼此而忘掉這個世界，然而當(dāng)前最深切感受卻是自己仍是這個世界一份子。英譯漢GoodbyeandgoodluckScientificandtechnologicaladvancesareenablingustocomprehendthefurthestreachesofthecosmos，themostbasicconstituentsofmatter，andthemiracleoflife.Atthesametime，today，theactions，andinaction，ofhumanbeingsimperilnotonlylifeontheplanet，buttheverylifeoftheplanet.Globalizationismakingtheworldsmaller，fasterandricher.Still，9/11，avianflu，andIranremindusthatasmaller，fasterworldisnotnecessarilyasaferworld.Ourworldisburstingwithknowledge-butdesperatelyinneedofwisdom.Now，whensoundbitesaregettingshorter，wheninstantmessagescrowdoutessays，andwhenindividuallivesgrowmorefrenzied，collegegraduatescapableofdeepreflectionarewhatourworldneeds.ForallthesereasonsIbelieved-andIbelieveevenmorestronglytoday-intheuniqueandirreplaceablemissionofuniversities.參照譯文：科技進(jìn)步正在使咱們可以摸索宇宙邊陲、物質(zhì)最基本成分及生命奇跡。與此同步，今天，人類所做及沒能做到事情，不但危害到這個星球上生命，也危害到該星球壽命。全球化正在使地球變得愈來愈小、愈來愈快和愈來愈富有。盡管如此，9/11、禽流感及伊朗提示咱們，更小更快世界決不意味著其更安全。咱們正處在一種知識爆炸世界之中，但是，迫切需要智慧。當(dāng)前，在(新聞采訪)原聲摘要播出變得愈來愈短，即時信息裁減了雜記文，個人生活變得如癡如狂之際，這個世界還是需要可以深思大學(xué)生。考慮到這些理由，我過去信奉，而今天甚至更加強(qiáng)烈地信奉大學(xué)獨(dú)特、無可取代使命。英譯漢Ihavenothingtoofferbutblood，toil，tearsandsweat.Wehavebeforeusanordealofthemostgrievouskind.Wehavebeforeusmany，manymonthsofstruggleandsuffering.Youask，whatisouraim?Icananswerinoneword，itisvictory.Victoryatallcostsvictoryinspiteofallterrorsvictory，howeverlongandhardtheroadmaybe，forwithoutvictorythereisnosurvival.Letthatberealized，nosurvivalfortheBritishEmpire，nosurvivalforallthatBritishEmpirehasstoodfor，nosurvivalfortheurge，theimpulseoftheages，thatmankindshallmoreforwardtowardhisgoal.Itakeupmytaskinbuoyancyandhope.Ifeelsurethatourcausewillnotbesufferedtofailamongmen.Ifeelentitledatthisjuncture，atthistime，toclaimtheaidofallandtosay，“Comethen，letusgoforwardtogetherwithourunitedstrength.參照譯文：我能奉獻(xiàn)唯有熱血、辛苦、淚水和汗水。咱們所面臨將是一場極為殘酷考驗，咱們面臨將是曠日持久斗爭和苦難。你若問咱們目的是什么?我可以用一種詞來概括，那就是勝利。不惜一切代價去奪取勝利，不畏懼一切恐怖去奪取勝利，無論前路再長再苦也要多去勝利，由于沒有勝利糾無法生存!咱們必要意識到，沒有勝利就沒有大英帝國，沒有勝利就沒有大英帝國所象征一切，沒有勝利就沒有多少世紀(jì)以來強(qiáng)烈規(guī)定和沖動：人類應(yīng)當(dāng)向自己目的邁進(jìn)。此刻，我精神振奮，滿懷信心地承當(dāng)起自己人物。我確信，只要咱們?nèi)藗兟?lián)合，咱們事業(yè)就不會挫敗。此時此刻千鈞一發(fā)之際，我覺得我有權(quán)規(guī)定各方面支持。我要呼吁：“來吧，讓咱們?nèi)翰吲?，并肩邁進(jìn)!”英譯漢Itissimpleenoughtosaythatsincebookshaveclassesfiction，biography，poetry—weshouldseparatethemandtakefromeachwhatitisrightthateachshouldgiveus.Yetfewpeopleaskfrombookswhatbookscangiveus.Mostcommonlywecometobookswithblurred(模糊，不明確)anddividedminds(分心)，askingoffictionthatitshallbetrue，ofpoetrythatitshallbefalse，ofbiographythatitshallbeflattering，ofhistorythatitshallenforceourownprejudices.Ifwecouldbanish(消除)allsuchpreconceptions(偏見、成見)whenweread，thatwouldbeanadmirable(絕妙、極好)beginning.Donotdictate(口述、發(fā)號施令)toyourauthor；trytobecomehim.Behisfellowworkerandaccomplice(同謀、合伙者).Ifyouhangback(遲疑、躊躇不決)，andreserve(保存、儲備)andcriticizeatfirst，youarepreventingyourselffromgettingthefullestpossiblevaluefromwhatyouread.Butifyouopenyourmindaswidelyaspossible，thensignsandhintsofalmostimperceptible(察覺不到)fineness(優(yōu)良、出眾)，fromthetwistandturnofthefirstsentences(換行句子)，willbringyouintothepresenceofahumanbeingunlikeanyother.Steep(沉浸、潛心、專心)yourselfinthis，acquaint(使熟知)yourselfwiththis，andsoonyouwillfindthatyourauthorisgivingyou，orattemptingtogiveyou，somethingfarmoredefinite.參照譯文：然而很少有人樂意接受書上告訴咱們東西。咱們普通是帶著一種不明確不專一目去讀書，咱們規(guī)定故事是真實，詩歌應(yīng)當(dāng)是虛構(gòu)，傳記應(yīng)當(dāng)是奉承人，歷史則應(yīng)當(dāng)是能加深咱們自己偏見。如果咱們讀書時候可以屏棄這些成見，那將會是一種絕妙開端。不要試圖對作者發(fā)號施令，而是要設(shè)身處地把作者思路，把自己當(dāng)作作者合伙伙伴。如果你開始就躊躇不決，不肯接受作者觀點，甚至對作者觀點評頭論足，你就是給自己設(shè)立障礙，使自己不也許最大限度地運(yùn)用課本。然而，如果你盡量敞開心扉，那么文章開頭就能給你某些暗示，由此一種與眾不同人物形象將躍然呈現(xiàn)于你面前。英譯漢Formethemostinterestingthingaboutasolitarylife，andminehasbeenthatforthelasttwentyyears，isthatitbecomesincreasinglyrewarding.WhenIcanwakeupandwatchthesunriseovertheocean，asIdomostdays，andknowthatIhaveanentiredayahead，uninterrupted，inwhichtowriteafewpages，takeawalkwithmydog，readandlistentomusic，Iamfloodedwithhappiness.I’mlonelyonlywhenIamovertired，whenIhaveworkedtoolongwithoutabreak，whenfromthetimebeingIfeelemptyandneedfillingup.AndIamlonelysometimeswhenIcomebackhomeafteralecturetrip，whenIhaveseenalotofpeopleandtalkedalot，andamfulltothebrim(邊沿)withexperiencethatneedstobesortedout(挑選、選取).Thenforalittlewhilethehousefeelshugeandempty，andIwonderwheremyself(本性、本我)ishiding.Ithastoberecapturedslowlybywateringtheplantsandperhaps，bylookingagainateachone(指代plant植物)asthoughitwereaperson.Ittakesawhile，asIwatchthesurf(水浪)blowingupinfountains(噴泉)，butthemoment(指thelonelymoment)comeswhentheworldsfallsaway，andtheselfemergesagainfromthedeepunconscious(潛意識)，bringingbackallIhaverecentlyexperiencedtobeexploredandslowlyunderstood.參照譯文：只有我在非常疲勞時候，在我不斷工作了很長時間后來，在我倍感空虛，需要充實時候，我才會感到寂寞。而有時候在我結(jié)束巡回演講回家時候，在講了諸多話后，并且有太多經(jīng)歷需要整頓時，我也會感到寂寞。于是，有那么一會兒，我感到房子又大又空，我都不懂得我自我又到哪里去了。這時，我必要給植物澆水，并挨個瞅瞅，好像她們是有生命精靈普通，這樣我才干慢慢找到我那個自我。很長一段時間，我看著水浪從噴泉中噴涌而出。但只有當(dāng)世界在我身邊逐漸消失，當(dāng)我再次從我內(nèi)心深處無意識中冒出來時，帶給我近來種種經(jīng)歷，讓我探究，讓我慢慢領(lǐng)略時，我才會感到寂寞。當(dāng)我由于持續(xù)工作太久而感覺疲勞空虛，需要充實一下時候，我會覺得孤單。有時，我出差做講座，見諸多人，說諸多話，回來后腦子里諸多東西需要理一理，這時我也會覺得孤單。英譯漢Inhisclassicnovel，“ThePioneers”，JamesFennimoreCooperhashishero，alanddeveloper，takehiscousinonatourofthecityheisbuilding.Hedescribesthebroadstreets，rowsofhouses，andateemingmetropolis.Buthiscousinlooksaroundbewildered.Allsheseesisaforest.“Wherearethebeautiesandimprovementswhichyouweretoshowme?”sheasks.He’sastonishedshecan’tseethem.“Where！Whyeverywhere,”hereplies.Forthoughttheyarenotyetbuiltonearth，hehasbuilttheminhismind，andtheyareasconcretetohimasiftheywerealreadyconstructedandfinished.CooperwasillustratingadistinctlyAmericantrait，future-mindedness：theabilitytoseethepresentfromthevantagepointofthefuture；thefreedomtofeelunencumberedbythepastandmoreemotionallyattachedtothingstocome.AsAlbertEinsteinoncesaid，“LifefortheAmericanisalwaysbecoming，neverbeing.”參照譯文：在其典型故事《開拓者》中，詹姆士·菲尼摩爾·庫珀讓主人公，一種土地開發(fā)商，帶她表妹參觀正在由她承建一座都市。她描述了寬闊街道，林立房屋，熱鬧都市。她表妹環(huán)顧四周，大惑不解。她所看見只是一片樹林?！澳阆胱屛铱茨切┟谰昂透脑炝说胤皆谀膬喊?”她問道。她見表妹看不到那些東西，感到很驚訝。“哪兒?處處都是啊!”她答道。雖然那些東西尚未建成在大地上，但她已在心中將它們建好了。對她來說，它們都是實實在在，宛如已建成竣工同樣。庫珀這里闡明是一種典型美國人特性：著眼于將來，即可以從將來角度看待當(dāng)前；可以自由地不為過去所羈絆，而在情感上更多地依附于將來事物。正如阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦曾經(jīng)說過那樣：“對美國人來說，生活總是在發(fā)展變化中，從來不會靜止不變?！庇⒆g漢Theword“winner”and“l(fā)oser”havemanymeanings.Whentheyrefertoapersonasawinner，wedonotmeanonewhomakessomeelselose.Tous，awinnerisonewhorespondsauthenticallybybeingcredible，trustworthy，responsive，andgenie，bothasanindividualandasamemberofasociety.Winnersdonotdecidetheirlivestoaconceptofwhattheyimaginetheyshouldbe；rather，theyarethemselvesandsomuchdonotusetheirenergyputtingonaperformance，maintainingpretence(偽裝)andmanipulating(操縱)others.Theyareawarethatthereisadifferencebetweenbeinglovingandactingloving，betweenbeingstupidandactingstupid，betweenbeingknowledgeableandactingknowledgeable.Winnersdonotneedtohidebehindamask.參照譯文：勝者不會窮其畢生精力，去拘泥于某個她們所想象為人之道;相反，她們會保持其真我本色，并且，作為這種追求真我仁者，她們不會絞盡腦汁裝腔作勢，維持一種自命不凡姿態(tài)，或去操縱她人。她們深知，在真心關(guān)愛和虛情假意之間，在頑固不化和大智若愚之間，在真才實學(xué)和裝學(xué)富五車之間，實質(zhì)上都存在著天壤之別。成功者無需面具掩藏自我。英譯漢PossessionforitsownsakeorincompetitionwiththerestoftheneighborhoodwouldhavebeenThoreau’sideaofthelowlevels.Theactivedisciplineofheighteningone’sperceptionofwhatisenduringinnaturewouldhavebeenhisideaofthehigh.Whathesavedfromthelowwastimeandefforthecouldspendonthehigh.Thoreaucertainlydisapprovedofstarvation，buthewouldputintofeedinghimselfonlyasmucheffortaswouldkeephimfunctioningformoreimportantefforts.?Effortisthegistofit.Thereisnohappinessexceptaswetakeonlife-engagingdifficulties.Shortoftheimpossible，asYeatsputit，thesatisfactionwegetfromalifetimedependsonhowhighwechooseourdifficulties.RobertFrostwasthinkinginsomethinglikethesametermswhenhespokeof“Thepleasureoftakingpains”.Themortalflawintheadvertisedversionofhappinessisinthefactthatitpurportstobeeffortless.?Wedemanddifficultyeveninourgames.Wedemanditb