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2010年全國碩士研究生人學統(tǒng)一考試英語試題
In1924America'sNationalResearchCouncilsenttwoengineerstosuperviseaseriesof
industrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthornePlantnearChicago.
Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlighting1workers,productivity.Instead,the
studiesended2givingtheirnametothe"Hawthorneeffect”,theextremelyinfluential
ideathatthevery3tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects'behavior.
Theideaarosebecauseofthe4behaviorofthewomenintheHawthorneplant.According
to5oftheexperiments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalso
whenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot6whatwasdoneintheexperiment;7somethingwas
changed,productivityrose.A(n)8thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe
9toalterworkers*behavior10itself.
Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere11toeconometrictheanalysis.Hawthorne
experimentshasanothersurprisestore12thedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematic
13wasfoundthatlevelsofproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.
Itturnsoutthatpeculiarwayofconductingtheexperimentsmaybehaveletto14
interpretationofwhathapped.15,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.Whenwork
startedagainonMonday,output16rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand17
toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.18,acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewas
noexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday,workers19tobediligent
forthefirstfewdaysoftheweekinanycase,before20aplateauandthenslackening
off.Thissuggeststhatthealleged"Hawthorneeffect"ishardtopindown.
rDu
1.[A]affected[B]achieved[C]extractedLrestored
rDT
2.[A]at[B]up[C]withLJoff
rDT
3.[A]truth[B]sight[C]actLJproof
rDu
4.[A]controversial[B]perplexing[C]mischievousLambiguous
rDT
5.[A]requirements[B]explanation[C]accountsLJassessments
rDu
6.[A]conclude[B]matter[C]indicateLwork
rDT
7.[A]asfaras[B]forfearthat[C]incasethatLJsolongas
rDu
8.[A]awareness[B]expectation[C]sentimentLillusion
FDT
9.[A]suitable[B]excessive[C]enoughLJabundant
rDT
10.[A]about[B]for[C]onLDJby
Fu
11.[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjectedLconveyed
12.[A]contraryto[B]consistentwith[C]parallelwith[D]arto
rDT
13.[A]evidence[B]guidance[C]implicationLJsource
rDT
14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]reliableLJmisleading
rDT
15.[A]Incontrast[B]Forexample[C]InconsequenceLJAsusual
rDT
16.[A]duly[B]accidentally[C]unpredictablyLJsuddenly
rDT
17.[A]failed[B]ceased[C]startedLJcontinued
rDT
20.[A]breaking[B]climbing[C]surpassinglJhitting
SectionIIReadingComprehension
OfallthechangesthathavetakenplaceinEnglish-languagenewspapersduringthepast
quarter-century,perhapsthemostfar-reachinghasbeentheinexorabledeclineinthescopeand
seriousnessoftheirartscoverage.
2大家版詞典級31年考研英語真題及答案
Itisdifficulttothepointofimpossibilityfortheaveragereaderundertheageofforty
toimagineatimewhenhigh-qualityartscriticismcouldbefoundinmostbig-citynewspapers.
Yetaconsiderablenumberofthemostsignificantcollectionsofcriticismpublishedinthe20th
centuryconsistedinlargepartofnewspaperreviews.Toreadsuchbookstodayistomarvelat
thefactthattheirlearnedcontentswereoncedeemedsuitableforpublicationin
general-circulationdai1ies.
WeareevenfartherremovedfromtheunfocusednewspaperreviewspublishedinEnglandbetween
theturnofthe20thcenturyandtheeveofWorldWarII,atatimewhennewsprintwasdirt-cheap
andstylishartscriticismwasconsideredanornamenttothepublicationsinwhichitappeared.
Inthosefar-offdays,itwastakenforgrantedthatthecriticsofmajorpaperswouldwrite
indetailandatlengthabouttheeventstheycovered.Theirswasaseriousbusiness,andeven
thosereviewerswhoworetheirlearninglightly,likeGeorgeBernardShawandErnestNewman,
couldbetrustedtoknowwhattheywereabout.Thesemenbelievedinjournalismasacalling,
andwereproudtobepublishedinthedailypress."Sofewauthorshavebrainsenoughor1iterary
giftenoughtokeeptheirownendupinjournalism,wNewmanwrote,“thatIamtemptedtodefine
'journalism,as'atermofcontemptappliedbywriterswhoarenotreadtowriterswhoare.)
Unfortunately,thesecriticsarevirtuallyforgotten.NevilleCardus,whowroteforthe
ManchesterGuardianfrom1917untilshortlybeforehisdeathin1975,isnowknownsolelyas
awriterofessaysonthegameofcricket.Duringhislifetime,though,hewasalsooneof
England5sforemostclassical-musiccritics,astylistsowidelyadmiredthathisAutobiography
(1947)becameabest-seller.Hewasknightedin1967,thefirstmusiccritictobesohonored.
Yetonlyoneofhisbooksisnowinprint,andhisvastbodyofwritingsonmusicisunknown
savetospecialists.
IsthereanychancethatCardus'scriticismwil1enjoyarevival?Theprospectseemsremote.
Journalistictasteshadchangedlongbeforehisdeath,andpostmodernreadershavelittleuse
fortherichlyupholsteredVicwardianproseinwhichhespecialized.Moreover,theamateur
traditioninmusiccriticismhasbeeninheadlongretreat.
21.ItisindicatedinParagraphs1and2that
[A]artscriticismhasdisappearedfrombig-citynewspapers.
[B]English-languagenewspapersusedtocarrymoreartsreviews.
[C]high-qualitynewspapersretainalargebodyofreaders.
[D]youngreadersdoubtthesuitabilityofcriticismondailies.
22.NewspaperreviewsinEnglandbeforeWorldWarIIwerecharacterizedby
[A]freethemes.
[B]casualstyle.
[C]elaboratelayout.
[D]radicalviewpoints.
23.WhichofthefollowingwouldShawandNewmanmostprobablyagreeon?
rAu
L11iswriters'dutytofulfil1journalisticgoals.
rBu
LItiscontemptibleforwriterstobejournalists.
rcu
LWritersare1ikelytobetemptedintojournalism.
rDu
lNotallwritersarecapableofjournalisticwriting.
24.WhatcanbelearnedaboutCardusaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs?
[A]Hismusiccriticismmaynotappealtoreaderstoday.
[B]Hisreputationasamusiccritichaslongbeenindispute.
[C]Hisstylecaterslargelytomodernspecialists.
[D]Hiswritingsfailtofollowtheamateurtradition.
25.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
2
LA]NewspapersoftheGoodOldDays
[B]TheLostHorizoninNewspapers
[C]MournfulDeclineofJournalism
[D]ProminentCriticsinMemory
Text2
Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshavebeengrantedforwhatarecalledbusiness
methods.Amazon,comreceivedoneforits"one-click“onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgot
legalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforlifting
abox.
Nowthenation'stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-method
patents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.In
amovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.S.courtofAppealsforthefederal
circuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.
InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is"averybigdeal”,saysDennisD.CrouchoftheUniversity
ofMissouriSchooloflaw.It"hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.”
Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwasthefederal
circuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreet
Bankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedan
explosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestrying
tostakeoutexclusiverightstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablished
companiesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivals
thatmightbeatthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissued
morethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisfor
grantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfi1msarmedthemselveswithpatentsfor
financialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.
TheBiIskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.
TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewou1dbeheardbyal112of
thecourt,sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluate
iswhetheritshould“reconsider"itsstatestreetBankruling.
TheFederalCircuit,sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupreme
Courtthathasnarrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApri1,forexample
thejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor"inventions"thatareobvious.
ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare"reactingtotheanti-patenttrendattheSupremeCourt”,
saysHaroldC.Wegner,apatentattorneyandprofessoratGeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.
26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof
[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness
[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation
[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting
[D]thecontroversyoverauthorization
27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?
rAu
LItsrulingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions
rBT
lJItinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction
rcT
LJIthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit
rDT
LJItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.
28.Thewordabout-face(Line1,Para3)mostprobablymeans
AT
Jlossofgoodwill
Bn
Jincreaseofhostility
cn
Jchangeofattitude
Dn
Jenhancementofdignity
4大家版詞典級31年考研英語真題及答案
29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents
rAJ
lareimmunetolegalchallenges
rBT
LJareoftenunnecessarilyissued
rcT
LJlowertheesteemforpatentholders
rD1
LJincreasetheincidenceofrisks
30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?
[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents
[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders
[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents
[D]Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatents
Text3
InhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmGladwel1arguesthatsocialepidemicsaredrivenin
largepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,
whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwell-connected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,
butitdoesn'texplainhowideasactuallyspread.
Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlarge!y
untestedtheorycalledthe'twostepflowofcommunication":Informationflowsfromthemedia
totheinfluentialsandfromthemtoeveryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflow
becauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentiaIs,thoseselected
peoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpected
popularityofcertainlooks,brands,orneighborhoods.Inmanysuchcases,acursorysearchfor
causesfindsthatsomesmallgroupofpeoplewaswearing,promoting,ordevelopingwhateverit
isbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeidea
thatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends
Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthat
influentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgeneral1ysupposed.Infact,they
don,tseemtoberequiredofall.
Theresearchers,argumentstemsfromasimpleobservingaboutsocialinfluence,withthe
exceptionofafewcelebrities1ikeOprahWinfrey-whoseoutsizepresenceisprimari1yafunction
ofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence-eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimply
dontinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebrityinfluentialswho,
accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinfluencing
theirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonso
affected,musttheninfluencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,
andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehas1ittletodowith
theinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitial
influentialproveresistant,forexamplefromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,for
examplethecascadeofchangewon*tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.
BuiIdingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthe
dynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulations,manipulating
anumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople,sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencyto
beinfluenced.Ourworkshowsthattheprincipalrequirementforwhatwecallz,globalcascades”一
thewidespreadpropagationofinfluencethroughnetworks-isthepresencenotofafew
influentialsbut,rather,ofacriticalmassofeasi1yinfluencedpeople,eachofwhomadopts,
say,alookorabrandafterbeingexposedtoasingleadoptingneighbor.Regardlessofhow
influentialanindividualislocally,heorshecanexertglobalinfluenceonlyifthiscritical
massisavailabletopropagateachainreaction.
31.BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendsto
[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics
[B]discussinfluentials*functioninspreadingideas
[C]exemplifypeople'sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics
4
LDjdescribetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials.
32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthetwo-step-flowtheory”
rAJ
Lservesasasolutiontomarketingproblems
rBT
LJhashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends
rcT
LJhaswonsupportfrominfluentials
rDT
LJrequiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity
33.Whattheresearchershaveobservedrecentlyshowsthat
rAu
Lthepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractions
rBu
Linterpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemedia
rcu
Linfluentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublic
rDT
LJmostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaattention
34.Theunderlinedphrasezthesepeopleinparagraph4referstotheoneswho
rAT
LJtstayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinfluence
rBu
Lhavelittlecontactwiththesourceofinfluence
rcu
Lareinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers
rDT
LJareinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential
35.whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?
rAu
LTheeagernesstobeaccepted
rBu
LTheimpulsetoinfluenceothers
rcu
LThereadinesstobeinfluenced
rDu
LTheinclinationtorelyonothers
Text4
Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,they
havebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthe
banks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andil'sjustnotfair.Theserulessaythey
mustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulators
wouldlikethemtofetch.
Unfortunately,banks'lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,but
theindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunction!ngofcapita]markets,
isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,reviving
thebankingsystemwillbedifficult.
AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America,sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard
(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstova1ueil1iquid
assetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatement.
BobHerz,theFASB'schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho"questionourmotives.〃Yetbankshares
roseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls“theuseofjudgmentby
management.〃
EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard
(IASB)do1ikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoveral1planning,butthe
pressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.Charlie
McCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid"notliveinapoliticalvacuum”
but"intherealword"andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.
Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.
Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporary
illiquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.
Butbank*ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.And
deadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbooking
6大家版詞典級31年考研英語真題及答泰
losses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.
Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America'snew
plantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfind
attractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASB
andIASBhavebeenexactlythat,clean!nguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,
againsthostilityfromspecialinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinviting
pressuretomakemoreconcessions.
36.Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto
rAu
Lfollowunfavorableassetevaluationrules
rBu
Lcollectpaymentsfromthirdparties
rcu
Lcooperatewiththepricemanagers
rD
Lreevaluatesomeoftheirassets.
37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin
[A]thediminishingroleofmanagement
[B]therevivalofthebankingsystem
[C]thebanks,long-termassetlosses
[D]theweakeningofitsindependence
38.AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB'sattemptto
[A]keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences.
[B]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers.
[C]actontheirowninrule-setting.
[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform.
39.Theauthorthinksthebankswere〃onthewrongplanet“inthatthey
[A]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicators
[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets
[C]neglectedthe1ikelyexistenceofbaddebts.
[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets.
40.Theauthor'sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneof
rAu
Lsatisfaction,
rBu
Lskepticism,
rcu
Lobjectiveness
rDu
Lsympathy
ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthe1istA-Gandfilltheminto
thenumberedboxestoformacoherenttext.ParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisone
paragraphwhichdoesnotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer*sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout;the
consumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotal
consumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.This
developmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayear
acrossEurope,comparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhile,astherecession
isloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurse
andconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative.
[B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope*slargestmarketsareatastandstill,leaving
Europeangroceryretai1ershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealready
triede-commerce,withlimitedsuccess,andexpansionabroad.Butalmostal1haveignoredthe
6
big,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,which
appearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed.
[C]Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrink
market?Definitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedby
potentialbuyers.Tnotherwords,itisuptothebuyer,ratherthantheseiler,todecidewhat
tobuy.Atanyrate,thischangewi11ultimatelybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofboth
domesticandinternationalconsumers,regardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsumerpatternwill
takehold.
[D]Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailerscouldprofitably
applytheirsc
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