中國(guó)文化概況chapter11

Chapter11ArchitectureGroup12AGlimpseofChineseCultureTeachingAssignmentsArchitectureinancientChineseandfamousstylesofancientChinesearchitecture.(CaoLihua)TypicalChineseStructuresandornament.(AnYaping)Chinesebridges.(Zou

Dawei)PartOneCaoLihuaArchitectureinAncientChinaTheCharacteristicsofChineseAncientArchitectureTimber（木材）frameworkPlain,flexibleandbeautifullayout(布局)ThebuildingmaterialsTheartisticroofdesignThecolorfuldecorationsTimberframework

AncientChinesearchitecturefeaturedtimberframework

asthesupportingstructure.Walls

werenotloadbearing;they

wereonlyusedtoseparatespaces.Thetimberframesupportedmostoftheweightofthehouse.Theframeworkwas

resistanttoearthquakes

whilepossessingtheadvantagesof

flexibilityandadaptability.Plain,flexibleandbeautifullayoutChinesestructuresarebasedontheprincipleofbalanceandsymmetry（對(duì)稱）.Themainstructureistheaxis(軸線).Thesecondarystructuresarepositionedastwowingsoneithersidetoformthemainroomandyard.ThebuildingmaterialsWoodenancientChinesebuildingsandstructureswerethemostcommonbutsomewerebuiltwitheitherredorgreybricks.Althoughthetimberweretransportable,itwaseasytobeattractedbythefire,sotheancientChinesealsousedbricksandtiles(瓦片，瓷磚).Asweallknow,

thecoloroftherooftilesindicatedthestatusoftheresidents.Now,whocantellusaboutitindetail?Bluetiles:usedfortheprince’sresidences.Yellow-glazedtiles:fortemples,imperialfamilyresidences.Gray-tiledroofs:forthosewhoarenon-imperial,includingthoseofnoblesandrichlandlords.TheartisticroofdesignAncientbuildingstendtohavehugeroofswithextendedeaves（屋檐）.Thiswastoensureenoughlightingandavoidthedampeningofthewalls.

WhyancientChineseplacedanimalfiguresonroofridges?Becauseitwasbelievedthatimmoralbeingsandvariousbeatsservedtoprotectsacred(神圣的)buildingsandkeepevilspiritsaway.What’stherelationshipbetweenarchitectureinancientChinaandmodernChina?Frommyperspective,ancientbuildingsreflecttherespectfortheenvironment,andadhereto(遵循)theenvironmentalcharacteristicsandgeographicalfeatures.Although,modernarchitecturesareusuallyadopttowesternarchitecturalstyles,

theancientarchitecturaluniqueapplicationofwoodstructurestillhaveadeepinfluencetomodernconstruction.ThecolorfuldecorationsColoredpaintnotonlyfunctionsasdecoration,butalsoasasignorsymbolofprotection.Initially,paintwasusedonwoodforantisepsis（防腐）

whilelateritbecameanarchitecturalornament（裝飾）.

Theuseofcolorwasrestricted,usually,agoldpower(金粉)orfoildragon(鋁箔龍)orphoenix(鳳凰)paintedonagreenbackgroundgivesthestructureanobleimage.FamousStylesofAncientChineseArchitectureTherearevariousarchitecturalstylesinChinesehistory,ofwhichtheimperial,religiousandcivilianarchitectureshavetheirowncharacteristics.ImperialArchitecture

Imperialmausoleums(皇家陵墓)

areimportantexamplesofancientChinesearchitecturesincetheyusuallyrepresentedthehighestarchitecturaltechniquesoftheirtimes.Thesemausoleums(陵墓)wereusuallybuiltagainsthillsormountainsandfaceplains.Otherimperialstructuressuchasdrainage(排水)systemsbeneathhugehillsofclay,wereoftenbuiltbesidethetombs.Imperialpalaces(皇家宮殿)

arewhereemperorslivedandadministeredtheircourtduringtheirreign(統(tǒng)治時(shí)期).Theyarethemostrevered,luxuriousandgrandiose(宏偉的)architecturaltypesfromancientChina.

Examples:ForbiddenCityinBeijingandImperialpalaceinShenyang.Thenumbernine

carriedaspecialmeaninginancientChina.Itwasdeemedthatodd(奇數(shù))numbersrepresentyangwhileeven(偶數(shù))numbersyin.Sincenineisthelargestoddnumberunderten,itwasregardedanextremelyluckynumber.So,emperorslikedtomonopolize(壟斷)ittosymbolizetheirsuperiority.

Designsrelatedtonineappearedalmostoneveryimperialstructure.

OnthegateoftheForbiddenCity,thereare81gold-platedbronzestuds(飾釘)whichwerearrangedinninecolumns(列)andninerows(行).CivilianResidentialHousingSinceChinaisacountryofdiversenaturalenvironmentsandculturaltraditions,itscivilianresidentialhousingfeaturesdiversestyles.Beijingquadrangles(北京四合院)QuadrangledwellingsinBeijingareformedbyfourinward-facinghouses,linkedbyenclosingwalls.Theprincipalroomatthecenteriswherefamilyrituals(儀式)takeplaceanddistinguishedguestsarewelcomed.Thehousesallfaceacourtyard,connectedbyverandas(走廊).Shanxicavedwellings(窯洞)

CavedwellingsarecommoninthenorthwestLoessPlateau(黃土高原)ofChinaandatthemiddleandupperreachesoftheYellowRiver.Thenaturalconditionofdryweather,coldwinterandlimitedtimberleftaroomforthedevelopmentandcontinuityofcavedwellings.Theyarewarminwinterandcoolinsummer.

Types:cliff(崖莊窯)，ground(下沉式地坑院窯洞)，andhoop(箍窯).HuizhouresidentialhousesHuizhouresidentialhousesembracedlocalphysicalfeaturesofthearea.Theyincorporated(合并，包括在內(nèi))fengshuiconceptsandaesthetictrends,withblacktiles,whitewallsanddecorationsplacedelegantlyonupturned(向上翹的)eaves.Agardenstylewasamajorfeatureoftheseoldbuildings.Allbuildingshadexquisite(精致的)wood,stoneandbrickcarvingsonthedoorsandwindows.

Hakkacastle-likedwellings(客家土樓)

Theoverallbuildingcomplexesareroundorsquare,andsomeinthestyleoflargemansionsorintheshapeoftheEightTrigrams.Thereareusuallythreetofourfloors,butthetallestcomplexeshaveuptosixfloors.Includingthehousesintheyard,

suchabuildingusuallyholdsmorethan50families.What’sthecharacteristicsofHakkacastle-likedwellings(客家土樓)?RoundorsquareUsuallythreetofourfloorsCanholdmorethan50familyFellowtheruleofbalanceandsymmetryApondinfrondofeachhousecollectswaterdrainedfromthehouseAllkindsofthepublichousearealllocatedwithintheyardSomeEthnicHousesDaibamboohouseSquare,two-storybamboohouseshavebeenthetraditionaldwellingsoftheDaipeopleformorethan1,000years.Theupperstoryislivingquarters,supportedby20woodenpolesandaremorethantwometersabovetheground.Theopen-walledlowerstoryisforraisingdomesticanimalsandforstorage.Thebuildinghasanoblique(斜的)roof,shapedasanupsidedownV,coveredwithgrassortiles.Theupperstoryofthehouseisdividedintotwoparts:innerbedroomsandanouterlivingroom.Theupperstoryhasacorridor(走廊)andabalcony.Stonechamber(雕舫diaofang)

ThestonechamberisthemostpopulardwellinginTibetandsomeareasofInnerMongolia.Builtmostlyofstoneandearth,theylooklikediaolou

(blockhouse),hencethenameofdiaofang.Thefirstfloorisoftenusedforlivestockandpoultry(家禽),and

thesecondcontainsbedrooms,livingrooms,kitchensandstorehouses.Somehaveathirdfloorasafamilysutra(佛經(jīng))hallandabalcony.Mongolianyurts(蒙古包)Mongolianyurtsarefelttents.Woodenwattlesarefastenedwithleatherthongsandstudstoformafence-likestructure.Eachpartoftheyurtisquiteconvenienttodisassemble(分解)andcarry.Comparedwiththearchitecturestyleofforeignorwestern,whichonedoyoulikebetter?Why?IftherewereachanceforyoutochooseadwellingfromaancientChinesearchitectureandalargemodernmansion,whichonewouldyouliketochoose?Why?PartTwoAnYapingTypicalChineseStructuresandOrnamentsThereisavarietyoftypicalChinesestructuresandornamentsandeachexemplifiesChina’sricharchitecturalheritage.Iwillintroduce......ChineseStoneLionsHuabiaoPavilionsPagodasPaifangChineseStonelionsWhatisthesignificanceaboutlionsinChina?LionsinChinathekingofanimalsruleroftheforestasymbolofpowerandgrandeurofferprotectionfromevilspiritsInfrontofthegatesoftraditionalpalacehalls,oldgovernmentoffices,mansions,templesandotherhousesofstyle,apairofstonelionsareoftenseenstandingguards.Carvedfromstone(somemaybegildedorcastinironorbronze),themaleisontheleft,hisrightpawrestingonaball,andthelionessontheright,herleftpawfondlingacub.

Theballsymbolizes

theunityoftheempire,andthecubwiththelionessrepresents

thrivingoffspring.HuabiaoWhatisthefeaturesofHuabiao?Huabiao(華表)Huabiaoarepairedceremonialcolumnserectedinfrontofapalaceortomb,usually

carvedwithdragonandphoenixpatterns,withatransverse-engravedstoneslabonitstop.Itcanbeupto

20metersinheight

and

ameterorsoindiameter.Atypicalhuabiao

has

aroundoroctagonalbase.Pavilions

AcommonsightinthecountryistheChinesepavilion,whichisbuiltof

wood,stone

or

bamboo

andthefloorplandesignmayadopt

asquare,triangular,hexagonal,octagonal,five-petalflowerorfanshape.Allpavilionshavecolumnstosupporttheroof,butnowalls.Inparksoratscenicspots,pavilionsarebuilteitheronslopestocommandpanoramic(全景的)viewsorbythelakesidetocreateintriguing(有魅力的)imagesinthewater.diversepavilions,diversepurposeskiosk---providewearywayfarerswithaplacetorestandashelterstelepavilions---protecttheengravedrecordofanimportanteventdormerwindows---allowthesuntocastitsraysintothewellPagodas

Chinesepagodascomeinvarioussizesandshapes.Someresembletowers,otherspavilionsandstillothersaresimilartopyramids.Somestandalone,andothershavebeenbuiltinclusters.Tower-stylepagodas

(樓閣塔)aremulti-storytowerswithprotrudingupturnedeaves.TheoldestandtallestofthistypeisthemagnificentYingCountyWoodenPagoda(應(yīng)縣木塔)inShanxiProvince.Builtin1056,itisa67.1-meter-highoctagonalstructureoffivestories.Multi-eavedpagodas

(密檐式塔)

taketheirnamesfromthemanytiersofcloselyseteavesatthetopofthestructures.Mostpagodasofthissortarebuiltofbricksandstones.Theyarewithoutdoorsorwindowsbuthaveholestoletinlight.TheearliestexampleisatSongyueTempleonMountSongshaninHenanProvince.Builtin520,itstands40metershighandhas12sidescappedby15tiersofeaves.Pavilionorone-storypagodas

wereusedastombsforabbotsandotherhigh-rankingmonks.Theearliestofthesestillexistingisthe1,400-year-oldSimenPagodaatShentongTempleinShangdongProvince.Itissquare,withasingleroofandonedooroneachside.Lamaistpagodas(喇嘛塔)

aresimilartoIndianstupa([佛教]舍利塔).Thepagodasaredome-shapedstructuressetonlargepyramidalplatforms.OnefamousexampleistheWhitePagodainBeihaiParkinBeijing.Paifang

(牌坊)Paifang,alsocalledpailou,isanarchwayusuallymadefromfinewoodorstone,andpaintedordecoratedwithglazedtiles.Calligraphersareusuallyrequestedtowritemoralinscriptionstobecarvedintothemiddlebeam.Thesestructuresusuallystandindowntownareas,orattheentrancesofmausoleums,temples,bridgesandparks.That'sallThankyou

PartThreeChineseBridgesZou

DaweiTheContentsThestoneArchBridgeTheZigzagBridgeThePavilionBridgeOtherkindsofbridgesinChinaChinahasinheritedinnumerablebridgesfromherpast.Thereare,itissaid,4millionbridgesifonecountsthestonearchbridgesalone.Inthesouthernregionsofriversandlakes,thelandscapeisdottedwithbridgesofvarioussizesanddescriptions.

NAME:Lurenqiao(Wayfarers’Bridge)

TIME:in

theyearof282

Location:near

theancientluoyangpalace

Itisthefirstarchshone

TheStoneArchBridge(石拱橋)NAME:LugouqiaoorMarcoPoloBridgeTIME:from1189to1192LOCATION:inthesouthernvicinityofBeijingLENGTH:265metresItcomprises11archeswithspansrangingfrom16to20metresThe485stonelionsarelivelyandexquisitewithdifferentexpressionsandpostures(502)

世界上最好的,獨(dú)一無(wú)二的橋——《馬可.波羅游記》

NAME:Anji

Bridge(ZhaoZhouBridge)TIME:at

theendofthesixthcenturyLOCATION:JiaoheRiverinZhaoxianCounty，HebeiProvinceARCHITECT:the

mason(石匠）LiChun

ItisoneofthebridgeswiththelongestservicelifeintheworldtodayNAME:Jide

BeltBridge（玉帶橋）LOCATION:intheSummerPalace(頤和園）TheZigzagBridge(曲折橋)Asalandscapingstructure,thezigzagbridgeisfound.Itisintendedtogiveaninterestingscenicfeatureonlakesandponds.

TheNine-BendBridge（九曲橋）inYuyuanGarden(豫園)ofShanghai’soldtownisatypicalexample.Crossing30metresofthelake,thebridgewindsmorethan100metresbecauseofitsninetwistsandturns.ThePavilionBridge(亭橋)

Thepavilionbridgeisoftenbuiltoverthesurfaceofaquietlake,formingasmallscenicareaandprovidingsightseerswithaplaceofrest,shelteredfromthesunandrain.The

Five-PavilionBridge

inYangzhouCity,JiangsuProvince,isafineexampleofthisstyle.Builtin1757,resemblingabeltwornonthenarrowwaistofSlenderWestLake,ithasfivepavilions.Onepavilionishigherthantheotherfour,twooneachsideinperfects