機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)中英文翻譯、外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、外文翻譯

MechanicalproductplanmoderndesignmethodanddevelopmenttendencyAbstract:Carriesonwhenthemechanicalproductdesignaccordingtothepresentdomesticandforeigndesignsscholarthemainthoughtcharacteristic,summarizestheproductplandesignmethodforthesystematization,thestructuremodulation,basedontheproductcharacteristicknowledgeandtheintelligentfourkindoftypes.Pointedoutfourmethodsthecharacteristicsanditsmutuallytheorganicrelation,proposedtheproductplandesigncomputerrealizesdiligentlythedirection.1.IntroductionThescienceandtechnologyrapiddevelopment,theproductfunctionrequestincreasesdaybyday,thecomplexityincreases,reduces,therenewalspeedspeedsup.However,productdesign,inparticularmechanicalproductplandesignmethod,thenappearslackstheabilitytodowhatonewouldlike,cannotfollowtimetheneedtodevelop.Atpresent,thecomputerassistanceproductdesigncartography,thedesigncalculation,theprocessingmanufacture,theproductionplanobtainedquitewidespreadandthethoroughresearch,andwinsinitialsuccess,butproductdevelopmentinitialperiodplancomputer.Theassistancedesignactuallybyfarcannotsatisfythedesigntheneed.Therefore,theauthorinreadinthemassiveliteraturefoundation,themethodwhichsummarizedsummarizesthedomesticandoreigndesignsscholartohavecarriedonwhenplandesignuses,andiscussedthedevelopmenttendencywhichbetweeneachmethodorganicelationandthemechanicalproductplandesigncomputerrealized.Carriesonthemechanicalproductplandesignaccordingtothepresentomesticandforeigndesignsscholartousethemethodthemainharacteristic,maysummarizetheplanmoderndesignmethodforthefllowingfourbigtypes.1）.SystematizeddesignmethodThesystematizeddesignmethodmaincharacteristicis:Willdesignregardsasasystemwhichwillbecomposedbycertaindesignsessentialfactor,eachdesignessentialfactorwillhavetheindependence,duringeachessentialfactorhastheorganicrelation,andwillhavethelevel,afteralldesignsessentialfactorunion,thenwillrealizethedutywhichthedesignsystemwillhavetocomplete.Thesystematizeddesignthoughtproposedtothe70'sbyGermanscholarPahlandProfessorBeitzthat,theytakethesystemtheoryasthefoundation,drewupthedesigngeneralpattern,theinitiativedesignworkshouldhaveorderliness.Germanengineertheassociationinthisdesignthoughtfoundation,drawsupstandardVDI2221"thetechnicalsystemandtheproductdevelopmentdesignmethod.Theformulationmechanicalproductplandesignadvancementpattern,basicallyhascontinuedtousetheGermanstandardVDI2221designway.Inaddition,ourcountrymanydesignedthescholarwhencarriedontheproductplandesignalsotoprofitfromandtoquoteotherdevelopedcountriessystematizeddesignthought,inwhichhadrepresentativelyis:(1)Theuserdemandtooktheproductfunctioncharacteristicidea,thestructuraldesignandthecomponentsdesign,thecraftplan,thejobcontrolandsoonthefoundation,embarksfromtheproductdevelopmentmacroscopicprocess,theusequalityfunctionarrangementmethod,systematicallyreasonablyandeffectivelytransformstheuserdemandinformationfortheproductdevelopsvariousstagesthetechnicalgoalandthejobcontrolregulationsmethod.(2)regardsastheproductintheorganismlevelthelifesystem,anddrawssupportthelifesystemtheory,dividestheproductdesignprocessthefunctiondemandlevel,therealizationfunctionrequestconceptlevelandtheproductconcretedesignlevel.Simultaneouslyusedthelifediagramsymbolabstractlytoexpresstheproductthefunctionrequest,formedtheproductfunctionalsystemstructure.(3)themachinedesigninthesystemsscienceapplicationinductionistwobasicquestions:One,theproductwhichmustdesigntookasystemprocessing,bestdeterminesitsconstituent(unit)andit’sthereciprocity;Twoisregardsastheproductdesignprocessasystem,accordingtodesignsthegoal,iscorrect,reasonablydeterminesinthedesigneachaspectworkandeachdifferentdesignstage.Becauseeachdesignerstudiesthequestiontheangleaswellastheconsiderationquestionemphasispointisdifferent,carriesonwhentheplandesignusestheconcreteresearchtechniquealsohasthedifference.Underintroducedsomehavetherepresentativesystematizeddesignmethod.1.1DesignselementsLawwithfivedesignselements(function,effect,effectcarrier,shapeelementandsuperficialparameter)describes"theproductsolution",afterthoughtaproductfivedesignselementsvaluedetermination,productallcharacteristicsandthecharacteristicvaluenamelyhaddetermined.Ourcountryalsohaddesignsthescholartousethesimilarmethoddescriptionproductoriginalunderstanding.1.2GraphsmodellingsLawdevelopment"thedesignanalysisandthehomingsystem"KALEIT,describestheproductfunctionstructureanditsthecorrelationabstractinformationwiththelevelcleargraph,hasrealizedthesystemstructure,thefunctionrelationsgraphmodelling,aswellasbetweenfunctionleveljoint.Willdesigndelimitsdividesintotheassistancemethodandtheexchangeofinformationtwoaspects,couldusethegraphmarkusingtheNijsseninformationanalysismethod,havethecontentrichsemanticsmodelstructure,maydescribetheintegratedcondition,maydividetherestrainttype,mayrealizerelationalcharacteristicandsoonwilfullyunion,willdesignthemethodsolutionandtheinformationtechnologycarriesontheintegration,hasrealizedinthedesignprocessduringthedifferentabstractleveltheinformationrelationsgraphmodelling.Theliterature[11]supposesthesemanticstheachievementtodesignthetool,supposesinASKinitsdevelopmentactivesemantics,usesthepointandthelinecompositionnetworkdescriptiondesign,thepointexpressionpartunit(forexampledesignduty,function,componentorprocessingequipmentandsoon),thelineusestoadjustandbetweenthedefinitionpointthedifferentsemanticrelations,fromthisestablishesthemodelinadvancefordesignprocessinallactivitiesandtheresult,causestheearlydesignrequestthedefinitioneachstructureconcretedescriptiontobepossiblebytherelationaldefinitionexpression,realizedthecomputer-aideddesignprocessfromtoabstracttotheconcreteleap.1.3"idea"—"design"lawDividesinto"theidea"theproductplandesignand"thedesign"twostages."Theidea"thestagedutyisseeks,thechoiceandthecombinationsatisfiesthedesignmissionrequirementtheoriginalnunderstanding."Thedesign"thestageworkistheconcreterealizationideastageoriginalunderstanding.Theplan"theidea"theconcretedescriptionis:Accordingtotheappropriatefunctionstructure,seekssatisfiesthedesignmissionrequirementtheoriginalunderstanding.Namelyinafunctionstructureminutefunctionby"thestructuralelement"therealization,and"thestructuralelement"thephysicaljointwilldefineas"thefunctioncarrier","thefunctioncarrier"and"thestructuralelement"themutualfunctionhasformedthefunctionschematicdrawing(mechanicalmovementdiagram).Theplan"thedesign"isaccordingtothefunctionschematicdrawing,firstqualitativedescribesall"thefunctioncarrier"and"thestructuralelement",thenquotadescriptionall"structuralelement"andjoint("functioncarrier")theshapeandtheposition,obtainthestructureschematicdrawing.Roper,H.Usingthechartlogictheory,withtheaidoftodefinesbyhim"alwaysdesignstheunit(GE)","thestructuralelement(KE)","thefunctionstructuralelement(FKE)","thejointstructuralelement(VKE)","theconstructionaldetail(KT)","thestructuralelementcomponents(KET)"andsoontheconcept,aswellasdescriptionstructuralelementsize,positionandtransmissionparameterreciprocitycertainkindofdiagrams,designedtheexperttodependontheintuitiondesignthemethodtodotheformalizeddescription,formedeffectivelyhasappliedtheexistingknowledgethemethod,andapplieditto"theidea"and"thedesign"thestage.Willembarkfromthedesignmethodologyviewpoint,afterwillbeclearaboutthedesigndutydesignworktodivideintothreestep:1)gainsthefunctionandthefunctionstructure(iscalledas"function");2)seekstheeffect(tobecalledas"effect");3)seeksthestructure(tobecalledas"configurationrule").Anddescribesthemechanicalproductideastageworkflowwiththefollowingfourkindofstrategies:Strategy1:Separatelyconsiders"thefunction","theeffect"and"theconfigurationrule".Therefore,mayseparatelyfoundtheaberrationplanineachworkstep,fromthishasthewidespreadoriginalunderstandingspectrum.Strategy2:"Theeffect"and"theconfigurationrule"(rulewhichfoundsincludingdesigner)isconnected,aloneconsideredthefunction(isusualanddesigndutycorrelation).Thistime,distinguishesthemodeltheconfigurationtoberegularanditstherespectiveeffectneedstohavetherichexperience,producestheplanspectrumisshortbyfartothestrategy1planspectrum.Strategy3:"Function","effect","configurationrule"threeclosecorrelations.Issuitabletothefunction,theeffectandtheconfigurationrulehasnotchosentheleeway,hasthespecialrequestthedomain,likethesubminiaturemachinery,theextralargetypemachinery,thevaluehighfunctioncomponents,aswellashavespecialfunctionrequestsparepartandsoon.Strategy4:Carriesonthestructuresolutioninviewofthedesignrequest.Thisstrategyfromthecomponentswhichhasembarked,throughcomponentsbetweendifferentarrangementandconnection,obtainstheanticipatedfunction.1.4MatricesdesignslawUses"therequest□function"intheplandesignprocessthelogicaltree("withor"tree)describesbetweentherequest,thefunctionreciprocity,obtainsfunctionaldesignsolutioncollectionwhichanswersthepurpose,formsthedifferentdesignproposal.Againactsaccordingto"therequest□function"thelogicaltreeestablishment"therequest□function"theincidencematrixs,describesanswersthepurposeneedsbetweenthefunctionthecomplexrelations,expressestherequestandthefunction11correspondingrelations.Kotaetalthematrixtookthemechanicalsystemplandesignthefoundation,decomposesthemechanicalsystemdesignspaceintothemeritspace,eachstaturespaceonlyexpressedaplandesignmodule,inabstractstagehighlevel,eachdesignmodulemaycarryontheoperationwiththemovementtransformationmatrixandtherestraintvectorrepresentation;Intheabstractstageunderlyingbed,eachdesignmoduleexpressesfortheparametermatrixandaequationofmotion.1.5LinkageschartslawWillcomposethesystempartthefunctiontodivideintohastheenergy,theexpendedenergy,thetransformationenergyform,thetransmissionenergyandsooneachkindoftype,andwillborrowthelinkagecharttoexpressthepartthefunctionsolution,hopedbasedonthefunctionmodelandthelinkagechartunion,betweentherealizationfunctionstructureautomaticproductionandthefunctionstructureandthelinkagechartautomaticswitching,willseekbythelinkagecharthasmanydesignproposalmethod.2StructuremodulationdesignmethodProposedfromtheplanproductanglethat,Whendefinitiondesigndutytakethefunctionproductstructureasthefoundation,thequotationtheproductsolutionwhichhad(forexamplecommonpartspartandsoon)describedthedesignduty,namelywhendecompositiondutyconsideredwhethereachdutydidhavecorrespondingtheproductsolution,likethis,couldintheproductplanstagethecontradictionwhichpossiblyexistedontheeliminationdesigndutyin,theearlyforecastproductivity,theexpense,aswellasinthedevelopmentdesignprocessplannedmaytheadjustment,fromthistheenhancementratedcapacityandthedesignreliability,simultaneouslyalsoreducedthenewproductthecost.Feldmannwilldescribethedesigndutyfunctionproductstructuretodivideintofour,(1)product->(2)functioncomposition->(3)mainfunctionmodule->(4)functionpart.Andusesfacetheapplicationstructurecharacteristictableofcontents,carriesonmoreconcretequalitativeandthequotadescriptiontothefunctionpart.SimultaneouslydevelopssuitstotheproductdevelopmentearlytimeanddesigninitialperiodusetoolsoftwareSTRAT.Thoughtinthespecial-purposemachinerythemostfunctionsmayusealreadytheproductsolutionwhichhas,buthasthenewsolutionthespecial-purposefunctionisonlyminority,therefore,usesthefunctioninthespecial-purposemachinedesignproductstructure,regardingtheappraisalspecial-purposemachinerydesign,themanufactureriskisextremelyadvantageous.Advocatedintheproductfunctionalanalysisfoundation,decomposestheproducthassomekindoffunctionorseveralmodularbasicstructures,throughchoosesandcombinesthesemodularbasicstructuregroupstocompletethedifferentproduct.Thesebasicstructuresmaybethecomponents,thepart,evenisasystem.Theidealmodularbasicstructureshouldhavestandardizedtheconnection(jointandcoordinationdepartment),andistheseriation,theuniversalization,theintegration,thelevel,isagile,theeconomy,hastheinterchangeability,thecompatibilityandtherelevance.OurcountryunifiesthesoftwarecomponenttechnologyandtheCADtechnology,willdistortdesignsandcombinesthedesigntounify,accordingtowillgradethemodularprinciple,willprocessthecentralenginebedfrombigtoslightlytodivideintoproducesthegrade,thepartlevel,themodulelevelandthepartlevel,andwillsynthesizeusingtheexpertknowledgeandtheCADtechnologytheirgroupthedifferentvariety,thedifferentspecificationfunctionmodule,againwillsynthesizethedifferentprocessingcenteroverallplanbythesefunctionmodulegroups.Takedesignsasthetableofcontentstookthechoicevariationmechanismthetool,proposedwilldesignthesolutionelementwillcarryontheintegrity,thestructurearrangement,willformXieJitodesignthetableofcontents.AnddesignsinthetableofcontentsinXieJitolistcommentseachsolutiontheattachmentinformation,extremelyhasfavorprojectengineertochoosethesolutionelement.Accordingtothemechanicalsparepartjointcharacteristic,inducesitfourkindoftypes:1)betweenthepartdirectlylocates,andhasfromtheadjustmentpart;2)inthestructurehasgeneralcharacter;3)hasinlaysthemodelstructureandinlaysthemodelpartthejoint;4)hasthemodularstructureandthemodularpartjoint.Andusesconnectionrulebetweentheaccuratesymbolicrepresentationtypicalpartandthepart,fromthisrealizesthealgorithmwhichbetweenthepartjoinsandtheconceptvisible.Incarriesonthemechanicalsystemintheplandesign,themodulecarriesonthedecompositionwith"thefunctionestablishment"tothefunction,andthestipulationfunctiondecomposesbest"thegranulation"thedegreeisthefunctionandtheorganizationpattern11correspondences."Thestructureestablishment"themoduletakesthefunctionsolutionthechoiceobjectinordertorealizationmappingalgorithm.3.BasedonproductcharacteristicknowledgedesignmethodBasedontheproductcharacteristicknowledgedesignmethodmaincharacteristicis:Languagedescriptionproductcharacteristicanditsdesigndomainexpert'sknowledgeandexperiencecandistinguishwhichwiththecomputer,establishesthecorrespondingknowledgelibraryandtheinferencemachine,againusesalreadythedomainknowledgeandtheestablishmentinferencemechanismrealizationcomputerassistanceproductplandesignwhichsaves.Themechanicalsystemplandesignmainlyrestsonthecharacteristicwhichtheproducthas,aswellasthedesigndomainexpert'sknowledgeandtheexperiencecarriesonpushesthequantityandthedecision-making,completestheorganization,thenumberiscomprehensive.Wantstorealizethisstagecomputer-aideddesign,muststudytheknowledgetheautomaticgain,theexpression,theintegration,thecoordination,themanagementandtheuse.Therefore,thedomesticandforeigndesignsscholarhasdonethemassiveresearchworkinviewofmechanicalsystemplandesignknowledgeautomatedprocessing,usesthemethodmayinduceintothefollowingseveralkinds.3.1Codelaw"Transformsthefunctionaccordingtothemovement"(abbreviationfunctionYuan)tocarryontheorganizationtheclassification,andusingthecodedescriptionfunctionYuanandtheorganizationcategory,fromthisestablishes"theorganizationsystemplantodesigntheexpertsystem"theknowledgelibrary.Inthisfoundation,unifiestheduallogicalinferenceandthefuzzysynthesisjudgmentprinciple,hasestablishedthis"theexpertsystem"theinferencemechanism,andusesinfourlocationsspecialpurposemachinesplandesign.Usingthebiologicalevolutiontheory,andcausestheprinciplethroughthenaturalselectionwhichtheorganismcanevolve,intheorganizationplandesign,discussesthemethodusingthenetworkcharttheorganizationstructureexpressionistheanalysissituschart,againthroughthecodetechnology,transformstheorganizationstructureandtheperformanceastheindividualchromosomebinarynumberstring,andaccordingtodesignstherequestestablishmentadaptionvalue,theutilizationbiologyevolutiontheorycontrolreproductionmechanism,throughchoice,methodandsoonoverlapping,suddenvariation,eliminationadaptionvaluelowunsuitableindividual,obtainsthecompatiblemostsuperiorindividualbytheextremelyquickevolutionprocess,namelymostconformstothedesignrequestorganizationplan.

機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法及發(fā)展趨勢(shì)摘要：根據(jù)目前國(guó)內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者進(jìn)行機(jī)械產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)的主要思維特點(diǎn)，將產(chǎn)品方案的設(shè)計(jì)方法概括為系統(tǒng)化、結(jié)構(gòu)模塊化、基于產(chǎn)品特征知識(shí)和智能四種類(lèi)型。指出四種方法的特點(diǎn)及其相互間的有機(jī)聯(lián)系，提出產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)的努力方向。引言科學(xué)技術(shù)的飛速發(fā)展，產(chǎn)品功能要求的日益增多，復(fù)雜性增加，壽命期縮短，更新?lián)Q代速度加快。然而，產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)，尤其是機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案的設(shè)計(jì)手段，則顯得力不從心，跟不上時(shí)代發(fā)展的需要。目前，計(jì)算機(jī)輔助產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)繪圖、設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算、加工制造、生產(chǎn)規(guī)劃已得到了比較廣泛和深入的研究，并初見(jiàn)成效，而產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)初期方案的計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)卻遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不能滿(mǎn)足設(shè)計(jì)的需要。為此，作者在閱讀了大量文獻(xiàn)的基礎(chǔ)上，概括總結(jié)了國(guó)內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者進(jìn)行方案設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)采用的方法，并討論了各種方法之間的有機(jī)聯(lián)系和機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)計(jì)算機(jī)實(shí)現(xiàn)的發(fā)展趨勢(shì)。

根據(jù)目前國(guó)內(nèi)外設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者進(jìn)行機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)所用方法的主要特征，可以將方案的現(xiàn)代設(shè)計(jì)方法概括為下述四大類(lèi)型。

1、系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法

系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法的主要特點(diǎn)是：將設(shè)計(jì)看成由若干個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素組成的一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)要素具有獨(dú)立性，各個(gè)要素間存在著有機(jī)的聯(lián)系，并具有層次性，所有的設(shè)計(jì)要素結(jié)合后，即可實(shí)現(xiàn)設(shè)計(jì)系統(tǒng)所需完成的任務(wù)。

系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)思想于70年代由德國(guó)學(xué)者Pahl和Beitz教授提出，他們以系統(tǒng)理論為基礎(chǔ)，制訂了設(shè)計(jì)的一般模式，倡導(dǎo)設(shè)計(jì)工作應(yīng)具備條理性。德國(guó)工程師協(xié)會(huì)在這一設(shè)計(jì)思想的基礎(chǔ)上，制訂出標(biāo)準(zhǔn)VDI2221“技術(shù)系統(tǒng)和產(chǎn)品的開(kāi)發(fā)設(shè)計(jì)方法。

制定的機(jī)械產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)程模式，基本上沿用了德國(guó)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)VDI2221的設(shè)計(jì)方式。除此之外，我國(guó)許多設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者在進(jìn)行產(chǎn)品方案設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)還借鑒和引用了其他發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)思想，其中具有代表性的是：

(1)將用戶(hù)需求作為產(chǎn)品功能特征構(gòu)思、結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計(jì)和零件設(shè)計(jì)、工藝規(guī)劃、作業(yè)控制等的基礎(chǔ)，從產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)的宏觀過(guò)程出發(fā)，利用質(zhì)量功能布置方法，系統(tǒng)地將用戶(hù)需求信息合理而有效地轉(zhuǎn)換為產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)各階段的技術(shù)目標(biāo)和作業(yè)控制規(guī)程的方法。

(2)將產(chǎn)品看作有機(jī)體層次上的生命系統(tǒng)，并借助于生命系統(tǒng)理論，把產(chǎn)品的設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程劃分成功能需求層次、實(shí)現(xiàn)功能要求的概念層次和產(chǎn)品的具體設(shè)計(jì)層次。同時(shí)采用了生命系統(tǒng)圖符抽象地表達(dá)產(chǎn)品的功能要求，形成產(chǎn)品功能系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)。

(3)將機(jī)械設(shè)計(jì)中系統(tǒng)科學(xué)的應(yīng)用歸納為兩個(gè)基本問(wèn)題：

一是把要設(shè)計(jì)的產(chǎn)品作為一個(gè)系統(tǒng)處理，最佳地確定其組成部分(單元)及其相互關(guān)系；二是將產(chǎn)品設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程看成一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，根據(jù)設(shè)計(jì)目標(biāo)，正確、合理地確定設(shè)計(jì)中各個(gè)方面的工作和各個(gè)不同的設(shè)計(jì)階段。由于每個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)者研究問(wèn)題的角度以及考慮問(wèn)題的側(cè)重點(diǎn)不同，進(jìn)行方案設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)采用的具體研究方法亦存在差異。下面介紹一些具有代表性的系統(tǒng)化設(shè)計(jì)方法。

1.1設(shè)計(jì)元素法

用五個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)元素(功能、效應(yīng)、效應(yīng)載體、形狀元素和表面參數(shù))描述“產(chǎn)品解”，認(rèn)為一個(gè)產(chǎn)品的五個(gè)設(shè)計(jì)元素值確定之后，產(chǎn)品的所有特征和特征值即已確定。我國(guó)亦有設(shè)計(jì)學(xué)者采用了類(lèi)似方法描述產(chǎn)品的原理解。

1.2圖形建模法

研制的“設(shè)計(jì)分析和引導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)”KALEIT，用層次清楚的圖形描述出產(chǎn)品的功能結(jié)構(gòu)及其相關(guān)的抽象信息，實(shí)現(xiàn)了系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)、功能關(guān)系的圖形化建模，以及功能層之間的聯(lián)接。

將設(shè)計(jì)劃分成輔助方法和信息交換兩個(gè)方面，利用Nijssen信息分析方法可以采用圖形符號(hào)、具有內(nèi)容豐富的語(yǔ)義模型結(jié)構(gòu)、可以描述集成條件、可以劃分約束類(lèi)型、可以實(shí)現(xiàn)關(guān)系間的任意結(jié)合等特點(diǎn)，將設(shè)計(jì)方法解與信息技術(shù)進(jìn)行集成，實(shí)現(xiàn)了設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中不同抽象層間信息關(guān)系的圖形化建模。

文獻(xiàn)［11］將語(yǔ)義設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng)作為設(shè)計(jì)工具，在其開(kāi)發(fā)的活性語(yǔ)義設(shè)計(jì)網(wǎng)ASK中，采用結(jié)點(diǎn)和線(xiàn)條組成的網(wǎng)絡(luò)描述設(shè)計(jì)，結(jié)點(diǎn)表示元件化的單元(如設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)、功能、構(gòu)件或加工設(shè)備等)，線(xiàn)條用以調(diào)整和定義結(jié)點(diǎn)間不同的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系，由此為設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程中的所有活動(dòng)和結(jié)果預(yù)先建立模型，使早期設(shè)計(jì)要求的定義到每一個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)的具體描述均可由關(guān)系間的定義表達(dá)，實(shí)現(xiàn)了計(jì)算機(jī)輔助設(shè)計(jì)過(guò)程由抽象到具體的飛躍。

1.3“構(gòu)思”—“設(shè)計(jì)”法

將產(chǎn)品的方案設(shè)計(jì)分成“構(gòu)思”和“設(shè)計(jì)”兩個(gè)階段。“構(gòu)思”階段的任務(wù)是尋求、選擇和組合滿(mǎn)足設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)要求的原理解?！霸O(shè)計(jì)”階段的工作則是具體實(shí)現(xiàn)構(gòu)思階段的原理解。

將方案的“構(gòu)思”具體描述為：根據(jù)合適的功能結(jié)構(gòu)，尋求滿(mǎn)足設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)要求的原理解。即功能結(jié)構(gòu)中的分功能由“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”實(shí)現(xiàn)，并將“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”間的物理聯(lián)接定義為“功能載體”，“功能載體”和“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”間的相互作用又形成了功能示意圖(機(jī)械運(yùn)動(dòng)簡(jiǎn)圖)。方案的“設(shè)計(jì)”是根據(jù)功能示意圖，先定性地描述所有的“功能載體”和“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”，再定量地描述所有“結(jié)構(gòu)元素”和聯(lián)接件(“功能載體”)的形狀及位置，得到結(jié)構(gòu)示意圖。Roper，H.利用圖論理論，借助于由他定義的“總設(shè)計(jì)單元(GE)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)元素(KE)”、“功能結(jié)構(gòu)元素(FKE)”、“聯(lián)接結(jié)構(gòu)元素(VKE)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)零件(KT)”、“結(jié)構(gòu)元素零件(KET)”等概念，以及描述結(jié)構(gòu)元素尺寸、位置和傳動(dòng)參數(shù)間相互關(guān)系的若干種簡(jiǎn)圖，把設(shè)計(jì)專(zhuān)家憑直覺(jué)設(shè)計(jì)的方法做了形式化的描述，形成了有效地應(yīng)用現(xiàn)有知識(shí)的方法，并將其應(yīng)用于“構(gòu)思”和“設(shè)計(jì)”階段。從設(shè)計(jì)方法學(xué)的觀點(diǎn)出發(fā)，將明確了設(shè)計(jì)任務(wù)后的設(shè)計(jì)工作分為三步：1)獲取功能和功能結(jié)構(gòu)(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為“功能”)；2)尋找效應(yīng)(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為“效應(yīng)”)；3)尋找結(jié)構(gòu)(簡(jiǎn)稱(chēng)為“構(gòu)形規(guī)則”)。并用下述四種策略描述機(jī)械產(chǎn)品構(gòu)思階段的工作流程：策略1：分別考慮“功能”、“效應(yīng)”和“構(gòu)形規(guī)則”。因此，可以在各個(gè)工作步驟中分別創(chuàng)建變型方案，由此產(chǎn)生廣泛的原理解譜。