中考英語二輪復習語法突破課件-構(gòu)詞法

構(gòu)詞法新課標規(guī)定的構(gòu)詞法主要有四種：合成法、轉(zhuǎn)化法、派生法、縮寫和簡寫。其中，縮寫和簡寫為2022年版課標新增的內(nèi)容，僅作理解要求。1．合成法由兩個或兩個以上的單詞連在一起合成一個新詞，這種構(gòu)詞法被稱為合成法。合成的詞叫作合成詞，也叫復合詞。如：outside,sunrise,blackboard,newspaper,man-made,English-speaking,warm-hearted,everywhere,without等。2．轉(zhuǎn)化法一個單詞由一種詞性轉(zhuǎn)化為另一種詞性，而詞形不變，詞性轉(zhuǎn)化后的意義往往與之前的意義聯(lián)系密切。轉(zhuǎn)化方式例子動詞?名詞stopv．停止?n.車站；lookv．看?n.看havealook;watchv．觀看?n.手表；handn．手?v.上交；shown．展示?v.表演；watern．水?v.給……澆水形容詞?動詞openadj.開著的?v.打開；cleanadj.清潔的?v.打掃；clearadj.清楚的?v.清理3.派生法派生法是通過在詞根上加前綴或者后綴構(gòu)成一個新詞。(1)前綴前綴含義例子un-，dis-，in,im-，ir-，mis-，non-表示否定意義unhappy,disagree,incorrect,impolite,irregular,misunderstand,non-smokerre-再；又rethink,retell,recycleself-自己；本身self-confident,self-controlunder-在……下面underline,undergroundover-太多；過分overwork,oversize(2)后綴類別后綴及含義例子名詞后綴-er,-or,-ess(女性)“人”farmer,teacher,visitor,actor,actress,hostess-ese,-ian“某國/大陸的人”Chinese,Japanese,Asian,Russian-ist從事某種職業(yè)的“人”scientist,tourist,artist,pianist-ment“行為或狀態(tài)”government,movement,achievement-ness“性質(zhì)；狀態(tài)”illness,sadness,carelessness-tion“動作；過程；結(jié)果”invention,invitation,translation-ance/-ence“行為；性質(zhì)；狀態(tài)”importance,appearance,absence類別后綴及含義例子名詞后綴-th“性質(zhì)；情況”depth,warmth,truth-dom“處于……狀態(tài)；性質(zhì)”freedom,wisdom-age“狀態(tài)；行為；身份及其結(jié)果”shortage,marriage形容詞后綴-ful“充滿……的”careful,hopeful,successful,peaceful,beautiful-less“沒有的”careless,hopeless,homeless,helpless-able“能……的”changeable,comfortable,forgettable,suitable-y“有……特性的”sunny,windy,snowy,healthy,funny,cloudy-al“與……有關的”traditional,international,natural-ing“令人……的”，-ed“感到……的”relaxing,relaxed,interesting,interested-ive“具有……性質(zhì)的”active,creative,collective-ish“帶有……特征”foolish,childish副詞后綴-ly“方式；程度”

freely,truly,angrily,sadly,strongly,busily4.縮寫和簡寫縮寫和簡寫主要采取“截頭”、“去尾”、“截頭又去尾”或“首字母縮寫”的方法。截頭telephone→phone,bicycle→cycle去尾laboratory→lab,mathematics→math截頭又去尾refrigerator→fridge首字母縮寫UN(UnitedNations)聯(lián)合國

CPC(CommunistPartyofChina)中國共產(chǎn)黨PRC(People'sRepublicofChina)中華人民共和國PLA(People'sLiberationArmy)中國人民解放軍WHO(WorldHealthOrganization)世界衛(wèi)生組織

?

?構(gòu)詞法在語法選擇中的應用近幾年廣東中考語法選擇考查了兩次同根詞，考生們可利用構(gòu)詞法推測詞性和詞義，從而選出正確答案。(2022·廣東·語法選擇節(jié)選)WangYiyipassedthetest

C

?andbecameastudentofthatschool.A.successB．successfulC．successfullyC

此題所給的三個選項為名詞success及其不同詞性的同根詞，只要判斷出所填詞的詞性即可選出正確答案。分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，空格處修飾動詞短語passedthetest，應用副詞，故選C。

(2023張家界改編)DoyouknowtheLanternFestival?Itisa

1?festivalinChina.Peoplecelebrateitonthe15thdayofthefirstmonthofthelunar(農(nóng)歷)year.AschoolinChangshaheld

2?kindsofactivitiesforteenagers.Inthemorning,theteenagersmadeyuanxiaowiththeirparents.(

B

)1.A.tradition

B．traditional

C．traditionally(

A

)2.A.different

B．difference

C．differentlyBAYuanxiaoisthetypicalfoodofthefestival.Withthehelpoftheirparents,they

3?madesweetanddeliciousyuanxiao.Theyalsofeltthe

4?ofworkingtogether.Howdoyouspendthe

5?festivalinyourcity?(

C

)3.A.success

B．succeed

C．successfully(

B

)4.A.happy

B．happiness

C．happily(

A

)5.A.important

B．importance

C．importantlyCBA?

?構(gòu)詞法在閱讀理解C篇中的應用在廣東中考的配對閱讀中，會出現(xiàn)左右欄同根詞復現(xiàn)的情況。考生們在解答此題時，可利用構(gòu)詞法找到語段之間的聯(lián)系。(2021·廣東·閱讀理解C節(jié)選)(

)64.Samisanewcomertoahighschool.Hefeelsalittlenervousintheclassroomwithalotofstrangersaroundhim．G.Fishliveinwater.Apersonwhoisinastrangeoruncomfortableenvironmentmayfeellikeafishoutofwater．G

此題中最后一句話提到“withalotofstrangersaroundhim”，與G選項“inastrange...environment”相對應，stranger和strange屬于同根詞，且語段表述相近，故選G。

(2023珠海三模)配對閱讀。左欄是五位對中國文學感興趣的外國學生，右欄是對七本中國名著的介紹。請為每位學生選擇一本最合適的名著。A.Water

MarginsisoneofChina'sfourgreatclassicnovels.Wu

Song

fights

the

tigerisawonderfulstoryinthebook.ItshowsWuSongissobravethathefightsthetiger.B.Analects

of

ConfuciusisacollectionofsayingsofConfuciusandhisstudentsduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod.Thesayingsinitareeasytounderstandbuthavedeepmeanings.C.The

Classic

of

Mountains

and

Riversincludesancientgeography,history,animals,plants,medicineandsoon.Ithasalwaysbeenregardedasbothapracticalgeographybookandanencyclopedia(百科全書)ofancienttimes.D.The

Ordinary

WorldisanovelwrittenbyLuYao.Thebookmainlytellsthestoryoftwobrothers,SunShaopingandSunShaoan.Theyworkhardtogetabetterlife.Thewriterthoughthighlyofworkersandheputthisfeelingintothework.E.Records

of

the

HistorianwaswrittenbySimaQian.Beingagreatwork,itopensanewwayofrecordinghistoricalevents.Italsohasagreatinfluenceonlaterworks.F.The

Border

TownwaswrittenbyShenCongwen.Itisaclassicnovel.ThewritertellsthespecialcustomsofHunanwiththelovestoryofCuicui,ayounggirl.G.Poetic

Remarks

on

the

Human

WorldisagreatworkwrittenbyWangGuowei.IttalksaboutChineseclassicalpoetry,suchassomefamousTangandSongpoetry,fromdifferentlevels.(C)1.JaneisdeeplyattractedbyChinesehistoryandculture.ShewantstolearnsomegeographicalfactsaboutancientChina.(B)2.Boblikestocollectdifferentsayings.InChineseculture,hisfavoritesayingis“Learningwithoutthoughtiseffortlost;thoughtwithoutlearningisdangerous.”(G)3.DaisyisabigfanofChineseTangandSongpoetry.SheenjoyedreadingpoetryevenmoreaftershecametoChinalastyear.(E)4.OdomisveryinterestedinChina'shistory.Ifpossible,hewouldliketolearnalloffivethousandyearsofChinesehistory.(A)5.AlexisagreatfanofWuSong.WhenhefirstheardthestoryofWuSong,hewasinterestedinhim.HealsowantstobeaherolikeWuSong.CBGEAA.Water

MarginsisoneofChina'sfourgreatclassicnovels.Wu

Song

fights

the

tigerisawonderfulstoryinthebook.ItshowsWuSongissobravethathefightsthetiger.B.Analects

of

ConfuciusisacollectionofsayingsofConfuciusandhisstudentsduringtheSpringandAutumnPeriod.Thesayingsinitareeasytounderstandbuthavedeepmeanings.C.The

Classic

of

Mountains

and

Riversincludesancientgeography,history,animals,plants,medicineandsoon.Ithasalwaysbeenregardedasbothapracticalgeographybookandanencyclopedia(百科全書)ofancienttimes.D.The

Ordinary

WorldisanovelwrittenbyLuYao.Thebookmainlytellsthestoryoftwobrothers,SunShaopingandSunShaoan.Theyworkhardtogetabetterlife.Thewriterthoughthighlyofworkersandheputthisfeelingintothework.E.Records

of

the

HistorianwaswrittenbySimaQian.Beingagreatwork,itopensanewwayofrecordinghistoricalevents.Italsohasagreatinfluenceonlaterworks.F.The

Border

TownwaswrittenbyShenCongwen.Itisaclassicnovel.ThewritertellsthespecialcustomsofHunanwiththelovestoryofCuicui,ayounggirl.G.Poetic

Remarks

on

the

Human

WorldisagreatworkwrittenbyWangGuowei.IttalksaboutChineseclassicalpoetry,suchassomefamousTangandSongpoetry,fromdifferentlevels.(C)1.JaneisdeeplyattractedbyChinesehistoryandculture.ShewantstolearnsomegeographicalfactsaboutancientChina.(B)2.Boblikestocollectdifferentsayings.InChineseculture,hisfavoritesayingis“Learningwithoutthoughtiseffortlost;thoughtwithoutlearningisdangerous.”(G)3.DaisyisabigfanofChineseTangandSongpoetry.SheenjoyedreadingpoetryevenmoreaftershecametoChinalastyear.(E)4.OdomisveryinterestedinChina'shistory.Ifpossible,hewouldliketolearnalloffivethousandyearsofChinesehistory.(A)5.AlexisagreatfanofWuSong.WhenhefirstheardthestoryofWuSong,hewasinterestedinhim.HealsowantstobeaherolikeWuSong.CBGEA?

?構(gòu)詞法在短文填空中的應用2023年廣東中考短文填空由盲填改為12選10的考查方式，其中有1題涉及構(gòu)詞法(動詞→名詞)?？忌鷤冊趥淇歼^程中要熟練掌握構(gòu)詞法中的派生法，方可填寫正確答案。可能涉及的變形有：動詞→名詞，形容詞→副詞，形容詞→名詞，名詞→形容詞等。(2023·廣東·短文填空節(jié)選)Aroundthe15thcentury,theChinesetoothbrushfounditswayintoEurope...The

49

?oftoothbrusheswasnotasfamousasthatofpaper-making,butitwasveryusefulindailylife.

it

either

be

because

what

else

by

invent

clean

popular

habit

hundred

invention

本句意為“牙刷的……不像造紙