高考英語一輪總復習專題檢測十主旨要義

專題十主旨要義Passage1Unicyclesareone-wheeledvehiclesthatdevelopedfromtheoriginalbicycle,thePennyFarthing,whichconsistedofalargefrontwheelandamuchsmallerbackwheel.Whenthisbikehitbumps(凸塊)orsuddenlysloweddown,thebackwheelcameofftheground,somanyriderslearnedtobalanceonjustthefrontwheel.Thus,bicyclemakersbeganmakingvehicleswithjustonewheel.Someofthebenefitsofridingaunicycleincludeburningcalories,andincreasingyourlevelsofcoordination(協(xié)調(diào)),concentrationandbalance.Becauseunicyclesdonthaveanyhandlebars,ridersmustbalanceusingonlytheirabdominal(腹部的)musclesandlegmuscles.Thishelpsyoubuildahealthiercore.Longcyclingsessionsalsoincreaseyourheartrate,whichcanleadtoahealthiercardiovascular(心血管的)system.Ridingaunicycleisaneffectivewaytogetinalow-impactworkoutforthosewithdamagedkneesandlegs.Unicyclingisafunactivityregardlessofyourabilitylevel.Ridingaunicycleisself-motivatingandpsychologicallystimulatingbecauseyouwillnoticeimprovementseachtimeyouride.Somepeoplefindthatitgivesthemfeelingsofcontrolwhentheycanachievebalancingandridingonjustonewheel.Someridersusetheirunicyclesastheirprimarymodeoftransportationforworkorschool.Becauseunicyclesdontrequireanytypeoffuel,youcansavemoneyatthepump.Unicyclesalsohaveonlyafewmovingpartsthatmightbreak.Thismeansthatyoutypicallydonthavetospendmuchmoneyonrepairs.Youalsowontneedtospendmoneyonstoringortransportingyourunicycle.Unicyclingisasomewhatuncommonactivity.Becauseofthis,asenseofunitytendstogrowamongunicycleriders.Manyriderstravelsignificantdistancesjusttogoonridesandspendtimewithotherunicyclists.Unicyclingisoftenafamilyactivity,andridingtogethercanbringfamilymemberscloser.1.Whywastheone-wheeledvehiclecreated?A.Becauseitwasmorebeneficialtooneshealth.B.Becauseitwasmorelikelytoavoidroadbumps.C.Becausethefrontwheelonlycouldalsobeusedforbalancing.D.Becauseabicyclesbackwheelwasntfixedwell.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“This”inParagraph2referto?A.Havingahandlebar.B.Stoppingaunicycle.C.Increasingstrength.D.Balancingaunicycle.3.WhatisParagraph4mainlyabout?A.Typicalfeaturesofcycling.B.Basicmodesoftransportation.C.Economicbenefitsofunicycling.D.Waystostoreandtransportunicycles.4.Thetextismainlywrittento.

A.introducebenefitsofunicyclingB.showhowunicyclesarespreadC.displayvarietiesofunicyclesD.advocateteenagerscycling答案[語篇解讀]本文為說明文。主題語境為人與社會,主題語境內(nèi)容為科學與進步。本文介紹了獨輪車的發(fā)明及其益處。1.C細節(jié)理解題。本題題干意為:為什么發(fā)明獨輪車?根據(jù)第1段中的“Thus,bicyclemakersbeganmakingvehicleswithjustonewheel.”(因此,自行車制造廠家開始制造獨輪車)可知本句前面的句子“Whenthisbikehitbumps...,somanyriderslearnedtobalanceonjustthefrontwheel”(……所以許多騎手學會了只靠前輪保持平衡)為解本題的關鍵句,故答案為C項(因為只有前輪也可被用來保持平衡)。

2.D猜測詞義題。本題題干意為:第2段中畫線詞“This”指的是什么?根據(jù)前一句(因為獨輪車沒有車把,所以騎手必須只用腹部肌肉和腿部肌肉來保持平衡。)可知答案為D項(平衡獨輪車)。3.C主旨要義題。本題題干意為:第4段的中心意思是什么?第4段主要講的是獨輪車在使用、維修方面經(jīng)濟實惠,不需要花許多錢,故答案為C項(騎獨輪車的經(jīng)濟利益)。4.A主旨要義題。本題題干意為:本文的主要寫作目的是。本文主要介紹了騎獨輪車在健康、社交及經(jīng)濟等方面的益處,故選A(介紹騎獨輪車的益處)。

Passage2Chinesecuisineiswidelyknownandenjoyedallaroundtheworld.WhodoesntlongforafavoriteChinesedish?ButthereisoneinterestingconceptconcerningChinesefoodwhichisalmostunheardofintheWest,andwhichisbecomingincreasinglyignoredbytheyouthoftheEast—theancientcustomof“tonicfood”.Tonicfoodisfoodwhichisconsumedtoimproveoneswell-beingoravoidsickness.Forinstance,itwasoncethecustomfornewmotherstoeatasesameoil(麻油)hotpoteverydayforthefirstmonthaftergivingbirth.Itwasbelievedthatthisdishwouldbenefitthemuscles,reducepain,improvecirculation,stimulatesweating,andwarmthebody.Somefoods,suchasgoatmeatandspinach,areseenas“hot”,whileothers,suchasChinesecabbageandradish,areseenas“cold”.Oneshouldbecarefulnottoeattoomuchofeither“hot”or“cold”food.However,howmuch“hot”or“cold”foodoneshouldeatdependsonthetimeoftheyear,howthefoodispreparedandwhatitispreparedwith,andtheindividualshealth.Thecustomofemployingtonicfoodsforahealthierlifealsoinfluencesthecateringindustry.Chineseherbalmedicine,suchaswolfberry(枸杞),canbefoundonmanyarestaurantmenu,eitheraddedtofruitteaorasabeneficialadditiontoadish.Theseherbsattractcustomers,suchasover-workedofficestaff,inneedofamodestpick-me-up.So,whetheryouneedtoboostyourstrengthwithalargehelpingofchickensoup,orincreaseyourmentalpowerswithaservingofpigsbrainsoup,youmayfindthatthisancientChinesecustomcouldbejustthetonicyouwerelookingfor.1.Whatisthepresentsituationoftonicfood?A.Itiscatchinglessattention.B.Itisenjoyedbymanyyoungpeople.C.Itiswellknownworldwide.D.Itisbecomingincreasinglypopular.2.Whatisbelievedtobenefitnewmothers?A.Chinesecabbage.B.Fruittea.C.Asesameoilhotpot.D.Pigsbrainsoup.3.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“catering”underlinedinParagraph3?A.Medicine.B.Restaurant.C.Education.D.Fashion.4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TheCharmofChineseCuisineB.ThePopularityofTonicFoodC.AnIntroductiontoChineseTonicFoodD.DifferencesbetweenHotFoodandColdFood答案[語篇解讀]這是一篇說明文。主題語境為人與社會,主題語境內(nèi)容為中國傳統(tǒng)飲食文化。文章介紹了中國古老的“食補”習俗的現(xiàn)狀、功效以及滋補食品對現(xiàn)代餐飲業(yè)的影響。1.A細節(jié)理解題。本題題干意為:滋補食品的現(xiàn)狀是怎樣的?根據(jù)第一段中ButthereisoneinterestingconceptconcerningChinesefoodwhichisalmostunheardofintheWest,andwhichisbecomingincreasinglyignoredbytheyouthoftheEast—theancientcustomof“tonicfood”.(但關于中國食品有一個有趣的觀念——古老的“食補”習俗,它在西方幾乎是聞所未聞,在東方也越來越被年輕人忽略。)可知:“食補”習俗如今越來越不受關注了,故選A項。2.C細節(jié)理解題。本題題干意為:人們認為什么對產(chǎn)婦有益?根據(jù)第二段中Forinstance,itwasoncethecustomfornewmotherstoeatasesameoilhotpoteverydayforthefirstmonthaftergivingbirth.Itwasbelievedthatthisdishwouldbenefitthemuscles,reducepain,improvecirculation,stimulatesweating,andwarmthebody.(例如,在過去產(chǎn)婦在生完孩子第一個月里,每天都要吃麻油火鍋,這是一種習俗。人們認為這道菜對肌肉有益,減少疼痛,促進血液循環(huán),刺激出汗,使身體暖和。)可知:人們認為麻油火鍋對產(chǎn)婦有益,故選C項。3.B猜測詞義題。本題題干意為:下列哪一項能最好解釋第三段中的畫線詞“catering”?根據(jù)后文Chineseherbalmedicine,suchaswolfberry,canbefoundonmanyarestaurantmenu,eitheraddedtofruitteaorasabeneficialadditiontoadish.(中草藥,如枸杞,可以在許多餐館的菜單上找到。枸杞可以添加到果茶中,也可以作為菜肴有益的添加物。)可知:thecateringindustry意為“餐飲業(yè)”,故選B項。4.C主旨要義題。本題題干意為:本文的合適的題目是什么?文章第一段介紹了中國滋補食品的現(xiàn)狀,第二段介紹了中國滋補食品的功效;第三段介紹了中國滋補食品對現(xiàn)代餐飲業(yè)的影響;第四段倡導人們食用滋補食品。由此可推知本文是對中國滋補食品的介紹,故答案為C項。Passage3FromthemoontoMars,scientistshavebeenhuntingforalienlifeinthesolarsystemfordecades.However,Venuswasnotregardedasanidealplacebecauseofitshottemperatureanddryatmosphere.ButarecentdiscoveryoftracesofagasinthecloudsofVenushasexcitedastronomers,asitmayserveasapotentialsignoflife.OnSept.14,theRoyalAstronomicalSocietyofCanadaannouncedthatscientistshavedetectedphosphine(磷化氫)inthecloudsofVenus.Phosphineisacolorless,toxicgasthathasasmellofgarlic.Thoughitcontainspoison,itisviewedasapossiblesignoflifebecauseonEarththegasismadebymicro-organisms(微生物)thatliveinoxygen-freeenvironments.“Iwasverysurprised—stunned,infact,”astronomerJaneGreavesofCardiffUniversityinWalesandleadauthoroftheresearchtoldMSN.“ThereisachancethatwehavedetectedsomekindoflivingorganisminthecloudsofVenus.”Thislayerofcloudsisabout48kilometersabovetheVenussurfacewithitstemperaturerangingfrom30to200degreesFahrenheit(about-1to93°C).ScientistshaveassumedthatiflifeexistsonVenus,thisclouddeck(云蓋)islikelytheonlyplacewhereitwouldsurvive.ScientistswentthrougheverypossibilitythatcouldhaveledtotheformationofphosphinegasinVenusclouds,includingvolcanoes,lightningstrikes,andsmallmeteorites(隕石)fallingintotheatmosphere.Buttheyruledallofthemout.ItwasconcludedthatthereisnoexplanationfortheexistenceofthisgasinVenusclouds,otherthanthepresenceoflife,USATodayreported.Althoughthedetectionofphosphineisnotstrongevidenceforlife,thisfindingisgreatenoughtochangescientistsviewonVenus,whichisthoughttobeacompletelyinhospitable(不適合居住的)planet.1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“toxic”inParagraph2mean?A.Waste.B.Poisonous.C.Useful.D.Clean.2.Whatcanwelearnfromthetext?A.Theclouddeckisrichinphosphine.B.ThehigherthecloudisaboveVenus,thewarmeritis.C.VariouslivingorganismshavebeendetectedonVenus.D.IflifeexistsonVenus,itislikelyintheclouddeck.3.WhatdidscientistsconcludeaboutthephosphinegasdetectedonVenus?A.Itcouldbeformedasaresultofthefallingofmeteorites.B.ItcouldbeasignthatthereislifeinVenusclouds.C.Itcouldbecausedbyvolcanoesandlightningstrikes.D.ItprovesthatVenusisanotherhospitableplanet.4.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.AnewlydetectedgasmayindicatepossibleexistenceoflifeonVenus.B.ScientistsfoundthemosthospitableplaceonVenus.C.PhosphinethathasbeenformedonVenusmeansalienlifeispresent.D.TheenvironmentonVenuschangedinfavoroflife.答案[語篇解讀]本文是一篇新聞報道。主題語境為人與自然,主題語境內(nèi)容為宇宙探索?？茖W家們在金星的云層中檢測到了磷化氫,這表明金星上可能存在生命。1.B猜測詞義題。本題題干意為:第二段中畫線詞“toxic”是什么意思?根據(jù)第二段中的“Thoughitcontainspoison,itisviewedasapossiblesignoflifebecauseonEarththegasismadebymicro-organismsthatliveinoxygen-freeenvironments.”(盡管它含有有毒物質(zhì),但它被視為可能存在生命的跡象,因為在地球上,這種氣體是由生活在無氧環(huán)境中的微生物產(chǎn)生的。)可知畫線詞toxic意為“有毒的”,故答案為B項。

2.D細節(jié)理解題。本題題干意為:從本文中我們可以了解什么?根據(jù)第四段中的“ScientistshaveassumedthatiflifeexistsonVenus,thisclouddeckislikelytheonlyplacewhereitwouldsurvive.”(科學家們認為,如果金星上存在生命,那么這個云蓋可能是生命存活的唯一地方。)可知本題答案為D項。

3.B推理判斷題。本題題干意為:關于在金星上探測到的磷化氫氣體,科學家得出了什么結(jié)論?根據(jù)第四段中的“ScientistshaveassumedthatiflifeexistsonVenus,thisclouddeckislikelytheonlyplacewhereitwouldsurvive.”(科學家們認為,如果金星上存在生命,那么這個云蓋可能是生命存活的唯一地方。)及最后一段中的“ItwasconcludedthatthereisnoexplanationfortheexistenceofthisgasinVenusclouds,otherthanthepresenceoflife,USATodayreported.”(據(jù)《今日美國》報道,得出的結(jié)論是,除了生命的存在,無法解釋金星云層中這種氣體的存在。)可知:關于在金星上探測到的磷化氫氣體,科學家認為這可能是金星云層中存在生命的跡象。故答案為B項。4.A主旨要義題。本題題干意為:本文主要是關于什么內(nèi)容的?根據(jù)第一段中的“ButarecentdiscoveryoftracesofagasinthecloudsofVenushasexcitedastronomers,asitmayserveasapotentialsignoflife.”(但最近在金星云層中發(fā)現(xiàn)的一種氣體令天文學家們興奮不已,因為它可能是生命的潛在跡象。)以及第二段中的“OnSept.14,theRoyalAstronomicalSocietyofCanadaannouncedthatscientistshavedetectedphosphineinthecloudsofVenus.”(9月14日,加拿大皇家天文學會宣布,科學家們在金星的云層中檢測到了磷化氫。)可知:本文主要講述了一種新探測到的氣體(磷化氫)表明金星上可能存在生命。故答案為A項。Passage4Ittakesjustfourminutesforbraincellstobepermanentlydamagedduetoaseverelackofoxygenincasesofsuddencardiacarrest(心臟停搏).Ifmedicalworkersdonotarriveatthesceneofsuchemergencieswithin10minutes,thechancesofavictimsurvivingareminimal.InSeptember,a45-year-oldmanfellunconsciousatHuoyingStationonLine13oftheBeijingSubway.Hediedlaterinthehospital,despiteattemptsbytwopassengerstorevivehimbyusingcardiopulmonaryresuscitation,orCPR.However,ifanautomatedexternaldefibrillator,orAED,hadbeenavailableatthescene,themanschancesofsurvivalwouldhavebeengreatlyimproved.AnAEDcanrecognizeanabnormalheartrhythmandquicklycorrectitthroughanelectricshock.ThedevicesareviewedinmedicalcirclesasamoreefficientandeffectivemethodofsavinglivesinemergenciesthanusingCPR.Afterabrieftrainingperiod,peoplewithnomedicalknowledgecanmasterthebasicskillsneededtouseanAED.InMaylastyear,astudentatTsinghuaUniversityinBeijingfaintedinadormitoryafterexperiencingheadsweats.SeveralstudentsbegantoperformCPRandalsousedanewlyinstalledAEDtohelpthestrickenfreshman.Aftertwoelectricshockswereadministered,thestudentsheartbeatwasrestoredandhewassenttothehospitalforfurthertreatment.Anemergencydoctorfromthehospitalwhoattendedthescenesaiditwashighlylikelythestudentwouldhavedied,hadnotaseriesofthecorrectfirst-aidmeasuresbeenapplied,alongwiththeAED.PeiZheng,astaffmemberfromTsinghuaUniversitysPolicyResearchOffice,saiditwas“reallycool”thatAEDswereavailableattheinstitution.“Itssogoodthatwehavetheselife-savingmachinesoncampus,otherwisewewouldhaveheardtragicnews,”shesaid.Thedeviceshavebeeninstalledaroundthecampusinstages.1.WhatcanweinferabouttheAED?A.Itisquiteeasytolearntouseit.B.Itisavailablenationwide.C.Ithassavedmanylives.D.Itisinventedbymedicalworkers.2.A45-year-oldmanandastudentarementionedinthetextto.

A.makecomparisonsinageB.stressthefunctionofCPRC.showtheefficiencyoftheAEDD.raisetheawarenessofheartattacks3.WhyhaveAEDsbeeninstalledaroundthecampusofTsinghuaUniversity?A.Tosafeguardstudentshealth.B.Tomakethecampusmorebeautiful.C.Toapplyknowledgetopractice.D.TomakeitconvenienttolearntouseAEDs.4.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?A.Heartattackscanbeprevented.B.Firstaidshouldbelearnedwidely.C.Universitiesareequippedwithnewdevices.D.Life-savingdevicescometotherescue.答案[語篇解讀]這是一篇說明文。主題語境為人與社會,主題語境內(nèi)容為科技發(fā)展。本文介紹了新的急救裝置——自動體外除顫器(AED),它能在心臟停搏時起到救命的作用。1.A推理判斷題。本題題干意為:對于自動體外除顫器,我們可以推斷出什么?根據(jù)文章第三段中的“Afterabrieftrainingperiod,peoplewithnomedicalknowledgecanmasterthebasicskillsneededtouseanAED.”(沒有醫(yī)學知識的人只要通過簡單的培訓就會掌握使用自動體外除顫器的基本技能)可推斷出很容易學會使用AED,故答案為A項。2.C推理判斷題。本題題干意為:文中提及一名45歲的男性和一名學生是為了。根據(jù)文章第二段中的“However,ifanautomatedexternaldefibrillator,orAED,hadbeenavailableatthescene,themanschancesofsurvivalwouldhavebeengreatlyimproved.”(然而,如果現(xiàn)場有一個自動體外除顫器,這個人的生存機會就會大大提高。)和第四段中的“itwashighlylikelythestudentwouldhavedied,hadnotaseriesofthecorrectfirst-aidmeasuresbeenapplied,alongwiththeAED”(如果沒有采取一系列正確的急救措施和使用自動體外除顫器,這名學生很可能已經(jīng)死亡)可知在急救過程中有沒有自動體外除顫器,急救的結(jié)果是截然不同的,由此可推知文中提及一名45歲的男性和一名學生的目的是表明自動體外除顫器的功效,故答案為C項。

3.A推理判斷題。本題題干意為:為什么在清華大學校園安裝自動體外除顫器?根據(jù)文章最后一段中的“Itssogoodthatwehavetheselife-savingmachinesoncampus,otherwisewewouldhaveheardtragicnews”可推斷出清華大學校園里安裝自動體外除顫器是為了保障學生們的健康。故選A項。4.D主旨要義題。本題題干意為:本文的主旨是什么?通讀整篇文章可知文章通過兩個例子來講述自動體外除顫器的功能和在緊急情況下能救命的作用,故選D項。Passage5SarahMoorerushedhertwo-year-olddaughterLacieMooretohospitalaftershewashurt.TheworriedmumfromMorecambe,Lancashire,lefthercaronadoubleyellowlineoutsidetheLancasterhospitalandracedinsidewithherdaughter.WhenSarahreturnedtohercar,ratherthanfindingaparkingticket,shesurprisedlydiscoveredahand-writtennote,sayingthattheyhad“sweet-talked”thetrafficwarden(交通管理員)intonotgivingheraticket.“Theydidnthavetodothat—itmadethingsaloteasier,”thegratefulmumsaid.“Iwasfullyexpectingtocomeoutofthehospitalandtohaveaparkingticket,andIhadcometotermswiththat.”ThedramaticeveningbeganontheeveningofJuly2whenLaciesplitherheadopenonthehinge(鉸鏈)ofadoor.Lacierippedonthecarpetandhitthehinge.WhenSarahpickedheruptherewasbloodeverywhere.ItterrifiedSarah,whoquicklyswitchedtoactionmode.TherewasnotimetocallforanambulancesoSarahjustputherinthecarandgothertherein15minutes.Itwasscary.WhenshearrivedatthehospitalSarahignoredthewarningsofambulancestaffaboutpotentialtrafficwardensandracedinside.Thenoteshefoundonhercarwhenshereturnedmadesureadifficultdaywasmadejustalittlebiteasier.Itread:“Goodafternoon,wenoticedyouleftyourcarhereasyourushedyourchildintoA&E.(Wetriedtowarnyouaboutgettingaticket.)Wespokewiththetrafficwardenandtoldhimaboutyoursituationandmanagedtosweet-talkhimintolettingyouoffunderthecircumstances.Hewantedustoletyouknowthatyoucanleaveitintheambulancebayacrosstheroad.Wehopeyourlittleoneisokay.Kindestregards.”1.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“sweet-talked”inParagraph1mean?A.Tricksomebodywithsomesweets.B.Persuadesomebodyinapleasantway.C.Confusesomebodywithsweetwords.D.Convincesomebodywithsolidevidence.2.WhatdoweknowaboutSarah?A.Sheinjuredherdaughterathome.B.Shewaspunishedforbreakingtrafficrules.C.Shethoughtshewouldpayaparkingfine.D.Noonenoticedherwhensheparkedhercar.3.WhowrotethenoteforSarah?A.Passers-by.B.Trafficwardens.C.DoctorsinA&E.D.Ambulancestaff.4.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthistext?A.ASweetSurpriseB.ALuckyMotherC.AGenerousWardenD.AThoughtfulParkingTicket答案[語篇解讀]這是一篇記敘文。主題語境為人與社會,主題語境內(nèi)容為社會交往。SarahMoore在帶孩子到醫(yī)院就醫(yī)時,因孩子傷情緊急而違規(guī)停車,目睹此情形的急救人員為她向交通管理員求情,從而為她免去了罰單。1.B猜測詞義題。本題題干意為:第一段中的畫線詞“sweet-talked”是什么意思?根據(jù)第一段內(nèi)容可知,SarahMoore把車停在了雙黃線上,違反了交通規(guī)則,但讓她吃驚的是她回來后看到車上沒有貼罰單,而是有一張手寫的便條;再結(jié)合第四段中提到的便條內(nèi)容“Wespokewiththetrafficwardenandtoldhimaboutyoursituationandmanagedtosweet-talkhimintolettingyouoffunderthecircumstances.(我們和交通管理員談了談,告訴了他關于你的情況,并設法用甜言蜜語說服他在這種情況下放了你。)”可以推測,“sweet-talked”指用甜言蜜語說服了交通管理員不要給Sarah開罰單。選項B“用令人愉快的方式說服某人”與之意義相近,故選B項。2.C推理判斷題。本題題干意為:對于Sarah我們知道什么?根據(jù)第二段中“Iwasfullyexpectingtocomeoutofthehospitalandtohaveaparkingticket,andIhadcometotermswiththat.”(我滿心期待著從醫(yī)院出來,并等著收到一張違規(guī)停車罰單,我是會接受的。)可知,SarahMoore清楚自己違規(guī)停車并且預料自己會因此被罰款。故選C項。3.D細節(jié)理解題。本題題干意為:是誰給Sarah寫了那張便條?根據(jù)第四段中“WhenshearrivedatthehospitalSarahignoredthewarningsofambulancestaffaboutpotentialtrafficwardensandracedinside.”可得知,寫便條的人是曾經(jīng)提醒過SarahMoore的救護人員。故選D項。4.A主旨要義題。本題題干意為:本文的最佳題目是什么?全文圍繞SarahMoore意外收到的善意便條展開,介紹了她因急著帶孩子就醫(yī)而違規(guī)停車以及急救人員說服交通管理員免開罰單的事。選項A“ASweetSurprise(甜蜜的驚喜)”最能概括文章的主旨大意。故選A項。Passage6Mostofushavesomethingaboutusthatwerenot100%inlovewith,suchasanimpulsivestreakorashorttemper.Whatifthosepersonalitytraits(個性特征)couldbeimprovedwithdailyuseofasmartphoneapp?ThatwasthefocusofanewstudyfromaninternationalresearchteamledbytheUniversityofZurich.“Personalitytraitspredictseveralimportantaspectsoflifesuchassuccessatwork,healthandevenalonglife,”saysfirstauthorMirjamStieger,PhD,ofBrandeisUniversityinWaltham,Massachusetts.“Sowewantedtotestwhetherpeoplecanactivelyshapetheirpersonalitytraitswiththehelpofadigitalintervention(干預)withinarelativelyshortperiodoftime.”Around1,500participantswereprovidedwithaspeciallydevelopedsmartphoneappcalledPEACHforthreemonths.Ontheapp,avirtualcompanioncommunicatedwiththeparticipantsdailyandprovidedsupporttohelpthemmakethechangestheydesired.Andparticipantsweredividedintotwogroups—aninterventiongroupandawaitlistcontrolgroup.Participantsinthewaitlistcontrolgroupselectedandindicatedtheirchangegoalsbeforeaone-monthwaitingperiod,andthentheyreceivedthesamethree-monthinterventionastheinterventiongroup.Theresearchersfoundthatparticipantsinthewaitlistcontrolgroupdidntchangetheirpersonalitytraitsduringtheone-monthwaitingperiod,butparticipantswhoreceivedtheinterventionreportedchangesinthedesireddirection.“Wealsofoundthatfriendsandfamilymemberswereabletodetectpersonalitychanges,”Stiegersays.“Anothersurprisingfindingwasthatmostparticipantswereabletomaintain(維持)theirpersonalitytraitchangesuntilthreemonthsaftertheendoftheintervention.”Whileappscouldbeusedtopromotepersonalitychange,mentalhealthexpertKarenPeterswarns,itsimportanttoremembertheyarethereforsupportandnotasasubstituteforanindividualschange.“Theuseofanappitselfisntgoingtoinfluencechange—changeisinfluencedbyinternalmotivation,”shesays.“Thenewstudydemonstratesthispointbydeterminingthatchangeoutcomeswereinagreementwiththeindividualsdesiretochange.”1.WhydoestheauthoraskthequestioninParagraph1?A.Toputforwardaproblem.B.Torecommendamethod.C.Toleadintherecentstudy.D.Tocomeupwithanewconcept.2.Whatwereparticipantsaskedtodointhenewstudy?A.Settheirchangegoals.B.Detectotherschanges.C.Helptheircompanions.D.Getridofdailyapps.3.Whatisthefindingofthenewstudy?A.Mostoftheparticipantspersonalitieswereunstable.B.Digitalinterventionmadenodifferencetopersonalities.C.Theuseofanappalonecouldshapepersonalitytraits.D.Theparticipantspersonalitychangeswerenoticeable.4.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.AreYourPersonalityTraitsOutofControl?B.AreYouinLovewithYourPersonalityTraits?C.CanaSmartphoneAppChangeYourPersonality?D.CanDigitalInterventionDeterminePersonalDesire?答案[語篇解讀]本文為說明文。主題語境為人與社會,主題語境內(nèi)容為科技發(fā)展。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),人們可以通過使用智能手機應用程序改變他們的個性特征。1.C推理判斷題。本題題干意為:在第一段作者為什么提出一個問題?根據(jù)第一段中“ThatwasthefocusofanewstudyfromaninternationalresearchteamledbytheUniversityofZurich.”(那是蘇黎世大學領導的一個國際研究小組的一項新研究的重點。)可推知提問的目的是引入最新的研究,故答案為C項。2.A細節(jié)理解題。本題題干意為:在這項新研究中,參與者被要求做什么事情?根據(jù)第三段中“...tohelpthemmakethechangestheydesired.”及“Participantsinthewaitlistcontrolgroupselectedandindicatedtheirchangegoalsbeforeaone-monthwaitingperiod”(參加對照組的人員在一個月的等待期之前選擇并表明他們的改變目標)可知在此項研究中,參與者被要求預先確定自己的變化目標,故答案為A項。

3.D細節(jié)理解題。本題題干意為:這項新研究有什么發(fā)現(xiàn)?根據(jù)第四段內(nèi)容(研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn),對照組的參與者在一個月的等待期間其性格特征沒有發(fā)生變化,但接受干預的參與者報告了他們在預期方向上有所變化。接受干預的參與者的朋友和家人也能夠察覺到他們?nèi)烁竦淖兓?。另外一個令人驚訝的發(fā)現(xiàn)是,大多數(shù)參與者能夠保持他們性格特征的變化,直到干預結(jié)束的三個月后)可知答案為D項。4.C主旨要義題。本題題干意為:本文的合適題目是什么?通讀全文,尤其是文章第一段中的“Whatifthosepersonalitytraitscouldbeimprovedwithdailyuseofasmartphoneapp?”(如果那些性格特征可以通過日常使用智能手機應用程序得到改善,會怎么樣呢?)及第二段中的“Sowewantedtotestwhetherpeoplecanactivelyshapetheirpersonalitytraitswiththehelpofadigitalinterventionwithinarelativelyshortperiodoftime.”(所以我們想測試人們能否在相對較短的時間內(nèi),在數(shù)字干預的幫助下積極塑造自己的性格特征。)可知答案為C項。長難句Mostofushavesomethingaboutusthatwerenot100%inlovewith,suchasanimpulsivestreakorashorttemper.我們大多數(shù)人都有一些不是自己百分之百喜歡的特質(zhì),比如沖動傾向或暴躁的脾氣。本句為主從復合句。thatwerenot100%inlovewith為定語從句,修飾先行詞something。Passage7Arobotwithasenseoftouchmayoneday“feel”pain,bothitsownphysicalpainandsympathyforthepainofitshumancompanions.Suchtouchy-feelyrobotsarestillfar-off,butadvancesinrobotictouch-sensingarebringingthatpossibilityclosertoreality.Sensorssetinsoft,artificialskinthatcandetectbothagentletouchandapainfulstrikehavebeenhookeduptoarobotthatcanthensignalemotions,AsadareportedonFebruary15attheannualmeetingoftheAmericanAssociationfortheAdvancementofScience.Thisartificial“painnervoussystem”,asAsadacallsit,maybeasmallbuildingblockforamachinethatcouldultimatelyexperiencepain.Suchafeelingmightalsoallowarobotto“sympathize”withahumancompanionssuffering.Asada,anengineeratOsakaUniversity,andhiscolleagueshavedesignedtouchsensorsthatreliablypickuparangeoftouches.InarobotsystemnamedAffetto,arealistic-lookingchildshead,thesetouchandpainsignalscanbeconvertedtoemotionalfacialexpressions.Atouch-sensitive,softmaterial,asopposedtoarigidmetalsurface,allowsricherinteractionsbetweenamachineandtheworld,saysneuroscientistKingsonManoftheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia.Artificialskin“allowsthepossibilityofengagementintrulyintelligentways”.Suchasystem,Asadasays,mightultimatelyleadtorobotsthatcanrecognizethepainofothers,avaluableskillforrobotsdesignedtohelpcareforpeopleinneed,theelderly,forinstance.Butthereisanimportantdistinctionbetweenarobotthatrespondsinapredictablewaytoapainfulstrikeandarobotthatsabletocomputeaninternalfeelingaccurately,saysDamasio,aneuroscientistalsoattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia.Arobotwithsensorswhichcandetecttouchandpainis“alongthelinesofhavingarobot,forexample,thatsmileswhenyoutalktoit,”Damasiosays.“Itsadeviceforcommunicationofthemachinetoahuman.”Whilethatsaninterestingdevelopment,“itsnotthesamething”asarobotdesignedtocomputesomesortofinternalexperience,hesays.1.Whatdoweknowaboutthe“painnervoussystem”?A.ItisnamedAffettobyscientists.B.Itisasetofcomplicatedsensors.C.Itisabletosignaldifferentemotions.D.Itcombinessensorsandartificialskin.2.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“converted”inParagraph3probablymean?A.Delivered.B.Translated.C.Attached.D.Adapted.3.WhatdoesDamasioconsiderasaninterestingdevelopment?A.Robotscansmilewhentalkedto.B.Robotscantalktohumanbeings.C.Robotscancomputeinternalfeelings.D.Robotscandetectpainsandrespondaccordingly.4.Whatcanbethebesttitleofthetext?A.MachinesBecomeEmotionalB.RobotsInchtoFeelingPainC.HumanFeelingsCanBeFeltD.NewDevicesTouchYourHeart答案[語篇解讀]本文為說明文。主題語境為人與社會,主題語境內(nèi)容為科技發(fā)展。本文介紹了能感受到疼痛的有觸覺的機器人的發(fā)展狀況。1.D細節(jié)理解題。本題題干意為:我們對“疼痛神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)”了解什么?第二段第一句介紹了“painnervoussystem”,根據(jù)該句中“Sensorssetinsoft,artificialskinthatcandetectbothagentletouchandapainfulstrikehavebeenhookeduptoarobotthatcanthensignalemotions”(安裝在可以檢測到輕輕的觸摸和痛苦的打擊的柔軟的人造皮膚上的傳感器與能夠發(fā)出情緒信號的機器人相連)可知答案為D項(它把傳感器和人造皮膚連了起來)。根據(jù)第三段中“InarobotsystemnamedAffetto”(在被命名為Affetto的機器人系統(tǒng)中)可排除A項(它被科學家們命名為Affetto);B項(它是一套復雜的傳感器)和C項(它能夠發(fā)出不同的情緒信號)在文中沒被提及,故被排除。

2.B猜測詞義題。本題題干意為:第三段中的畫線詞“converted”可能是什么意思?根據(jù)畫線詞前后的thesetouchandpainsignals和emotionalfacialexpressions可猜出畫線詞的意思是“轉(zhuǎn)化”,故答案為B項。3.D細節(jié)理解題。本題題干意為:Damasio認為什么是一種有趣的發(fā)展?根據(jù)最后一段中“arobotthatrespondsinapredictablewaytoapainfulstrike”(一個能對痛苦的打擊做出可預測的反應的機器人)可知答案為D項(機器人可以檢測疼痛并做出相應的反應)。根據(jù)最后一段Arobotwithsensorswhichcandetecttouchandpainis“alongthelinesofhavingarobot,forexample,thatsmileswhenyoutalktoit”(一個裝有可以檢測觸摸和疼痛傳感器的機器人,類似于這種機器人,例如當你和它說話時,它會微笑)中的“類似”“例如”可排除A項;根據(jù)最后一段中的“itsnotthesamething”asarobotdesignedtocomputesomesortofinternalexperience(這與設計用來計算某種內(nèi)部體驗的機器人是不同的)可排除C項;B項文中并未提及。4.B主旨要義題。本題題干意為:本文的最佳題目是什么?根據(jù)文章中心句,即第一段第一句(有觸覺的機器人有一天可能會“感受到”疼痛,既包括它自己身體上的疼痛,也包括對人類同伴疼痛的同情)可知本文最佳題目是B項。Passage8Nowmanycountriesworktowardsacarbon-neutralfuture,hopingtoachievetherealgreengrowthandchange.ThecurrentUKgovernmenthadoriginallysetoutplanstobecomecarbon-zeroby2050.AndinanewannouncementregardingtheUKsgreeneconomicrecovery,thePrimeMinisterhascommittedtoacceleratingoffshorewindby2030.Inarecentspeech,BritainsPrimeMinisterBorisJohnsonannouncedthatthegovernmentwillinvestincleanenergy,promisingthat￡160mwillbededicatedtobuildingwind