2024年6月大學(xué)英語六級(jí)考試真題（第1套）

大學(xué)英語六級(jí)考試2024年6月真題(第一套)PartIWriting(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteanessaythatbeginswiththesentence“Thereisagrowingawarenessoftheimportanceofdigitalliteracyandskillsintoday'sworld.”Youcanmakecomments,citeexamplesoruseyourpersonalexperiencestodevelopyouressay.Youshouldwriteatleast150wordsbutnomorethan200wordsYoushouldcopythesentencegiveninquotesatthebeginningofyouressay.PartIIListeningComprehension(30minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheetIwithasinglelinethroughthecentreQuestions1to4arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.1.A)Replytotheman'slastproposalwithinashorttime.B)Signtheagreementifonesmallchangeismadetoit.C)Makeasponsorshipdealforherclientatthemeeting.D)Givethemansomegoodnewsregardingthecontract2.A)Theyarebecomingimpatient.C)Theyareusedtomakingalterations.B)Theyareafraidtimeisrunningout.D)Theyareconcernedaboutthedetails.3.A)Topreventgeographicaldiscrimination.C)ToavoidanyconflictofinterestB)Totapthefoodandbeveragemarket.D)Toreduceunfaircompetition4.A)Itisapotentialmarketforfoodandbeverage.C)Itisanegligiblemarketforhiscompany.B)Itisveryattractiveforrealestatedevelopers.D)Itisverydifferentfromothermarkets.Questions5to8arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.5.A)TheyarethrilledbyarareastronomicphenomenonB)Theyarecelebratingabigeventonmountaintops.C)Theyareenthusiasticaboutbigscience-relatedstories.D)TheyarejoinedbyastronomersallacrossNorthAmerica.6.A)ItwillbethemostformidableofitskindinoveracenturyB)ItwillcomeclosesttoEarthinmorethanonehundredyearsC)ItwilleclipsemanyothersucheventsinhumanhistoryD)ItwillbeseenmostclearlyfromDenver'smountaintops.7.A)Ablur.C)Theedgeofourgalaxy.B)Stars.D)Anordinaryflyingobject.8.A)Useprofessionalequipment.C)FixtheireyesduenorthB)ClimbtothenearbyheightsD)Makeuseofphoneapps1·SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwopassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheetIwithasinglelinethroughthecentreQuestions9to11arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.9.A)Whetherconsumersshouldbewarnedagainstultra-processedfoods.B)WhetherthereissufficientscientificconsensusondietaryguidelinesC)Whetherguidelinescanformthebasisfornutritionadvicetoconsumers.D)Whetherfoodscientistswillagreeontheconceptofultra-processedfoods10.A)BythelaborcostforthefinalproductsC)Bytheextentofchemicalalteration.B)Bythedegreeofindustrialprocessing.D)Bytheconventionofclassification.11.A)Increasedconsumers'expenses.C)People'smisunderstandingofnutrition.B)Greaterriskofchronicdiseases.D)Children'sdislikeforunprocessedfoodsQuestions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.12.A)Theybegintothinkofthebenefitsofconstraints.C)Theytryhardtomaximizetheirmentalenergy.B)Theytrytoseeksolutionsfromcreativepeople.D)Theybegintoseetheworldinadifferentway13.A)Itischaracteristicofallcreativepeople.C)Itisacreativeperson'sresponsetolimitation.B)Itisessentialtopushingsocietyforward.D)Itisanimpetustosocio-economicdevelopment.14.A)Scarcityorabundanceofresourceshaslittleimpactonpeople'screativity.B)InnovativepeoplearenotconstrainedinconnectingunrelatedconceptsC)Peoplehavenoincentivetouseavailableresourcesinnewways.D)Creativepeopletendtoconsumemoreavailableresources15.A)Itiskeytoacompany'ssurvival.C)ItisessentialtomeetingchallengesB)Itshapesandfocusesproblems.D)Itthrivesbestwhenconstrained.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreerecordingsoflecturesortalksfollowedbythreeorfourquestions.Therecordingswillbeplayedonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.16.A)Becausetheyarelearned.C)BecausetheyhavetobeproperlypersonalizedB)Becausetheycomenaturally.D)Becausetherecanbemoreeffectivestrategies17.A)Theextentofdifferenceandofsimilaritybetweenthetwosides.B)Theknowledgeofthespecificexpectationtheothersideholds.C)Theimportanceofone'sgoalsandoftherelationship.D)Theapproachesoneadoptstoconflictmanagement.18.A)Thefox.C)ThesharkB)Theowl.D)Theturtle.2Questions19to21arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.19.A)Helpsavespeciesfromextinctionandboosthumanhealth.B)Understandhowplantsandanimalsperishedoverthepast.C)HelpgatherinformationpubliclyavailabletoresearchersD)FindoutthecauseofextinctionofBritain's66,000species20.A)ItwasoncedominatedbydinosaursC)ItsprospectsdependonfuturehumanbehaviourB)Ithasenteredthesixthmassextinction.D)Itsclimatechangeisaggravatedbyhumans21.A)Itdwarfsallothereffortstoconserve,protectandrestorebiodiversityonearthB)ItiscostlytogetstartedandrequiresthejointeffortsofthousandsofscientistsC)ItcanhelptobringbackthelargenumbersofplantsandanimalsthathavegoneextinctD)Itisthemostexciting,mostrelevant,mosttimelyandmostinternationallyinspirationalQuestions22to25arebasedontherecordingyouhavejustheard.22.A)Culturalidentity.C)TheCopernicanrevolution.B)Socialevolution.D)Humanindividuality23.A)Itisadelusiontobedisposedof.C)ItisamythspreadbyJohnDonne'spoem.B)Itisprevalentevenamongacademics.D)Itisrootedinthemindsetofthe17thcentury24.A)HebelievesinCopernicanphilosophicaldoctrinesabouttheuniverse.B)HehasgainedamplescientificevidenceattheUniversityofReading.C)Hehasfoundthatourinnerselfandmaterialselfareinterconnected.D)Hecontendsmostofourbodycellscanonlyliveafewdaysorweeks.25.A)Bycomingtoseehowdisruptivesuchproblemshavegottobe.B)Byrealisingthatweallcandoourownbitinsuchendeavours.C)Bybecomingawarethatwearepartofabiggerworld.D)Bymakingjointeffortsresolutelyandpersistently.PartⅢReadingComprehension(40minutes)SectionADirections:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtenblanks.Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage.Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter.PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.It'squiteremarkablehowdifferentgenresofmusiccansparkuniquefeelings,emotions,andmemories.Studieshaveshownthatmusiccanreducestressandanxietybeforesurgeriesandweareallattractedtowardourownuniquelifesoundtrack.Ifyou'relookingto26stress,youmightwanttogiveclassicalmusicatry.Thesoundsofclassicalmusicproduceacalmingeffectletting27pleasure-inducingdopamine(多巴胺)inthebrainthathelpscontrolattention,learningandemotionalresponses.Itcanalsoturndownthebody'sstressresponse,resultinginanoverallhappiermood.Itturnsoutapleasantmoodcanleadto28inaperson'sthinking.Althoughtherearemanygreat29ofclassicalmusiclikeBach,BeethovenandHandel,noneoftheseartists'musicseemstohavethesamehealtheffectsasMozart'sdoes.Accordingtoresearchers,listeningtoMozartcanincreasebrainwaveactivityandimprove30function.AnotherstudyfoundthatthedistinctivefeaturesofMozart'smusictriggerpartsofthebrainthatareresponsibleforhigh-levelmentalfunctions.Evenmaternity31useMozarttohelpnewbornbabiesadapttolifeoutsideofthemother'sbelly.Ithasbeenfoundthatlisteningtoclassicalmusic32reducesaperson'sbloodpressure.Researchersbelievethatthecalmingsoundsofclassicalmusicmayhelpyourheart33fromstress.Classicalmusiccanalsobeagreattooltohelppeoplewhohavetroublesleeping.Onestudyfoundthatstudentswhohadtroublesleepingsleptbetterwhiletheywerelisteningtoclassicalmusic.Whetherclassicalmusicissomethingthatyoulistentoonaregularbasisornot,itwouldn't34totaketimeoutofyourdaytolistentomusicthatyoufind35.YouwillbesurprisedathowgooditmakesyoufeelandthepotentiallypositivechangeinyourhealthA)alleviateI)looseB)clarityJ)majesticC)cognitiveK)mandatorycomposersL)recoverM)significantlyE)hurtN)soothingF)inhibitingO)wardsG)interrogationH)intrinsicallySectionBDirections:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2.TheCuriousCaseoftheTreeThatOwnsItselfA)InthecityofAthens,Georgia,thereexistsarathercuriouslocallandmark—alargewhiteoakthatisalmostuniversallystatedtoownitself.Becauseofthis,itisconsideredoneofthemostfamoustreesintheworld.Sohowdidthistreecometoownitselfandthelandaroundit?B)Sometimeinthe19thcenturyaGeorgiancalledColonelWilliamJacksonreportedlytookalikingtothesaidtreeandendeavoredtoprotectitfromanydanger.Astowhyheloveditso,theearliestdocumentedaccountofthisstoryisananonymouslywrittenfrontpagearticleintheAthensWeeklyBannerpublishedonAugust12,1890.Itstates,“Col.Jacksonhadwatchedthetreegrowfromhischildhood,andgrewtoloveitalmostashewouldahuman.Itsluxuriantleavesandsturdylimbshadoftenprotectedhimfromtheheavyrains,andoutofitshighestbrancheshehadmanyatimegottentheeggsofthefeatheredsingers.Hewatcheditsgrowth,andwhenreachingaripeoldagehesawthetreestandinginitsmagnificentproportions,hewaspainedtothinkthatafterhisdeathitwouldfallintothehandsofthosewhomightdestroyit.”C)Towardsthisend,Jacksontransferredbymeansofadeedownershipofthetreeandalittlelandaroundittothetreeitself.Thedeedread,“W.H.Jacksonforandinconsiderationofthegreataffectionwhichhebearsthesaidtree,andhisgreatdesiretoseeitprotectedhasconveyeduntothesaidoaktreeentirepossessionofitselfandofalllandwithineightfeetofitonallsides.”D)Intime,thetreecametobesomethingofatouristattraction,knownasTheTreeThatOwnsItself.However,intheearly20thcentury,thetreestartedshowingsignsofitsslowdeath,withlittlethatcouldbedoneaboutit.Fathertimecomesforusalleventually,evenouroftenlonglived,tallandleafyfellowcustodians(看管者)ofEarth.Finally,onOctober9,1942,theover30metertalland200-400yearoldtreefell,rumorhasit,asaresultofaseverewindstormand/orviahavingpreviouslydiedanditsrootsrotted.E)Aboutfouryearslater,membersoftheJuniorLadiesGardenClub(who'dtendedtothetreebeforeitsunfortunatedeath)trackeddownasmalltreegrownfromanuttakenfromtheoriginaltree.AndsoitwasthatonOctober9,1946,underthedirectionofProfessorRoyBowdenoftheCollegeofAgricultureattheUniversityofGeorgia,thislittletreewastransplantedtothelocationofitsancestor.Acoupleofmonthslater,anofficialceremonywasheldfeaturingnoneotherthantheMayorofAthens,RobertLMcWhorter,tocommemoratetheoccasion.F)ThisnewtreebecameknownasTheSonoftheTreeThatOwnsItselfanditwasassumedthat,astheoriginaltree'sheir,itnaturallyinheritedthelanditstoodon.Ofcourse,therearemanydozensofothertreesknowntoexistdescendingfromtheoriginal,aspeopletakinganutfromittogrowelsewherewasacertainty.Thatsaid,todate,noneoftheoriginaltree'sotherchildrenhavepetitionedthecourtsfortheirshareoftheland,soitseemsallgood.Inanyevent,TheSonoftheTreeThatOwnsItselfstillstandstoday,thoughoftenreferredtosimplyasTheTreeThatOwnsItself.G)ThisallbringsusaroundtowhetherJacksoneveractuallygavelegalownershipofthetreetoitselfinthefirstplaceandwhethersuchadeedislegallybinding.H)Well,tobeginwith,itturnsoutJacksononlyspentaboutthreeyearsofhislifeinAthens,startingattheageof43from1829to1832,sortofdismissingtheideathathelovedthetreefromspendingtimeunderitasachildandwatchingitgrow,andthenworryingaboutwhatwouldhappentoitafterhedied.Further,anextensivesearchoflandownershiprecordsinAthensdoesnotseemtoindicateJacksoneverownedthelandthetreesitson.I)Hedidliveonalotoflanddirectlynexttoitforthosethreeyears,butwhetherheownedthatlandornotisn'tclear.Whateverthecase,in1832afouracreparcel,whichincludedthelandthetreewasonandtheneighboringlandJacksonlivedon,amongothers,wassoldtoUniversityprofessorMalthusAWard.Inthetransaction,WardwasrequiredtopayJacksonasumof$1,200(about$31,000today),eitherforthepropertyitselforsimplyincompensationforimprovementsJacksonhadmadeonthelot.Intheend,whetherheeverownedtheneighboringlotorwassimplyallowedtouseitwhileheallegedlyworkedattheUniversity,hedefinitelyneverownedthelotthetreegrewon,whichisthemostimportantbitforthetopicathand.J)AfterProfessorWardpurchasedtheland,Jacksonandhisfamilypurchaseda655acreparcelafewmilesawayandmovedthere.Tenyearslater,in1844,JacksonseemedtohavecomeintofinancialdifficultiesandhadhislittleplantationseizedbytheClarkeCountySheriff'sofficeandauctionedofftosettlethemortgage.Thus,hadheownedsomelandinAthensitself,includingthelandthetreesaton,presumablyhewouldhavesoldittoraisefundsorotherwisehadittakenaswell.K)Andwhateverthecasethere,Jacksonwouldhaveknownpropertytaxesneededtobepaidonthedeededlandforthetreetobetrulysecureinitsfuture.YetnoaccountorrecordindicatesanytrustorthelikewassetuptofacilitatethisL)Ontopofallthis,thereisnohardevidencesuchadeedeverexisted,despitethefactthatdeedrecordsinAthensgobackmanydecadesbeforeJackson'sdeathin1876andthatitwassupposedtohaveexistedin1890inthearchivesaccordingtotheoriginalanonymousnewsreporterwhoclaimstohaveseenit.M)Asyoumightimaginefromallofthis,fewgivecredittothissideofthestory.Sohowdidallofthiscomeaboutthen?N)ItisspeculatedtohavebeeninventedbytheimaginationofthesaidanonymousauthorattheAthensWeeklyBannerintheaforementioned1890frontpagearticletitled“DeededtoItself”,whichbythewaycontainedseveralelementsthataremuchmoreeasilyprovedtobefalse.Astowhytheauthorwoulddothis,it'sspeculatedperhapsitwasa19thcenturyversionofaclick-baitthoughtexerciseonwhetheritwouldbelegalforsomeonetodeedsuchanon-consciouslivingthingtoitselfornot.O)Whateverthecase,thenextknowninstanceoftheTreeThatOwnsItselfbeingmentionedwasn'tuntil1901intheCentennialEditionofthatsamepaper,theAthensWeeklyBanner.Thisfeaturedanotheraccountveryclearlyjustcopyingtheoriginalarticlepublishedaboutadecadebefore,onlyslightlyreworded.Thenextaccountwasin1906,againintheAthensWeeklyBanner,againveryclearlycopyingtheoriginalaccount,onlyslightlyreworded,the19thcenturyequivalentofre-postswhentheaudiencehasforgottenabouttheoriginal.36.Jacksonwassaidtohavetransferredhisownershipoftheoaktreetoitselfinordertoprotectitfrombeingdestroyed.37.NoproofhasbeenfoundfromanextensivesearchthatJacksonhadeverownedthelandwheretheoaktreegrew38.Whenitwasrainingheavily,Jacksonoftentookshelterunderabigtreethatissaidtoownitself.39.ThereisnoevidencethatJacksonhadmadearrangementstopaypropertytaxesforthelandonwhichtheoaktreesat.40.ProfessorWardpaidJacksonoveronethousanddollarswhenpurchasingapieceoflandfromhim.41.Itissaidthetreethatowneditselffellinaheavywindstorm.42.Thestoryoftheoaktreeissuspectedtohavebeeninventedasathoughtexercise.43.Jackson'slittleplantationwasauctionedofftosettlehisdebtinthemid-19thcentury44.Anofficialceremonywasheldtocelebratethetransplantingofasmalltreetowhereitsancestorhadstood.45.ThestoryoftheTreeThatOwnsItselfappearedinthelocalpaperseveraltimes,withslightalterationsinwording.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Itisirrefutablethatemployeesknowthedifferencebetweenrightandwrong.Sowhydon'tmoreemployeesintervenewhentheyseesomeoneexhibitingat-riskbehaviorintheworkplace?Thereareanumberoffactorsthatinfluencewhetherpeopleintervene.First,theyneedtobeabletoseeariskysituationbeginningtounfold.Second,thecompany'scultureneedstomakethemfeelsafetospeakup.Andthird,theyneedtohavethecommunicationskillstosaysomethingeffectively.Thisisnotstrictlyaworkplaceproblem;it'sagrowingproblemoffthejobtoo.Everydaypeoplewitnessthingsonthestreetandchoosetostandidlyby.Thisisknownasthebystandereffect—themorepeoplewhowitnessanevent,thelesslikelyanyoneinthatgroupistohelpthevictim.Thepsychologybehindthisiscalleddiffusionofresponsibility.Basically,thelargerthecrowd,themorepeopleassumethatsomeoneelsewilltakecareofit—meaningnooneeffectivelyintervenesoractsinamomentofneed.Thiscrowdmentalityisstrongenoughforpeopletoevadetheirknownresponsibilities.Butit'snotonlyfrontlineworkerswhodon'tmakesafetyinterventionsintheworkplace.Therearealsoinstanceswheresupervisorsdonotinterveneeither.Whenagroupofemployeesseesunsafebehaviornotbeingaddressedataleadershiplevelitcreatestheprecedentthatthisishowthesesituationsshouldbeaddressed,thusdefiningthesafetycultureforeveryone.Despitethefactthatworkersareencouragedtointervenewhentheyobserveunsafeoperations,thishappenslessthanhalfofthetime.Fearistheultimatefactorinnotintervening.Thereisafearofpenalty,afearthatthey'llhavetodomoreworkiftheyintervene.Unsuccessfulattemptsinthepastareanotherstrongcontributingfactortowhypeopledon'tintervene—theytendtoprefertodeferthatactiontosomeoneelseforallfuturesituations.Onmanyworksites,competentworkersmustbeappointed.Partoftheirjobistointervenewhenworkersperformataskwithouttheproperequipmentoriftheconditionsareunsafe.Competentworkersarealsorequiredtostopworkfromcontinuingwhenthere'sadanger.Supervisorsalsoplayacriticalrole.Evenifacompetentpersonisn'trequired,supervisorsneedabroadsetofskillstonotonlyidentifyandalleviateworkplacehazardsbutalsobuildasafetyclimatewithintheirteamthatsupportsinterveningandopencommunicationamongthem.Beyondcompetentworkersandsupervisors,it'simportanttoeducateeveryonewithintheorganizationthattheyareobligedtointerveneiftheywitnessapossibleunsafeact,whetheryou'readesinatedcompetentperson,asupervisororafrontlineworker46.Whatisoneofthefactorscontributingtofailureofinterventioninfaceofriskybehaviorintheworkplace?A)SlacksupervisionstyleC)Unforeseeablerisk.B)Unfavorableworkplaceculture.D)Blockedcommunication.47.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“diffusionofresponsibility”(Line4,Para.3)?A)Themorepeoplearearound,themoretheyneedtoworryabouttheirpersonalsafety.B)Themorepeoplewhowitnessanevent,thelesslikelyanyonewillventuretoparticipate.C)Themorepeopleidlingaroundonthestreet,themorelikelytheyneedtakingcareof.D)Themorepeoplearearound,thelesschancesomeonewillstepforwardtointervene.48.Whathappenswhenunsafebehaviorattheworkplaceisnotaddressedbytheleaders?A)Noonewillintervenewhentheyseesimilarbehaviors.B)Everyonewillseeitastheeasiestwaytodealwithcrisis.C)WorkershavetotakeextracautionexecutingtheirdutiesD)Workersarelefttotakecareoftheemergencythemselves.49.Whatistheultimatereasonworkerswon'tactwhentheyseeunsafeoperations?A)Preferenceofdeferringtheactiontoothers.B)Anticipationofleadershipintervention.C)FearofbeingisolatedbycoworkersD)Fearofhavingtodomorework50.Whatiscriticaltoensuringworkplacesafety?A)WorkersbetrainedtooperatetheirequipmentproperlyB)Workersexhibitingat-riskbehaviorbestrictlydisciplined.C)Supervisorscreateasafetyenvironmentfortimelyintervention.D)Supervisorsconducteffectivecommunicationwithfrontlineworkers.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Theterm“environmentalist”canmeandifferentthings.Itusedtorefertopeopletryingtoprotectwildlifeandnaturalecosystems.Inthe21stcentury,thetermhasevolvedtocapturetheneedtocombathuman-madeclimatechangeThedistinctionbetweenthesetwostrandsofenvironmentalismisthecauseofasplitwithinthescientificcommunityaboutnuclearenergyOnonesidearepuristswhobelievenuclearpowerisn'tworththeriskandtheexclusivesolutiontotheclimatecrisisisrenewableenergy.Theopposingsideagreesthatrenewablesarecrucial,butsayssocietyneedsanamountofpoweravailabletomeetconsumers'basicdemandswhenthesunisn'tshiningandthewindisn'tblowing.Nuclearenergy,beingfarcleanerthanoil,gasandcoal,isanaturaloption,especiallywherehydroelectriccapacityislimitedLeonClarke,whohelpedauthorreportsfortheUN'sIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange,isn'tanuncriticalsupporterofnuclearenergy,butsaysit'savaluableoptiontohaveifwe'reseriousaboutreachingcarbonneutrality.“Coretoallofthisisthedegreetowhichyouthinkwecanactuallymeetclimategoalswith100%renewables,”hesaid.“Ifyoudon'tbelievewecandoit,andyoucareabouttheclimate,youareforcedtothinkaboutsomethinglikenuclear.”Theachievabilityofuniversal100%renewabilityissimilarlycontentious.CitiessuchasBurlington,Vermont,havebeen“100%renewable”foryears.Butthesecitiesoftenhavesmallpopulations,occasionallystillrelyonfossilfuelenergyandhavesignificantrenewableresourcesattheirimmediatedisposal.Meanwhile,countriesthatmanagetorunoffrenewablestypicallydosothankstoextraordinaryhydroelectriccapabilities.Germanystandsasthebestcasestudyforalarge,industrializedcountrypushingintogreenenergyChancellorAngelaMerkelin2011announcedEnergiewende,anenergytransitionthatwouldphaseoutnuclearandcoalwhilephasinginrenewables.Windandsolarpowergenerationhasincreasedover400%since2010,andrenewablesprovided46%ofthecountry'selectricityin2019.Butprogresshashaltedinrecentyears.Theinstabilityofrenewablesdoesn'tjustmeanenergyisoftennotproducedatnight,butalsothatsolarandwindcanoverwhelmthegridduringtheday,forcingutilitiestopaycustomerstousetheirelectricity.Lagginggridinfrast