畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯

畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯/畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯絮凝：污泥性質(zhì)和廢水處理的影響 摘要進(jìn)行研究，以確定在激活的絮凝作用污泥單元過(guò)程。實(shí)驗(yàn)室和完整的大型研究顯示，絮凝最重要的，在于確定沉淀，脫水，污水和消化污泥特性（活性污泥屬性），并可能涉與到的所有進(jìn)程的功能是至關(guān)重要的。在這些研究中，結(jié)果表明，二價(jià)陽(yáng)離子，如鈣和鎂改善活性污泥的性質(zhì)，而單價(jià)陽(yáng)離子如如鈉，鉀和銨離子，不利于這些屬性?！岸r(jià)陽(yáng)離子通過(guò)銜接機(jī)制，促進(jìn)負(fù)責(zé)絮凝帶負(fù)電荷的生物大分子（主要是蛋白質(zhì)和多糖）。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)，氧化鐵起著重大作用，在活性污泥的絮凝和決心通過(guò)鐵和生物大分子之間的表面相互作用的性質(zhì)。氧化鐵有效地消除從凝固的膠體溶液聚合物和空調(diào)的研究。這項(xiàng)研究包括鉀的實(shí)驗(yàn)評(píng)估影響沉降和脫水性能和銨離子，鎂的影響沉降性能;影響鈉，鉀，鈣和鎂的廢水質(zhì)量;固體停留時(shí)間，對(duì)出水水質(zhì)的影響;絮狀物評(píng)估在有氧和高溫消化的屬性。一個(gè)絮狀物模型中提出鈣，鎂，鐵絮凝的功能是很重要曝氣池，沉淀池，脫水設(shè)備和好氧或厭氧沼氣池。結(jié)果表明，活性污泥絮狀物性能的影響廢水處理效率。關(guān)鍵詞：陽(yáng)離子，活性污泥，沉淀，脫水，鎂，銨。前言活性污泥是由微生物財(cái)團(tuán)和胞外聚合物和二價(jià)陽(yáng)離子（手冢，1969年形成了矩陣一起舉行的有機(jī)和無(wú)機(jī)粒子;諾瓦克和豪根，1981年埃里克森和ALM，1991;Bruus等，1992;希金斯和諾瓦克，1997年，B）。bruus等人。（1992年）和希金斯和諾瓦克（1997年b）表明，多余的單價(jià)陽(yáng)離子可引起中絮狀物的惡化結(jié)構(gòu)和沉降性能。觀察與二價(jià)陽(yáng)離子的增加沉降性能的改善。許多工業(yè)系統(tǒng)需要高純度的進(jìn)水。因此，除了規(guī)定的化學(xué)品在工業(yè)過(guò)程和廢水預(yù)處理的廢水進(jìn)入激活污泥盆地的陽(yáng)離子組成。這些廢水通常會(huì)在一些陽(yáng)離子缺陷，將包含他人的過(guò)多。單價(jià)離子的增加導(dǎo)致活性污泥脫水性能的惡化，而二價(jià)離子的增加已被證明可以改善活性污泥脫水性能希金斯和諾瓦克，1997，（二）已被觀察到。這些意見(jiàn)進(jìn)行了實(shí)驗(yàn)室和工業(yè)系統(tǒng)中活性污泥絮體。希金斯和諾瓦克（1997年b）評(píng)估從七個(gè)工業(yè)設(shè)施的陽(yáng)離子和發(fā)現(xiàn)，時(shí)的上chargeequivalent的基礎(chǔ)上的單價(jià)超過(guò)二價(jià)陽(yáng)離子比（M/D）2，在脫水性能（具體到過(guò)濾阻力）發(fā)生惡化。最經(jīng)常發(fā)現(xiàn)添加燒堿的pH值控制在行業(yè)的高M(jìn)/D比值的相關(guān)問(wèn)題。因此，鈉離子是游離在這些系統(tǒng)中的單價(jià)離子輸入。本研究的目的是評(píng)估nonfilamentous沉降和脫水的問(wèn)題進(jìn)行鑒定的潛力，通過(guò)篩選陽(yáng)離子，到達(dá)實(shí)驗(yàn)室或田間試驗(yàn)的策略，找出并解決相關(guān)的問(wèn)題（S）。工業(yè)體系研究含有高濃度的鈉離子（平均為2000毫克/升）加入氫氧化鈉預(yù)處理步驟，以防止醋酸的揮發(fā)。廢物流中的主要成分是醋酸。進(jìn)水COD為10000毫克/升的順序?；钚晕勰嗟膒H值8.8。工業(yè)廢水處理系統(tǒng)被發(fā)現(xiàn)有極端貧困的沉降和脫水性能由于高濃度的鈉離子。最初進(jìn)行化驗(yàn)，以評(píng)估為二價(jià)陽(yáng)離子的可能的應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，以實(shí)現(xiàn)較低的M/D比值，其次是活性污泥性質(zhì)的每周監(jiān)測(cè)的田間試驗(yàn)的戰(zhàn)略。提出了短期和長(zhǎng)期的解決方案。結(jié)論1離子是直接關(guān)系到沉降和脫水性能的變化。該實(shí)驗(yàn)室的研究是一個(gè)有效的田間試驗(yàn)的序幕。實(shí)驗(yàn)室可處理的研究表明鈣此外田間試驗(yàn)的不適應(yīng)。進(jìn)一步的實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究表明，鎂會(huì)是一個(gè)合適的二價(jià)陽(yáng)離子替代。田間試驗(yàn)表明，在絮狀密度增加鎂離子的改善。前一個(gè)時(shí)間差可以預(yù)計(jì)實(shí)現(xiàn)沉降性能的改進(jìn)。雖然陽(yáng)離子交換可能發(fā)生，可能需要更換的污泥絮體的完整的二價(jià)金屬離子被完全納入到污泥絮。鎂離子提高脫水性能的實(shí)驗(yàn)研究，在更大程度上比在實(shí)地試驗(yàn)，可能是由于在實(shí)驗(yàn)室研究中使用的二價(jià)離子濃度較高的表現(xiàn)。田間試驗(yàn)與增長(zhǎng)中的可溶性銨離子的脫水性能?？磥?lái)，銨離子活性污泥絮體在類似的方式，以鈉離子相互作用，導(dǎo)致可溶性蛋白的釋放和脫水性能惡化。復(fù)雜的變化，同時(shí)在幾個(gè)陽(yáng)離子可使其具有挑戰(zhàn)性的隔離沉降和脫水性能變化的原因?？紤]對(duì)他們的影響力，解決anddewatering屬性時(shí)，需要考慮不同的陽(yáng)離子和絮狀物（成絮狀物的摻入陽(yáng)離子）之間的互動(dòng)和彼此之間（陽(yáng)離子交換）。硫酸鎂除了被證明是非常有益的沉降性能改善。如果需要進(jìn)一步改善，長(zhǎng)期戰(zhàn)略是必不可少的。對(duì)于工業(yè)設(shè)施，它可能是有用的，以探索其他替代品的pH值控制。在曝氣池硝化的成就可能會(huì)進(jìn)一步改善活性污泥絮體的屬性。硝化活性污泥性能的影響，需要進(jìn)一步探索。結(jié)論2實(shí)驗(yàn)室和現(xiàn)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行了研究，評(píng)估調(diào)節(jié)選項(xiàng)ATAD污泥脫水。本研究的目的是探討機(jī)會(huì)，以減少化學(xué)空調(diào)費(fèi)用。研究，進(jìn)行陽(yáng)離子聚合物和無(wú)機(jī)調(diào)理組合（三氯化鐵或明礬）陽(yáng)離子聚合物。這項(xiàng)研究表明，如氯化鐵和明礬等無(wú)機(jī)空調(diào)非常有效地降低空調(diào)的化學(xué)要求，從而減少經(jīng)營(yíng)成本，為ATADs。無(wú)機(jī)空調(diào)消除陰離子biocolloids有效。之前實(shí)現(xiàn)電荷中去除的陰離子biocolloids的發(fā)生。去除這些陰離子biocolloids的可能是通過(guò)鐵羥基礦物相關(guān)降水量為混凝研究中觀察到。與陽(yáng)離子聚合物的調(diào)理機(jī)制是通過(guò)電荷中和。前凝血與無(wú)機(jī)調(diào)理污泥將減少溶液中的負(fù)電荷，從而消除了一些陽(yáng)離子聚合物的需求。不同的機(jī)制導(dǎo)致不同的空調(diào)需求。氯化鐵和明礬是更有效地消除較大規(guī)模的蛋白質(zhì)和多糖分子（大于30K）。無(wú)機(jī)混凝劑，也更有效的生物聚合物和化學(xué)需氧量釋放更大。應(yīng)考慮使用無(wú)機(jī)化學(xué)混凝劑，在消化過(guò)程中釋放大量的蛋白質(zhì)，多糖和COD時(shí)發(fā)生。其次是用明礬和陽(yáng)離子高分子絮凝劑大大降低空調(diào)化學(xué)學(xué)院站成本的空調(diào)溫曝氣相結(jié)合。成本相近或低于，需要溫厭氧消化。濾液回收化學(xué)需氧量明顯減少，廠內(nèi)發(fā)泡大學(xué)是很大程度上消除了采用組合的中溫曝氣和利用明礬。BIOFLOCCULATION:IMPLICATIONSFORACTIVATEDSLUDGEPROPERTIESANDWASTEWATERTREATMENTABSTRACTStudieswereconductedtodeterminetheroleofbioflocculationintheactivated.sludgeunitprocesses.Laboratoryandfull-scalestudiesrevealedthatbioflocculationisimportantindeterminingsettling,dewatering,effluentanddigestedsludgeproperties(activatedsludgeproperties)andmaybevitaltothefunctionofallprocessesrelatedtotheaboveproperties.Inthesestudies,itwasshownthatdivalentcationssuchascalciumandmagnesiumimprovedactivatedsludgeproperties,whereasmonovalentcationssuchassodium,potassiumandammoniumionsweredetrimentaltotheseproperties.Thedivalentcationspromotedbioflocculationthroughchargebridgingmechanismswithnegativelychargedbiopolymers(mainlyproteinandpolysaccharide).Itwasfoundthatoxidizedironplaysamajorroleinbioflocculationanddeterminationofactivatedsludgepropertiesthroughsurfaceinteractionsbetweenironandbiopolymers.Oxidizedironwaseffectiveinremovingcolloidalbiopolymersfromsolutionincoagulationandconditioningstudies.Theresearchincludedexperimentsevaluatingeffectsofpotassiumandammoniumionsonsettlinganddewateringproperties;effectsofmagnesiumonsettlingproperties;effectsofsodium,potassium,calciumandmagnesiumoneffluentquality;effectofsolidsretentiontimeoneffluentquality;andevaluationofflocpropertiesduringaerobicandthermophilicdigestion.Aflocmodelisproposedinwhichcalcium,magnesiumandironareimportanttobioflocculationandthefunctionalityofaerationtanks,settlingtanks,dewateringequipmentandaerobicoranaerobicdigesters.Itisshownthatactivatedsludgeflocpropertiesaffectwastewatertreatmentefficiency.Keywords：Cation,activatedsludge,settling,dewatering,magnesium,ammonium.IntroductionActivatedsludgeiscomprisedofmicrobialconsortiumsandorganicandinorganicparticlesheldtogetherinamatrixformedbyexocellularpolymersanddivalentcations(Tezuka,1969;NovakandHaugan,1981;ErikssonandAlm,1991;Bruusetal.,1992;HigginsandNovak,1997a,b).Bruusetal.(1992)andHigginsandNovak(1997b)haveshownthatexcessmonovalentcationscancauseadeteriorationinflocstructureandsettlingproperties.Improvementsinsettlingpropertieswereobservedwithanincreaseindivalentcations.Manyindustrialsystemsrequireinfluentwaterofhighpurity.Therefore,theadditionofchemicalsduringtheindustrialprocessandwastewaterpretreatmentdictatethecationiccompositionofthewastewaterenteringtheactivatedsludgebasins.Oftenthesewastewaterswillbedeficientinsomecationsandwillcontainanoverabundanceofothers.Anincreaseinmonovalentionshasbeenobservedtocauseadeteriorationindewateringpropertiesinactivatedsludge,whereasanincreaseindivalentionshasbeenshowntoimproveactivatedsludgedewateringproperties(HigginsandNovak,1997a,b).Theseobservationsweremadeforactivatedsludgeflocsinlaboratoryandindustrialsystems.HigginsandNovak(1997b)evaluatedthecationsfromsevenindustrialfacilitiesandfoundthat,whenthemonovalenttodivalentcationratio(M/D)onachargeequivalentbasisexceeded2,deteriorationindewateringproperties(specificresistancetofiltration)occurred.TheproblemsassociatedwithahighM/DratioweremostoftenfoundintheindustriesthataddedcausticforpHcontrol.Therefore,sodiumionsweretheprevalentmonovalentioninputinthesesystems.Thepurposeofthisstudywastoevaluatethepotentialforidentificationofnonfilamentoussettlinganddewateringproblemsthroughscreeningofcations,toarriveatastrategyforlaboratoryorfieldtrials,andtoidentifyandaddresstheassociatedproblem(s).Theindustrialsystemstudiedcontainedahighconcentrationofsodiumions(averageof2,000mg/l)addedassodiumhydroxideinthepretreatmentsteptopreventvolatilizationofaceticacid.Themajorcomponentinthewastestreamwasaceticacid.TheinfluentCODwasintheorderof10,000mg/l.TheactivatedsludgehadapHof8.8.Theindustrialwastewatertreatmentsystemwasfoundtohaveextremelypoorsettlinganddewateringpropertiesduetoahighconcentrationofsodiumions.LaboratorytestswereinitiallyconductedtoevaluateastrategyforpossiblefieldapplicationofdivalentcationstoachievealowerM/Dratio,followedbyfieldtrialsofweeklymonitoringofactivatedsludgeproperties.Shortandlongtermsolutionswereproposed.Conclusions1Cationsweredirectlyrelatedtochangesinsettlinganddewateringproperties.Thelaboratorystudywasaneffectivepreludetofieldtrials.Thelaboratorytreatabilitystudyindicatedtheunsuitabilityofcalciumadditionforthefieldtrial.Thelaboratoryresearchfurthershowedthatmagnesiumwouldbeasuitabledivalentcationalternative.Fieldtrialsdemonstratedanimprovementinflocdensityassociatedwithanincreaseinmagnesiumions.Atimelagcouldbeanticipatedpriortoachievingimprovementsinsettlingproperties.Althoughcationexchangemaytakeplace,acompletereplacementofsludgeflocsmayberequiredforthedivalentionstobecompletelyincorporatedintothesludgefloc.Magnesiumionsimproveddewateringpropertiesinthelaboratorystudytoagreaterextentthandemonstratedinthefieldtrials,probablyduetothehigherconcentrationofthedivalentionusedinthelaboratorystudy.Thefieldtrialslinkeddewateringpropertiestoanincreaseinthesolubleammoniumions.Itappearsthatammoniumionsinteractwithactivatedsludgeflocsinamannersimilartosodiumions,causingareleaseinsolubleproteinsandadeteriorationindewateringproperties.Complexvariationsinseveralcationssimultaneouslymaymakeitchallengingtoisolatethecauseforchangesinsettlinganddewateringproperties.Interactionbetweendifferentcationsandthefloc(cationincorporationintothefloc)andamongstthemselves(cationexchange)needtobetakenintoaccountwhenconsideringtheirinfluenceonsettlinganddewateringproperties.Theadditionofmagnesiumsulfateprovedtobeextremelybeneficialinimprovingsettlingproperties.Iffurtherimprovementsarerequired,longtermstrategiesareessential.Fortheindustrialfacility,itmaybeusefultoexploreotheralternativesforpHcontrol.Achievementofnitrificationintheaerationbasinmayfurtherameliorateactivatedsludgeflocproperties.Theeffectofnitrificationonactivatedsludgepropertiesrequirefurtherexploration.Conclusions2LaboratoryandfieldstudieswereconductedtoevaluatetheconditioningoptionsforthedewateringofATADbiosolids.Theobjectiveofthisstudywastoinvestigateopportunitiestoreducechemicalconditioningcosts.Studieswereconductedusingcationicpolymerandacombinationofinorganicconditioners(ferricchlorideoralum)andcationicpolymer.Thisstudyindicatedthatinorganicconditionerssuchasferricchlorideandalumwereveryeffectiveinreducingconditioningchemicalrequirements,therebyreducingoperationcosts,forATADs.Theinorganicconditionerswereeffectiveinremovinganionicbiocolloids.Removaloftheanionicbiocolloidsoccurredpriortoachievingchargeneutralization.Theremovaloftheseanionicbiocolloidsmaybethroughferric-hydroxymineralassociatedprecipitationasobservedinthecoagulationstudy.Theconditioningmechanismsas