專題41 閱讀理解之主旨大意題（講案）原卷版

26/26高考一輪復(fù)習(xí)知識(shí)清單專題41閱讀理解之主旨大意題（講案）原卷版（快問快答+思維導(dǎo)圖+考法點(diǎn)撥+真題再練+名校模擬）目錄一、閱讀理解主旨大意題快問快答P1二、閱讀理解主旨大意題高考考情P1三、閱讀理解主旨大意題命題特點(diǎn)P2四、閱讀理解主旨大意題思維導(dǎo)圖P3五、閱讀理解主旨大意題考法點(diǎn)撥P4考法一：段落大意題P4考法二：文章大意題P5考法三：標(biāo)題概括題P8六、閱讀理解主旨大意題真題演練(7例)P11七、閱讀理解主旨大意題名校模擬(8篇)P16模擬一：段落大意題P16模擬二：文章大意題P18模擬三：記敘文標(biāo)題概括題P21模擬四：說(shuō)明文標(biāo)題概括題P23一、閱讀理解主旨大意題快問快答Q1：閱讀理解主旨大意題有什么特點(diǎn)？A1：主旨大意題屬于閱讀理解較難題型，每年必考，占1-2題，需要有較強(qiáng)的閱讀理解能力和做題技能。Q2：閱讀理解主旨大意題做題步驟如何？A2：一是“找詞”--先從題干中提取關(guān)鍵性(題眼)，二是“定位”--尋找與此關(guān)鍵詞相關(guān)的段落、語(yǔ)句做好標(biāo)記，尤其是關(guān)注文章體裁、文章結(jié)構(gòu)，三是“比對(duì)”--仔細(xì)比對(duì)四個(gè)選項(xiàng)與文中原句關(guān)系，確認(rèn)屬于哪一種主旨大意題，關(guān)注干擾項(xiàng)“偷換概念”“無(wú)中生有”“張冠李戴”等命題手段去偽存真確定答案。Q3：閱讀理解主旨大意題有哪些考查方法？A3：閱讀理解主旨大意題有三大考查方向：一是段落大意題，二是文章大意題，三是標(biāo)題概括題。Q4：如何提高閱讀理解主旨大意題正答率？A4：一要掌握閱讀理解主旨大意題命題規(guī)律和選項(xiàng)特征，二要不斷擴(kuò)大詞匯量，尤其是3500高考高頻詞匯，三要廣泛進(jìn)行閱讀實(shí)踐和專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練，積累推理判斷經(jīng)驗(yàn)，掌握主旨大意題整體閱讀這一要旨，摸索出一套行之有效的個(gè)性化做題模式，四要重視糾錯(cuò)，探尋錯(cuò)誤原因，防止出現(xiàn)類似錯(cuò)誤。二、閱讀理解主旨大意題高考考情主旨大意題目主要的考查形式：理解段落大意、把握全文主旨和擬定文章標(biāo)題。該類題目在文章中沒有明顯的解題依據(jù)，需要考生從文章中提煉、抽取一些關(guān)鍵詞、主干句進(jìn)行加工概括，才能歸納出文章的主旨。2022-2024高考閱讀理解考點(diǎn)統(tǒng)計(jì)卷別細(xì)節(jié)理解題主旨大意題主旨大意題主旨大意題2024新課標(biāo)I卷91412024新課標(biāo)II卷91412023新課標(biāo)I卷61712023新課標(biāo)II卷61712022新課標(biāo)I卷82412022新課標(biāo)II卷82412024全國(guó)甲卷71612023全國(guó)甲卷81512023全國(guó)乙卷51812022全國(guó)甲卷81332022全國(guó)乙卷10131三、閱讀理解主旨大意題命題特點(diǎn)【設(shè)問特點(diǎn)】特殊疑問句形式:以when、where、what、which、who、why、how等疑問詞開頭引出的問題;通常涉及推斷作者態(tài)度、文章出處、文章類型、寫作意圖、下段話題等。特殊疑問句形式:以what等疑問詞開頭引出的問題;通常涉及段落大意、文章大意或者標(biāo)題概括等。26.Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytalkabout? （2024新課標(biāo)I卷，段落大意題）31.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout? （2024新課標(biāo)II卷，文章大意題）27.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext? （2024全國(guó)甲卷，標(biāo)題概括題）35.Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext? （2024浙江1月卷，標(biāo)題概括題）32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout? （2023全國(guó)乙卷，段落大意題）31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout? （2022全國(guó)甲卷，文章大意題）【選項(xiàng)規(guī)律】正確選項(xiàng)特征概括性涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文或全段覆蓋性確定的范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太小精確性精確性強(qiáng)，不會(huì)改變語(yǔ)言表意的程度及色彩模糊性不出現(xiàn)細(xì)節(jié)信息，不含過分肯定或絕對(duì)意義的詞干擾選項(xiàng)特征主題擴(kuò)大所給選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容概括的范圍過大，超出文章所述內(nèi)容無(wú)中生有符合常識(shí)，但不是文章的內(nèi)容曲解文意與原文的內(nèi)容極其相似，只是在某個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)處有些變動(dòng)顛倒是非在意思上與原文大相徑庭甚至完全相反偷換概念所給選項(xiàng)被命題者有意識(shí)地把本屬于A的內(nèi)容放在B上四、閱讀理解主旨大意題思維導(dǎo)圖五、閱讀理解主旨大意題考法點(diǎn)撥考法一：段落大意題每一篇文段都要圍繞一個(gè)特定的主題，按照一定的邏輯順序展開，所以段落的結(jié)構(gòu)也有一定的規(guī)律性。做題時(shí)要特別注意“首尾兼顧”,即所問段落的首句和尾句。一是因?yàn)樗鼈兺w現(xiàn)主旨要義，二是因?yàn)槔眠@些信息可以迅速提煉段落結(jié)構(gòu)框架，在框架下判斷主旨，其準(zhǔn)確性更高?！径温浯笠忸}干擾項(xiàng)特征】1.過于籠統(tǒng)，不知所云。所概括的內(nèi)容超出原文的范圍。2.以偏概全，主次不分。以文章中的細(xì)節(jié)內(nèi)容或個(gè)別詞語(yǔ)做出選項(xiàng)內(nèi)容。3.移花接木，偷換概念。選項(xiàng)中定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)影響語(yǔ)意范圍，或者把屬于A的內(nèi)容放在B上。4.主觀臆測(cè)，無(wú)中生有。選項(xiàng)中關(guān)鍵詞也在文中提及，但選項(xiàng)的實(shí)際含義與文章主題無(wú)關(guān)。【段落大意題兩大抓手】1.尋找段落主題句解答段落大意題的關(guān)鍵是抓住段落的主題句。一般而言，每個(gè)段落總有一個(gè)中心，通常中心思想會(huì)在首句或尾句體現(xiàn)出來(lái)，這就是常說(shuō)的段落主題句?？傮w來(lái)說(shuō)，采用歸納法的段落，細(xì)節(jié)表述在前，歸納概括在后，主題句在段尾；采用演繹法的段落，先提出觀點(diǎn)，后舉例子，由一般到特殊，主題句出現(xiàn)在段首，這種現(xiàn)象較多出現(xiàn)在說(shuō)明文和議論文中；若作者采用“特殊→一般→特殊”的方式，主題句可能出現(xiàn)在段落的中間。有時(shí)，作者沒有寫出明顯的主題句，考生要學(xué)會(huì)根據(jù)段落的內(nèi)容概括出主題句。2.確定段落關(guān)鍵詞段落中反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的詞匯一般就是段落關(guān)鍵詞，往往需要出現(xiàn)在正確選項(xiàng)中?！径温浯笠忸}思維導(dǎo)圖】【調(diào)研01】(2024新課標(biāo)I卷第26題)LeighTindale’sdogCharliehadaseriousheartcondition.AfterCharliehadaheartattack,Tindalesays,shewaspreparedtoputhimtosleep,butFarber’streatmentseasedherdog’ssufferingsomuchthatshewasabletokeephimaliveforanadditionalfivemonths.AndPriscillaDewingreportsthatherhorse,Nappy,“movesmoreeasilyandridesmorecomfortably”afterachiropracticadjustment.26.Whatdoesparagraph3mainlytalkabout?A.Stepsofachiropractictreatment.B.Thecomplexityofveterinarians’work.C.Examplesofrareanimaldiseases.D.Theeffectivenessofholisticmedicine.【調(diào)研02】(2023新課標(biāo)I卷第32題)Thiseffectcapitalizesonthefactthatwhenpeoplemakeerrors,thoseerrorsaren’talwaysthesame.Somepeoplewilltendtooverestimate,andsometounderestimate.Whenenoughoftheseerrorsareaveragedtogether,theycanceleachotherout,resultinginamoreaccurateestimate.Ifpeoplearesimilarandtendtomakethesameerrors,thentheirerrorswon’tcanceleachotherout.Inmoretechnicalterms,thewisdomofcrowdsrequiresthatpeople’sestimatesbeindependent.Ifforwhateverreasons,people’serrorsbecomecorrelatedordependent,theaccuracyoftheestimatewillgodown.32.Whatisparagraph2ofthetextmainlyabout?A.Themethodsofestimation. B.Theunderlyinglogicoftheeffect.C.Thecausesofpeople’serrors. D.ThedesignofGalton’sexperiment.【調(diào)研03】(2023全國(guó)乙卷第32題)Ifyouwanttotellthehistoryofthewholeworld,ahistorythatdoesnotprivilegeonepartofhumanity,youcannotdoitthroughtextsalone,becauseonlysomeoftheworldhaseverhadtexts,whilemostoftheworld,formostofthetime,hasnot.Writingisoneofhumanity’slaterachievements,anduntilfairlyrecentlyevenmanyliterate(有文字的)societiesrecordedtheirconcernsnotonlyinwritingbutinthings.32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?A.Howpasteventsshouldbepresented.B.Whathumanityisconcernedabout.C.Whetherfactsspeaklouderthanwords.D.Whywrittenlanguageisreliable.考法二：文章大意題文章中的每一段都是圍繞某一主題展開的，把每個(gè)段落的主題句綜合起來(lái)就可以概括出全文的中心思想。該題型主要是測(cè)試考生對(duì)一篇文章的深層理解程度以及在速讀中準(zhǔn)確定位文章主旨大意的能力。它要求考生在理解全文的基礎(chǔ)上能較好地運(yùn)用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯思維的方法，對(duì)文章進(jìn)行高度概括或總結(jié)，屬于高層次題?！疚恼麓笠忸}答題策略】題型一：利用主題句在段首位置推敲段落大意技巧點(diǎn)撥：說(shuō)明文和議論文學(xué)會(huì)關(guān)注“首段”和“段首”。借鑒“七選五”小標(biāo)題類型特點(diǎn)，段首句統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全段主旨大意，由此推斷段落大意。題型二：利用主題句在段中位置推敲段落大意技巧點(diǎn)撥：有時(shí)主題句出現(xiàn)在段中某句，這就需要考生耐心閱讀揣摩段落各句之間內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系，確定主題句位置，進(jìn)而明確段落主旨大意。題型三：利用主題句在段尾位置推敲段落大意技巧點(diǎn)撥：有時(shí)主題句出現(xiàn)在段尾，關(guān)注一些表征總結(jié)性，結(jié)論性的詞:in

brief/short,all

in

all,in

conclusion,

inaword等，這些詞后面連接的通常是主題句。題型四：利用段落沒有主題句推敲段落大意技巧點(diǎn)撥：有時(shí)候段落沒有出現(xiàn)主題句，需要考生自己總結(jié)提煉，難度更大。題型五：利用“總-分-總”結(jié)構(gòu)推敲語(yǔ)篇主旨大意題技巧點(diǎn)撥：有時(shí)候段落沒有出現(xiàn)主題句，需要考生自己總結(jié)提煉，難度更大?！疚恼麓笠忸}思維導(dǎo)圖】【調(diào)研04】(2024新課標(biāo)II卷第31題)Weallknowfreshisbestwhenitcomestofood.However,mostproduceatthestorewentthroughweeksoftravelandcoveredhundredsofmilesbeforereachingthetable.Whilefarmer’smarketsareasolidchoicetoreducethejourney,BabylonMicro-Farm(BMF)shortensitevenmore.BMFisanindoorgardensystem.Itcanbesetupforafamily.Additionally,itcouldservealargeraudiencesuchasahospital,restaurantorschool.Theinnovativedesignrequireslittleefforttoachieveareliableweeklysupplyoffreshgreens.Specifically,it’safarmthatreliesonnewtechnology.ByconnectingthroughtheCloud,BMFisremotelymonitored.Also,thereisaconvenientappthatprovidesgrowingdatainrealtime.Becausethesystemisautomated,itsignificantlyreducestheamountofwaterneededtogrowplants.Ratherthanwateringrowsofsoil,thesystemprovidesjusttherightamounttoeachplant.Afterharvest,userssimplyreplacetheplantswithanewpre-seededpod(容器)togetthenextgrowthcyclestarted.Moreover,havingasysteminthesamebuildingwhereit’seatenmeanszeroemissions(排放)fromtransportingplantsfromsoiltosalad.Inaddition,there’snoneedforpesticidesandotherchemicalsthatpollutetraditionalfarmsandthesurroundingenvironment.BMFemployeesliveoutsustainabilityintheireverydaylives.Abouthalfofthemwalkorbiketowork.Insidetheoffice,theyencouragerecyclingandwastereductionbylimitinggarbagecansandavoidingsingle-useplastic.“Wearepassionateaboutreducingwaste,carbonandchemicalsinourenvironment,”saidaBMFemployee.28.WhatcanbelearnedaboutBMFfromparagraph1?A.Itguaranteesthevarietyoffood. B.Itrequiresday-to-daycare.C.Itcutsthefarm-to-tabledistance. D.Itreliesonfarmer’smarkets.29.Whatinformationdoestheconvenientappoffer?A.Real-timeweatherchanges. B.Currentconditionoftheplants.C.Chemicalpollutantsinthesoil. D.Availabilityofpre-seededpods.30.WhatcanbeconcludedaboutBMFemployees?A.Theyhaveagreatpassionforsports.B.Theyaredevotedtocommunityservice.C.Theyarefondofsharingdailyexperiences.DTheyhaveastrongenvironmentalawareness.31.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A.BMF’smajorstrengths. B.BMF’sgeneralmanagement.C.BMF’sglobalinfluence. D.BMF’stechnicalstandards.【調(diào)研05】(2022全國(guó)甲卷第31題)AsGinniBazlintonreachedAntarctica,shefoundherselfgreetedbyagroupoflittleGentoopenguins(企鵝)longingtosayhello.Thesegentle,lovelygatekeeperswelcomedherandkick-startedwhatwastobeatripGinniwouldneverforget.Eversinceherchildhood,Ginni,now71,hashadadeeplovefortravel.Throughouthercareer(職業(yè))asaprofessionaldancer,shetouredintheUK,butalwayslongedtoexplorefurtherWhensheretiredfromdancingandhersonseventuallyflewthenest,shedecideditwastimetotaketheplunge.AftertakingadegreeatChichesterUniversityinRelatedArts,Ginnibegantotraveltheworld,eventuallygettingworkteachingEnglishinJapanandChile.AnditwasinChileshediscoveredshecouldgetlast-minutecheapdealsonshipsgoingtoAntarcticafromtheislandsoffTierradelFuego,thesouthernmosttipoftheSouthAmericanmainland.“Ijustdecidedwantedtogo,”shesays.“IhadnoideaaboutwhatI’dfindthereandIwasn’tnervous,Ijustwantedtodoit.AndIwantedtodoitaloneasIalwayspreferitthatway.”InMarch2008,Ginniboardedashipwith48passengersshe’dnevermetbefore,tobeginthejourneytowardsAntarctica.“Fromseeingthewildlifetowitnessingsunrises,thewholeexperiencewasamazing.Antarcticaleftanimpressiononmethatnootherplacehas,”Ginnisays.“IrememberthefirsttimeIsawahumpbackwhale;itjustroseoutofthewaterlikesomeprehistoriccreatureandIthoughtitwassmilingatus.Youcouldstillheartheoperaticsoundsitwasmakingunderwater.”Therealizationthatthisisapreciousland,toberespectedbyhumans,wasoneofthebiggestthingsthathithometoGinni.28.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“taketheplunge”underlinedinparagraph2?A.Trychallengingthings. B.Takeadegree.C.Bringbacklostmemories. D.Sticktoapromise.29.WhatmadeGinnidecideonthetriptoAntarctica?A.Lovelypenguins. B.Beautifulscenery.C.Adiscountfare. D.Afriend’sinvitation.30.WhatdoesGinnithinkaboutAntarcticaafterthejourney?A.Itcouldbeahomeforher. B.Itshouldbeeasilyaccessible.C.Itshouldbewellpreserved. D.Itneedstobefullyintroduced.31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?A.Achildhooddream. B.Anunforgettableexperience.C.Sailingaroundtheworld. D.MeetinganimalsinAntarctica.考法三：標(biāo)題概括題標(biāo)題是文章中心思想的精練表達(dá)。此類題目主要考查考生把握主題和理解中心思想的能力，要求考生在理解文章的基礎(chǔ)上運(yùn)用判斷、歸納、概括等方法，對(duì)文章的主題進(jìn)行提煉或高度概括，最終準(zhǔn)確地選出文章的標(biāo)題。記敘文、說(shuō)明文和議論文三種文體涉及的不同話題的閱讀材料都會(huì)考查到標(biāo)題歸納題?！緲?biāo)題概括題三大方法】1.主題段法標(biāo)題段一般在文章的第一段和最后一段，一般來(lái)說(shuō)第一段經(jīng)常提出文章的主題或最后一段總結(jié)文章的主題，知道了文章的主題也就知道了文章的中心，把中心概括成一句話或一個(gè)短語(yǔ)即是文章的標(biāo)題。2.主題句法解題的關(guān)鍵要抓住每段的首尾句，要注意貫穿文章始終的詞語(yǔ)。通過尋找文章的主題句，并對(duì)主題句進(jìn)行概括和提煉，從而確定文章的標(biāo)題。2.關(guān)鍵詞法任何一篇文章都是圍繞某個(gè)主題展開的，因此有的文章中最明顯的特點(diǎn)之一是有一個(gè)反復(fù)出現(xiàn)的中心詞，即關(guān)鍵詞，也叫做主題詞。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心?！緲?biāo)題概括題三大策略】1.正面肯定法在理解文章主旨的基礎(chǔ)上，揣摩哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)能準(zhǔn)確概括主旨。2.反面否定法撇開原文，拿各個(gè)備選項(xiàng)去嘗試用它們寫出來(lái)的“文章”將是什么內(nèi)容，然后和原文對(duì)照，一一排除荒謬者。3.排除干擾法研究干擾項(xiàng)里面的中心詞、修飾詞的變化、結(jié)構(gòu)、新奇性、概括性等。文章的標(biāo)題應(yīng)該新穎奇特，易激發(fā)讀者的好奇心，吸引讀者注意力?！緲?biāo)題概括題思維導(dǎo)圖】【調(diào)研06】(2024全國(guó)甲卷B篇)Animalscanexpresstheirneedsusingalotofways.Forinstance,almostallanimalshavedistinctvocals(聲音)thattheyrelyontoeitheraskforhelp,scareawayanydangerousanimalsorlookforshelter.Butcatsarespecialcreatureswhopossessamazingvocalizationskills.Theyareabletohaveentireconversationswithhumansusingmeowsandyou'reabletointerpretit.Ifapetcatishungry,itwillkeepmeowingtoattractattentionandfindfood.However,whenacatislookingforaffection,theytendtoproducestretchedandsoftmeows.Meowingstartsassoonasababycatisbroughttolifeandusesittogetthemother'sattentionandbefed.Catshavemanyheightenedsenses,buttheirsenseofsmellisquiteimpressive.Theyusetheirnosestoassesstheirenvironmentandlookoutforanysignsofdanger.Theywillsniffoutspecificareasbeforetheychooseaplacetorelax.However,anotherwaythecatsareabletodistinguishbetweensituationsisbylookingforfamiliarsmells.Yourcatwilllikelysmellyourfaceandstorethesmellinitsmemoryanduseittorecognizeyouinthefuture.That'swhymostpetcatsareabletotellimmediatelyiftheirownerswerearoundanyothercats,whichtheydon'tusuallylike.Dogsareknownfortheirimpressivefetchinghabit,butcatstakethisbehaviorupanotch.Manycatswillfindrandomobjectsoutsideandbringthemtotheirowners.Thisisaveryoldhabitthat'sbeenpresentinallkindsofpredators(食肉動(dòng)物).Catsbringgiftsfortheirownerstoshowtheyloveyou.Theseadorablelittlehuntersarejustdoingsomethingthatit'sbeenintheirnaturesincethebeginningoftime.Sojustgoalongwithit!24.Whatcanbelearnedaboutcats'meowingfromthefirstparagraph?A.It'sasurvivalskill. B.It'staughtbymothercats.C.It'shardtointerpret. D.It'sgettinglouderwithage.25.Howdoesapetcatassessdifferentsituations?A.Bylisteningforsounds. B.Bytouchingfamiliarobjects.C.Bycheckingonsmells. D.Bycommunicatingwithothercats.26.Whichbestexplainsthephrase"take...upnotch"inparagraph3?A.Performappropriately. B.Movefaster. C.Actstrangely. D.Dobetter.27.Whatisasuitabletitleforthetext?A.TipsonFindingaSmartCat B.UnderstandingYourCat'sBehaviorC.HaveFunwithYourCat D.HowtoKeepYourCatHealthy【調(diào)研07】(2023新高考II卷B篇)Turningsoil,pullingweeds,andharvestingcabbagesoundliketoughworkformiddleandhighschoolkids.Andatfirstitis,saysAbbyJaramillo,whowithanotherteacherstartedUrbanSprouts,aschoolgardenprogramatfourlow-incomeschools.Theprogramaimstohelpstudentsdevelopscienceskills,environmentalawareness,andhealthylifestyles.Jaramillo’sstudentsliveinneighborhoodswherefreshfoodandgreenspacearenoteasytofindandfastfoodrestaurantsoutnumbergrocerystores.“Thekidsliterallycometoschoolwithbagsofsnacksandlargebottlesofsoftdrinks,”shesays.“Theycometousthinkingvegetablesareawful,dirtisawful,insectsareawful.”Thoughsomeareinitiallyscaredoftheinsectsandturnedoffbythedirt,mostareeagertotrysomethingnew.UrbanSprouts’classes,attwomiddleschoolsandtwohighschools,includehands-onexperimentssuchassoiltesting,flower-and-seeddissection,tastingsoffreshordriedproduce,andworkinthegarden.Severaltimesayear,studentscookthevegetablestheygrow,andtheyoccasionallymakesaladsfortheirentireschools.Programevaluationsshowthatkidseatmorevegetablesasaresultoftheclasses.“Wehavestudentswhosaytheywenthomeandtalkedtotheirparentsandnowthey’reeatingdifferently,”Jaramillosays.Sheaddsthattheprogram’sbenefitsgobeyondnutrition.Somestudentsgetsointerestedingardeningthattheybringhomeseedstostarttheirownvegetablegardens.Besides,workinginthegardenseemstohaveacalmingeffectonJaramillo’sspecialeducationstudents,manyofwhomhaveemotionalcontrolissues.“Theygetoutside,”shesays,“andtheyfeelsuccessful.”24.WhatdoweknowaboutAbbyJaramillo?A.Sheusedtobeahealthworker. B.Shegrewupinalow-incomefamily.C.Sheownsafastfoodrestaurant. D.SheisaninitiatorofUrbanSprouts.25.WhatwasaproblemfacingJaramilloatthestartoftheprogram?A.Thekids’parentsdistrustedher. B.Studentshadlittletimeforherclasses.C.Somekidsdislikedgardenwork. D.Therewasnospaceforschoolgardens.26.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheimpactoftheprogram?A.Far-reaching. B.Predictable.C.Short-lived. D.Unidentifiable.27.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A.RescuingSchoolGardens B.ExperiencingCountryLifeC.GrowingVegetableLovers D.ChangingLocalLandscape七、閱讀理解主旨大意題真題演練【真題演練01】（2022全國(guó)甲卷D篇）Sometimeintheearly1960s,asignificantthinghappenedinSydney,Australia.Thecitydiscovereditsharbor.Then,oneafteranother,Sydneydiscoveredlotsofthingsthatwerejustsortofthere—broadparks,superbbeaches,andaculturallydiversepopulation.Butitistheharborthatmakesthecity.AndrewReynolds,acheerfulfellowinhisearly30s,pilotsSydneyferryboatsforaliving.Ispentthewholemorningshuttlingbackandforthacrosstheharbor.AfterourthirdrunAndrewshutdowntheengine,andwewentourseparateways—heforalunchbreak,Itoexplorethecity.“I’llmisstheseoldboats,”hesaidasweparted.“Howdoyoumean?”Iasked.“Oh,they’rereplacingthemwithcatamarans.Catamaransarefaster,butthey’renotsoelegant,andthey’renotfuntopilot.Butthat’sprogress,Iguess.”EverywhereinSydneythesedays,changeandprogressarethewatchwords(口號(hào)),andtraditionsareincreasinglyrare.ShirleyFitzgerald,thecity’sofficialhistorian,toldmethatinitsrushtomodernityinthe1970s,Sydneysweptasidemuchofitspast,includingmanyofitsfinestbuildings.“Sydneyisconfusedaboutitself,”shesaid.“Wecan’tseemtomakeupourmindswhetherwewantamoderncityoratraditionalone.It’saconflictthatwearen’tgettinganybetteratresolving(解決).”O(jiān)ntheotherhand,beingyoungandoldatthesametimehasitsattractions.IconsideredthiswhenImetathoughtfulyoungbusinessmannamedAnthony.“Manypeoplesaythatwelackcultureinthiscountry,”hetoldme.“WhatpeopleforgetisthattheItalians,whentheycametoAustralia,brought2000yearsoftheirculture,theGreekssome3000years,andtheChinesemorestill.We’vegotafoundationbuiltonancientculturesbutwithadriveanddynamismofayoungcountry.It’saprettyhardcombinationtobeat.”Heisright,butIcan’thelpwishingtheywouldkeepthoseoldferries.32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?（段落大意題）A.Sydney’sstrikingarchitecture. B.TheculturaldiversityofSydney.C.ThekeytoSydney’sdevelopment. D.Sydney’stouristattractionsinthe1960s.33.WhatcanwelearnaboutAndrewReynolds?A.Hegoestoworkbyboat. B.Helooksforwardtoanewlife.C.Hepilotscatamaranswell. D.Heisattachedtotheoldferries.34.WhatdoesShirleyFitzgeraldthinkofSydney?A.Itislosingitstraditions. B.Itshouldspeedupitsprogress.C.Itshouldexpanditspopulation. D.Itisbecomingmoreinternational.35.Whichstatementwilltheauthorprobablyagreewith?A.Acitycanbeyoungandoldatthesametime.B.Acitybuiltonancientculturesismoredynamic.C.modernityisusuallyachievedatthecostofelegance.D.Compromiseshouldbemadebetweenthelocalandtheforeign.【真題演練02】（2020全國(guó)III卷C篇）Withtheyoungunabletoaffordtoleavehomeandtheoldatriskofisolation(孤獨(dú)),morefamiliesarechoosingtolivetogether.Thedoorwaytopeaceandquiet,forNickBrightatleast,leadsstraighttohismother-in-law,shelivesonthegroundfloor,whilehelivesupstairswithhiswifeandtheirtwodaughters.Fouryearsagotheyallmovedintoathree-storeyVictorianhouseinBristol—oneofagrowingnumberofmultigenerationalfamiliesintheUKlivingtogetherunderthesameroof.Theyshareafrontdoorandawashingmachine,butRitaWhiteheadhasherownkitchen,bathroom,bedroomandlivingroomonthegroundfloor.“Wefloatedtheideatomymumofsharingatahouse,”saysKathrynWhitehead.Ritacutsin:“WespokemorewithNickbecauseIthinkit’sabigthingforNicktolivewithhismother-in-law.”AndwhatdoesNickthink?“Frommystandpoint,itallseemstoworkverywell.WouldIrecommendit?Yes,IthinkIwould.”It’shardtotellexactlyhowmanypeopleagreewithhim,butresearchindicatesthatthenumbershavebeenrisingforsometime.Officialreportssuggestthatthenumberofhouseholdswiththreegenerationslivingtogetherhadrisenfrom325,000in2002to419,000in2013.Othervarietiesofmultigenerationalfamilyaremorecommon.Somepeoplelivewiththeirelderlyparents;manymoreadultchildrenarereturningtothefamilyhome,iftheyeverleft.Itissaidthatabout20%of25-34-year-oldslivewiththeirparents,comparedwith16%in1991.ThetotalnumberofallmultigenerationalhouseholdsinBritainisthoughttobeabout1.8million.Storieslikethataremorecommoninpartsoftheworldwheremultigenerationallivingismorefirmlyrooted.InIndia,particularlyoutsidecities,youngwomenareexpectedtomoveinwiththeirhusband’sfamilywhentheygetmarried.28.WhomainlyusesthegroundfloorintheVictorianhouseinBristol?A.Nick. B.Rita. C.Kathryn D.Thedaughters.29.WhatisNick’sattitudetowardssharingthehousewithhismother-in-law?A.Positive. B.Carefree. C.Tolerant. D.Unwilling.30.Whatistheauthor’sstatementaboutmultigenerationalfamilybasedon?A.Familytraditions. B.Financialreports. C.Publishedstatistics. D.Publicopinions.31.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?（文章大意題）A.Lifestylesindifferentcountries. B.Conflictsbetweengenerations.C.AhousingprobleminBritain. D.ArisingtrendoflivingintheUK.【真題演練03】（2021浙江卷B篇）Weliveinatownwiththreebeaches.Therearetwoparkslessthan10minutes’walkfromhomewhereneighbourhoodchildrengathertoplay.However,whatmychildrenwanttodoafterschoolispickupascreen—anyscreen—andstareatitforhours.Theyarenotalone.Today’schildrenspendanaverageoffourandahalfhoursadaylookingatscreens,splitbetweenwatchingtelevisionandusingtheInternet.Inthepastfewyears,anincreasingnumberofpeopleandorganisationshavebeguncomingupwithplanstocounterthistrend.Acoupleofyearsago,film-makerDavidBondrealisedthathischildren,thenagedfiveandthree,wereattachedtoscreenstothepointwherehewasabletosay"chocolate"intohisthree-year-oldson’searwithoutgettingaresponse.Herealisedthatsomethingneededtochange,and,beingaLondonmediatype,appointedhimself"marketingdirectorforNature".Hedocumentedhisjourneyashesetabouttreatingnatureasabrandtobemarketedtoyoungpeople.TheresultwasProjectWildThing,afilmwhichchartsthebirthoftheWildNetworkagroupoforganisationswiththecommongoalofgettingchildrenoutintonature."Justfivemoreminutesoutdoorscanmakeadifference,"DavidBondsays."Thereisalotofreallyinterestingevidencewhichseemstobesuggestingthatifchildrenareinspireduptotheageofseven,thenbeingoutdoorswillbeahabitforlife."Hisownchildrenhavegotintothehabitofplayingoutsidenow:"Wejustsendthemoutintothegardenandtellthemnottocomebackinforawhile."Summerisuponus.Thereisanamazingworldoutthere,anditneedsourchildrenasmuchastheyneedit.Letusgetthemoutandletthemplay.24.Whatistheproblemwiththeauthor’schildren?A.Theyoftenannoytheneighbours. B.Theyaretiredofdoingtheirhomework.C.Theyhavenofriendstoplaywith. D.Theystayinfrontofscreensfortoolong.25.HowdidDavidBondadvocatehisidea?A.Bymakingadocumentaryfilm. B.Byorganizingoutdooractivities.C.ByadvertisinginLondonmedia. D.Bycreatinganetworkoffriends.26.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword"charts"inparagraph2A.records B.predicts C.delays D.confirms27.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?（標(biāo)題概括題）A.LetChildrenHaveFun B.YoungChildrenNeedMoreFreeTimeC.MarketNaturetoChildren D.DavidBond:ARoleModelforChildren【真題演練04】（2020北京卷C篇）Forthepastfiveyears,PaulaSmith,ahistorianofscience,hasdevotedherselftore-creatinglong-forgottentechniques.Whiledoingresearchforhernewbook,shecameacrossa16th-centuryFrenchmanuscript(手稿)consistingofnearly1,000setsofinstructions,coveringsubjectsfromtoolmakingtofindingthebestsand.Theauthor'sintentionremainsasmysterious(神秘)ashisname;hemayhavebeensimplytakingnotesforhisownrecords.ButSmithwasstruckmainlybythefactthatshedidn'ttrulygraspanyoftheskillstheauthordescribed."Yousimplycan'tgetanunderstandingofthathandworkbyreadingaboutit,"shesays.ThoughSmithdidgetherhandsonthebestsand,doingthingstheold-fashionedwayisn'tjustaboutplayingaroundwithFrenchmud.Reconstructingtheworkofthecraftsmen(工匠)wholivedcenturiesagocanrevealhowtheyviewedtheworld,whatobjectsfilledtheirhomes,andwhatwentonintheworkshopsthatproducedthem.Itcanevenhelpsolvepresent-dayproblems:In2015,scientistsdiscoveredthata10th-centuryEnglishmedicineforeveproblemscouldkilladrug-resistantvirus.Theworkhasalsobroughtinsightsformuseums,Smithsays.Onemustknowhowonobjectwasmadeinordertopreserveit.What'smore,reconstructionsmightbetheonlywaytoknowwhattreasureslookedlikebeforetimeworethemdown.ScholarshaveseenthisideainpracticewithancientGreekandRomanstatues.Thesesculptureswerepaintedarainbowofstrikingcolours.Wecan'tappreciatethesekindsofdetailswithoutseeingworksofartastheyoriginallyappeared-somethingSmithbelievesyoucandoonlywhenyouhavearoadmap.Smithhasputthemanuscript'sideasintopractice.Herfinalgoalistolinktheworldsofartandsciencebacktogether:Shebelievesthatbringingtheoldrecipestolifecanhelpdevelopakindoflearningthathighlightsexperimentation,teamwork,andproblemsolving.Backwhenscience--thencalled“thenewphilosophy”--tookshape,academicslookedtocraftsmenforhelpinunderstandingthenaturalworld.Microscopesandtelescopeswereinventedbywayofartistictinkering(修補(bǔ)),ascraftsmenexperimentedwithglasstobetterbendlight.Ifwecanrediscoverthevaluesofhands-onexperienceandcraftwork,Smithsays,wecanmarrythebestofourmoderninsightswiththehandinessofourancestors.38.HowdidSmith,feelafterreadingtheFrenchmanuscript?A.Confusedaboutthetechnicalterms.B.Impressedwithitsdetailedinstructions.C.Discouragedbyitscomplexstructure.D.Shockedforherownlackofhandskills.39.AccordingtoSmith,thereconstructionworkisdonemainlyto___________.A.restoreoldworkshopsB.understandthecraftsmenC.improvevisualeffectsD.inspirethephilosophers40.Whydoestheauthormentionmuseums?A.Torevealthebeautyofancientobjects.B.Topresentthefindingsofoldscience.C.Tohighlighttheimportanceofantiques.D.Toemphasisethevaluesofhandskills.41.Whichwouldbethebesttitleforthispassage?（標(biāo)題概括題）A.CraftsmenSettheTrendsforArtistsB.CraftsmanshipLeadstoNewTheoriesC.CraftsmanshipMakesBetterScientistsD.CraftsmenReshapetheFutureofScience4.（2018?全國(guó)I卷?B篇）27題GoodMorningBri