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C++ProgrammingCHAPTER1Object-OrientedProgramming
1.1Introduction
1.2Object-OrientedandProceduralProgramming
1.3ClassesandAbstractDataTypes
1.4TheClient/ServerModelandMessagePassing
1.5InheritanceandPolymorphism
1.6InterfacesandComponents21.1IntroductionProgrammingLanguagesThegenesisofthecomputerrevolutionwasinamachine.Thegenesisofourprogramminglanguagesthustendstolooklikethatmachine.31.1Introduction1MachineLanguage:Binaryinstruction,whichisalsocalledaninstructionsystem,istheonlyoneuseddirectlybycomputers.Example:Addition100101Subtraction01001141.1Introduction2AssemblyLanguage:Theassemblerlanguageisakindofsymboliclanguage.Itadoptedsomemnemonicsymbolswhichcanshowtheinstructionalfunctionstopresentthecontentoftheprogram.Example:AdditionaddSubtractionsub51.1Introduction3High-levellanguage:ItisaprogramminglanguagebasedonEnglish.Itsoperatorsandexpressionsaresimilartoordinarymathematicalformulas.Example:inta,b,c,d;a=10;b=5;c=8;d=a+b–c;FORTRAN,BASIC,PASCAL,C61.1Introduction4Object-orientedprogramminglanguages:Theyhavethreecharacteristicsincommon:encapsulation,polymorphismandinheritance.Example:Smalltalk,LISP,C++,Java,C#;71.1IntroductionAlgorithmsAlgorithmsaremethodsforsolvingproblemswhicharesuitedforcomputerimplementation.81.1IntroductionDataStructureDatastructureisthetypeandorganizationofdatainaprogram.91.2Object-OrientedandProceduralProgrammingProceduralProgrammingProceduralprogrammingisassociatedwithadesigntechniqueknownastop-downdesign.Intop-downdesign,aproblemisassociatedwithaprocedure.Example:C,Pascal.101.2Object-OrientedandProceduralProgrammingObject-OrientedProgrammingObject-orientedprogrammingisanalternativetoproceduralprogramming.Thedesigntechniqueassociatedwithobject-orientedprogrammingisobject-orienteddesign.Inanobject-orientedprogram,themodulesareclassesratherthanprocedures.111.2Object-OrientedandProceduralProgrammingAristotlewasprobablythefirsttobeginacarefulstudyoftheconceptoftype;hespokeof“theclassoffishesandtheclassofbirds.”Inobject-orienteddesign,aclassisacollectionofobjects.121.2Object-OrientedandProceduralProgrammingObjectsinaclassshareproperties,features,orattributes.Forexample,ifHumanisauser-defineddatatypeinC++,wecandefineavariablesuchasmaryLeakeytorepresenttheobjectwhobelongstotheclassofhumanbeings.Justlike:HumanmaryLeakey;131.2Object-OrientedandProceduralProgrammingInC++,themembervariablesorfieldsarecalleddatamembers.Thefunctionsthatbelongtoaclassarecalledfunctionmembers.Inobject-orientedlanguagesgenerally,suchfunctionsarecalledmethods.141.3ClassesandAbstractDataTypesInformationHidingInanobject-orientedlanguage,aclassisamodulethatsupportsinformationhiding.InaC++class,wecanusekeywordssuchaspublicandprivatetocontrolaccesstotheclass’spropertiesandoperations.151.3ClassesandAbstractDataTypesEncapsulationInproceduralprogramming,dataaremanipulatedbyprocedureswithpassingargumentstoandreturningavaluefromafunction.161.3ClassesandAbstractDataTypesInobject-orientedprogramming,dataandtheprocedurestomanipulatethedatacanbeencapsulatedorcontainedwithinaclass.171.3ClassesandAbstractDataTypesAbstractDataTypeAdatatypeisabstractifitexposesinitspublicinterfaceonlyhigh-leveloperationsandhidesalllow-levelimplementationdetails.Forexample,theclassesinC++,whichprovideinformationhiding,areabstractdatatypes.181.4TheClient/ServerModelandMessagePassingClient/ServerModelObject-orientedprogrammingisbasedonclient/servermodelofcomputing.Thismodelexplainstheemphasisplacedoninformationhidinginobject-orientedprogramming.191.4TheClient/ServerModelandMessagePassingExample:#include<string>usingnamespacestd;intmain(){strings1=”HelloWorld!”;intn=s1.length();return0;}TheC++programthatusesthestringclassisaclient.Aclientrequestsservicesfromastringobjectbyinvokingoneofitsmethods,whichischaracterizedassendingamessagetotheobject.201.4TheClient/ServerModelandMessagePassingMessagePassing#include<string>usingnamespacestd;intmain(){strings1=”HelloWorld!”;intn=s1.length();return0;}211.4TheClient/ServerModelandMessagePassingobjectDatamembersFuctionmembersFuctionmembersobjectmessagemessageobjectDatamembersDatamembersFuctionmembersFuctionmembersmessageFuctionmembersFuctionmembers221.5InheritanceandPolymorphismClassescanbestand-aloneortheycanoccurininheritancehierarchies,whichconsistofparent/childrelationshipsamongclasses.parrentchild231.5InheritanceandPolymorphismInheritanceOneofthemostcompellingfeaturesaboutC++iscodereuse.Inheritancesupportsaformofcodereuse.241.5InheritanceandPolymorphismPolymorphismThetermpolymorphismmeanshavingmanyforms.Polymorphismallowsimprovedcodeorganizationandreadabilityaswellasthecreationofextensibleprogramsthatcanbe“grown”notonlyduringtheoriginalcreationoftheproject,butalsowhennewfeaturesaredesired.251.6InterfacesandComponentsInterfacesInterfaces,ifwellbuiltandsharedamongclasses,areaconveniencetoprogrammers.Learningashared
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