2022屆普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一模擬考試新高考I卷英語試卷解析版

2022年普通高等學(xué)校招生全國統(tǒng)一模擬考試（新高考Ⅰ卷）英語試卷本試卷由聽力、閱讀、語言運(yùn)用和作文組成，共67小題，考試時(shí)間120分鐘，滿分150分。注意事項(xiàng)：1.答題前，考生將自己的姓名、考點(diǎn)名稱、考場(chǎng)號(hào)、座位號(hào)、考試號(hào)填涂在答題卡相應(yīng)的位置上；2.答選擇題必須用2B鉛筆把答題卡上對(duì)應(yīng)題目的答案標(biāo)號(hào)涂黑，如需改動(dòng)，請(qǐng)用橡皮擦干凈后，再選涂其他答案；答非選擇題必須用0.5毫米黑色墨水簽字筆寫在答題卡指定的位置上，不在答題區(qū)域內(nèi)的答案一律無效；如需作圖，先用2B鉛筆畫出圖形，再用0.5毫米黑色墨水簽字筆涂黑，不得用其他筆答題；3.考生答題答在答題卡上，保持卡面清潔，不要折疊，不要弄破，答在試卷和草稿紙上一律無效.第一部分聽力（共兩節(jié)，滿分30分）做題時(shí)，先將答案標(biāo)在試卷上。錄音內(nèi)容結(jié)束后，你有兩分鐘的時(shí)間將試卷上的答案轉(zhuǎn)涂到答題卡上。第一節(jié)（共5小題，每小題1.5分，滿分7.5分）聽下面5段對(duì)話，每段對(duì)話后有一個(gè)小題，從題中所給的A、B、C三個(gè)選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽完每段對(duì)話后，你都有10秒鐘的時(shí)間來回答小題和閱讀下一小題。每段對(duì)話僅讀一遍。下面是一道示例問題。例：Howmuchistheshirt?A.￡19.15.B.￡9.18.C.￡9.15.答案是C。1.Wheredidtheconversationhappened?A.Inarestaurant.B.Inashoppingcentre.C.Inacinema.2.Doesthemanhavetimetopickthewomanupintheairport?A.Yes.B.No.C.Notmentioned.3.Whydidn’tthewomanenjoyherfreetime?A.BecausethepressurefromcompetitionB.Becausethepressureoflife.C.Becauseherpoorgradeofhersubjects.4.HowmanydayswillthemanprobablystayinSeoul?A.3B.5C.15.Howfaristhepublicbikestationfromtheman’slocation?A.4minutesride.B.Itisalongway.C.400metres第二節(jié)（共15小題，每小題1.5分，滿分22.5分）聽下面5段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白，每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白后有幾個(gè)小題，從題中的A、B、C選項(xiàng)中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。聽每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白前后，你將有時(shí)間閱讀或回答每個(gè)小題，時(shí)間均為5秒鐘。每段對(duì)話或獨(dú)白讀兩遍。聽第6段材料，完成6、7小題。6.Whythemanisbreathingheavily?A.Becauseheranarace.B.Becausehedidatiringjobinthetest.C.Becauseheexperiencedatoughandtiredtest.7.What’sthedesiredgoaltotheman?A.Run1000min3minutes.B.Todevelopthebodystrength.C.Towinarace.聽第7段材料，完成8~10小題。8.Whatisthedisqualifiedobject?A.AairbagB.Awarmbag.C.Aicebag.9.Whatwillthemandotoverifythedisqualificationoftheproduct?A.Checktheproductitself.B.Toinvestigatethemanufacturer’squalificationofproducing.C.Testtheproductaccordingtothestandardandinvestigatetheassemblyline’soperation.10.Howmuchwillthemanufacturerprobablycompensateforthewoman?A.600yuanB.1600yuanC.450yuan聽第8段材料，完成11~13小題。11.Whendidthestrangethinghappen?A.WhenthewomanandherfamilywerewatchingTV.B.Whenthewomanandherfamilywerehavingsupper.C.Whenthewomanandherfamilyweresleeping.12.WhathappenedtotheTV?A.TheTVdidn’twork.B.TheTVbegantochangechannelsrapidly.C.TheTVbrokedown.13.Whatwastheweatherlikethatnight?A.RainyB.SunnyC.Cloudy聽第9段材料，完成14~17小題。14.Whycan’tElaineStronganswerthephone?A.She’sattendingameeting.B.She’soutoftheoffice.C.She’stalkingwithanothercustomer.15.Whatdoesthemanwantthewomantofax?A.Informationaboutafter-salesservice.B.Apictureofthenewestcomputers.C.Materialsofsoftwareproducts.16.WhenwillthemanprobablytalkwithElaineStrongonthephone?A.About5:00.B.About3:30.C.About4:30.聽第10段材料，完成18~20小題。17.Whatisthespeaker?A.Ateacher.B.Astudent.C.Aworker.18.Howoldisthespeaker?A.44B.22C.Wedon’tknow.19.WhatcanweknowaboutMrWhite?A.HecomesfromEngland.B.Heisunwillingtoworkhere.C.Hewillstayhereforatleasttwoyears.20.WhichothergoalsdoestheschoolhavebesidesteachingEnglish?A.Toteachstudentshowtogetalongwellwithforeigners.B.Topromoteunderstandingandcooperationbetweentheyoungpeopleofthetwocountries.C.ToteachstudentsAmericanhistoryandculture.第二部分閱讀（共兩節(jié)，滿分50分）第一節(jié)（共15小題，每小題2.5分，滿分37.5分）閱讀下列短文，從文后A、B、C、D中選出最佳選項(xiàng)。ANotsolongago,mostpeopledidn’tknowwhoShellyAnnFrancisPrycewasgoingtobecome.Shewasjustanaveragehighschoolathlete.TherewaseveryindicationthatshewasjustanotherAmericanteenagerwithoutmuchofafuture.However,onepersonwantstochangethis.StephenFrancisobservedtheneighteen-year-oldShellyAnnasatrackmeetandwasconvincedthathehadseenthebeginningoftruegreatness.Hertimewerenotexactlyimpressive,butevenso,heseemedtherewassomethingtryingtogetout,somethingtheothercoacheshadoverlookedwhentheyhadassessedherandfoundherlacking.HedecidedtoofferShellyAnnaplaceinhisverystricttrainingseasons.Theircooperationquicklyproducedresults,andafewyearslateratJamaica’sOlympicgamesinearly2008,ShellyAnn,whoatthattimeonlyrankednumber70intheworld,beatJamaica’sunchallengedqueenofthesprint.“Wheredidshecomefrom?”askedanastonishedsprintingworld,beforeconcludingthatshemustbeoneofthoseone-hitwondersthatspringupfromtimetotime,onlytodisappearagainwithoutsigns.ButShellyAnnwastoprovethatshewasanythingbutaone-hitwonder.AttheBeijingOlympicshesweptawayanydoubtsaboutherabilitytoperformconsistentlybybecomingthefirstJamaicanwomanevertowinthe100metersOlympicgold.ShediditagainoneyearonattheWorldChampionshipinBriton,becomingworldchampionwithatimeof10.73—thefourthrecordever.Shelly-Annisalittlewomanwithabigsmile.Shehasamentaltoughnessthatdidnotcomeaboutbychance.Herjourneytobecomingthefastestwomanonearthhasbeenanythingbutsmoothandeffortless.ShegrewupinoneofJamaica’stoughestinner-citycommunitiesknownasWaterhouse,whereshelivedinaone-roomapartment,sleepingfourinabedwithhermotherandtwobrothers.Waterhouse,oneofthepoorestcommunitiesinJamaica,isareallyviolentandoverpopulatedplace.SeveralofShelly-Ann’sfriendsandfamilywerecaughtupinthekillings;oneofhercousinswasshotdeadonlyafewstreetsawayfromwhereshelived.Sometimesherfamilydidn’thaveenoughtoeat.Sheranattheschoolchampionshipsbarefootedbecauseshecouldn’taffordshoes.HermotherMaxime,oneofafamilyoffourteen,hadbeenanathleteherselfasayounggirlbut,likesomanyothergirlsinWaterhouse,hadtostopaftershehadherfirstbaby.Maxime’searlyentryintotheadultworldwithitsresponsibilitiesgaveherthedeterminationtoensurethatherkidswouldnotendupinWaterhouse'sroundaboutofpoverty.OneofthefirstthingsMaximeusedtodowithShelly-Annwastakinghertothetrack,andshewasreadytosacrificeeverything.Itdidn’ttakelongforShelly-AnntorealizethatsportscouldbeherwayoutofWaterhouse.OnasummereveninginBeijingin2008,allthoselong,hardhoursofworkandcommitmentfinallyborefruit.Thebarefootkidwhojustafewyearspreviouslyhadbeenlivinginpoverty,surroundedbycriminalsandviolence,hadwrittenanewchapterinthehistoryofsports.ButShelly-Ann’svictorywasfargreaterthanthat.ThenightshewonOlympicgoldinBeijing,theroutinemurdersinWaterhouseandthedrugwarsintheneighboringstreetsstopped.Thedarkcloudaboveoneoftheworld’stoughestcriminalneighborhoodssimplydisappearedforafewdays.“Ihavesomuchfireburningformycountry,”Shellysaid.SheplanstostartafoundationforhomelesschildrenandwantstobuildacommunitycentreinWaterhouse.ShehopestoinspiretheJamaicanstolaydowntheirweapons.Sheintendstofighttomakeitawoman’saswellasaman’sworld.AsMuhammadAliputsit,“Championsaren’tmadeingyms.Championsaremadefromsomethingtheyhavedeepinsidethem.Adesire,adream,avision.”O(jiān)neofthethingsShelly-Anncanbeproudofisherunderstandingofthistruth.1.WhydidStephenFrancisdecidetocoachShelly-Ann?A.Hehadastrongdesiretofreeherfamilyfromtrouble.B.Hesensedagreatpotentialinherdespiteherweaknesses.C.Shehadbigproblemsmaintainingherperformance.D.Shesufferedalotofdefeatsattheprevioustrackmeets.2.WhatmadeMaximedecidetotrainherdaughteronthetrack?A.Hersuccessandlessonsinhercareer. B.HerinterestinShelly-Ann’squickprofit.C.HerwishtogetShelly-Annoutofpoverty. D.Herearlyentranceintothesprintingworld.3.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A.TheMakingofaGreatAthlete B.TheDreamforChampionshipC.TheKeytoHighPerformance D.ThePowerofFullResponsibility【答案】1.B2.C3.A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇記敘文。文章介紹了著名女飛人Shelly-Ann從不被人看好到成為奧運(yùn)冠軍，再到最后成為世界上跑的最快的女性。激勵(lì)我們要想成功，內(nèi)心必須要有愿望、夢(mèng)想、愿景，并且為此付出努力?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第一段“StephenFrancisobservedtheneighteen-year-oldShellyAnnasatrackmeetandwasconvincedthathehadseenthebeginningoftruegreatness.”（StephenFrancis把當(dāng)時(shí)18歲的ShellyAnn看作是一場(chǎng)田徑比賽，他確信自己看到了真正偉大的開始。）可知，StephenFrancis決定訓(xùn)練Shelly-Ann是因?yàn)樗杏X到了Shelly-Ann有著巨大的潛力，因此“Hesensedagreatpotentialinherdespiteherweaknesses.”（他感覺到她有很大的潛力，盡管她有弱點(diǎn)。）符合題意。故選B項(xiàng)。【2題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)第三段中“Maxime’searlyentryintotheadultworldwithitsresponsibilitiesgaveherthedeterminationtoensurethatherkidswouldnotendupinWaterhouse'sroundaboutofpoverty.”（Maxime很早就帶著責(zé)任進(jìn)入了成人世界，這讓她下定決心，確保自己的孩子不會(huì)淪落到Waterhouse那樣的貧困境地。）可知，Shelly-Ann的媽媽Maxime不想孩子再過她這樣的貧困生活，所以決定訓(xùn)練孩子跑步。所以“HerwishtogetShelly-Annoutofpoverty.”（她想讓Shelly-Ann擺脫貧困。）符合題意。故選C項(xiàng)?！?題詳解】主旨大意題。本文介紹了著名女飛人Shelly-Ann從不被人看好到成為奧運(yùn)冠軍，再到最后成為世界上跑的最快的女性。所以“TheMakingofaGreatAthlete”（偉大運(yùn)動(dòng)員的誕生）符合題意。故選A項(xiàng)。BTikTokisanappformakingandsharingshortvideos.Thevideosaretall,notsquare,likeonSnapchatorInstagram’sstories,butyounavigatethrough（瀏覽)videosbyscrollingupanddown,likeafeed,notbytappingorswipingsidetoside.Videocreatorshaveallsortsoftoolsattheirdisposal:filtersasonSnapchat(andlater,everyoneelse);theabilitytosearchforsoundstoscoreyourvideo.Usersarealsostronglyencouragedtoengagewithotherusers,through“response”videosorbymeansof“duets”—userscanduplicatevideosandaddthemselvesalongside.HashtagsplayasurprisinglylargeroleonTikTok.Inmoreinnocenttimes,Twitterhopeditsusersmightcongregatearoundhashtagsinanever-endingseriesofproductivepop-upmini-discourses.OnTikTok,hashtags(話題標(biāo)簽)actuallyexistasareal,functionalorganizingprinciple:notfornews,orevenreallyanythingtrendinganywhereelsethanTikTok,butforvarious“challenges,”orjokes,orrepeatingformats,orotherdiscernibleblobsofactivity.TikTokishowever,afree-for-all.It’seasytomakeavideoonTikTok,notjustbecauseofthetoolsitgivesusers,butbecauseofextensivereasonsandpromptsitprovidesforyou.Youcanselectfromanenormousrangeofsounds,frompopularsongclipstoshortmomentsfromTVshows,YouTubevideosorotherTikToks.Youcanjoinadare-likechallenge,orparticipateinadancememe,ormakeajoke.Oryoucanmakefunofallofthesethings.TikTokassertivelyanswersanyone’swhatshouldIwatchwithaflood.Inthesameway,theappprovidesplentyofanswersfortheparalyzingwhatshouldIpost?Theresultisanendlessunspoolingofmaterialthatpeople,manyveryyoung,mightbetooself-conscioustopostonInstagram,orthattheyneverwouldhavecomeupwithinthefirstplacewithoutanudge.Itcanbehardtowatch.Itcanbecharming.Itcanbevery,veryfunny.Itisfrequently,inthelanguagewidelyappliedoutsidetheplatform,frompeopleonotherplatforms,extremely“cringe”.4.Whatdoestheword“cringe”inthelastparagraphmeans?A.beafraidofsomething B.besatisfiedwithcompletelynewthingsC.interesting D.boring5.WhatactivitiescanyouparticipateinonTikTok?Ⅰ.imitateinterestingdanceactionsⅡ.editingyourfavouriteTVprogrammeperiodⅢ.creatingyourownchallengesⅣ.makingajokeA.Ⅰ,ⅢandⅣ B.Ⅰ,ⅡandⅢ C.Ⅱ,ⅢandⅣ D.Ⅰ,ⅡandⅣ6.Howdothewriterstartthearticle?A.Byaskingcontinuousquestions. B.ByintroducingwhatisTikTok.C.ByintroducingTikTokvideos. D.BygivingexamplesofusageofTikTokinlife.7.Whatisthewriter’sattitudetowardsTiktok?A.Positive. B.Worried.C.Noattitudesinceitisanargumentation. D.Boring.【答案】4.A5.D6.C7.A【解析】【分析】這是一篇說明文。文章主要講述了TikTok是一款制作和分享短視頻的應(yīng)用程序，受到了人們的喜愛，因?yàn)樗且豢蠲赓M(fèi)的平臺(tái)而且在TikTok上制作視頻很容易?！?題詳解】詞義猜測(cè)題。根據(jù)文章最后一段第三句話“Theresultisanendlessunspoolingofmaterialthatpeople,manyveryyoung,mightbetooself-conscioustopostonInstagram,orthattheyneverwouldhavecomeupwithinthefirstplacewithoutanudge.”（其結(jié)果是無休止地對(duì)素材進(jìn)行解構(gòu)，許多非常年輕的人可能過于自覺而無法在Instagram上發(fā)布這些素材，或者如果沒有推動(dòng)，他們根本不會(huì)想到這些素材）以及后面的內(nèi)容“Itcanbehardtowatch.Itcanbecharming.Itcanbevery,veryfunny.”（這可能很難觀看。它可以是迷人的。也可能非常非常有趣）可知，在其它平臺(tái)上，人們無法發(fā)布在TikTok上發(fā)布的視頻素材，因?yàn)樗麄冇X得有些素材可能有趣，或者迷人，也可能他們覺得令人害怕。所以“cringe”的意思為“畏懼的”。故選A?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段第二、三句話“Youcanselectfromanenormousrangeofsounds,frompopularsongclipstoshortmomentsfromTVshows,YouTubevideosorotherTikToks.Youcanjoinadare-likechallenge,orparticipateinadancememe,ormakeajoke.”（你可以從各種各樣的聲音中進(jìn)行選擇，從流行歌曲片段到電視節(jié)目、YouTube視頻或其他技巧的簡(jiǎn)短瞬間。你可以參加一個(gè)大膽的挑戰(zhàn)，或者參加一個(gè)舞蹈模仿秀，或者開個(gè)玩笑）可知，在TikTok上，人們可以編輯喜歡的電視節(jié)目的視頻，模仿舞蹈和開個(gè)玩笑。故選D?！?題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第一段第一、二句話“TikTokisanappformakingandsharingshortvideos.Thevideosaretall,notsquare,likeonSnapchatorInstagram’sstories,butyounavigatethroughvideosbyscrollingupanddown,likeafeed,notbytappingorswipingsidetoside.”（TikTok是一款制作和分享短視頻的應(yīng)用程序。這些視頻很高，不像Snapchat或Instagram上的故事那樣是方形的，但你可以上下滾動(dòng)來瀏覽視頻，而不是點(diǎn)擊或左右滑動(dòng)）可知，文章是通過介紹TikTok中的視頻開始展開的。故選C?！?題詳解】觀點(diǎn)態(tài)度題。根據(jù)第三段第一、二句話“TikTokis,however,afree-for-all.It’seasytomakeavideoonTikTok,notjustbecauseofthetoolsitgivesusers,butbecauseofextensivereasonsandpromptsitprovidesforyou.”（然而，TikTok是一個(gè)免費(fèi)的平臺(tái)。在TikTok上制作視頻很容易，不僅因?yàn)樗鼮橛脩籼峁┝斯ぞ?，還因?yàn)樗鼮槟峁┝藦V泛的理由和提示）可知，作者在這提到了TikTok的優(yōu)勢(shì)，說明他很認(rèn)可TikTok，對(duì)它的態(tài)度時(shí)積極的。故選A。CTimetounfriendFacebook?Forthepast18months,communicatingthefindingsofsciencetotheworldhashitwhatsometimesseemslikeanall-timelow.Nevermindtheyearsoffailureinconvincingmuchofthepublicaboutclimatechange;thepandemichasrevealedshockingineptness(拙劣)bythescientificestablishmentatconveyingmessagesaboutmasks,vaccination,orthedangersofconsuminghorsedrugsandaquariumcleaners—eveninthefaceofarisingdeathtollfromCOVID-19.Onepuzzlingelementofthiscrisisishowsocialmediahasbeenskillfullyexploitedbyantiscienceforces.Givenallofthis,whatistherightmoveforsciencecommunicationasitrelatestosocialmedia?UnfriendFacebookorbeatitatitsowngame?Afewmonthsago,NewYorkTimesreportersCeciliaKangandSheeraFrenkelpublishedAnUglyTruth:InsideFacebook’sBattleforDomination,inwhichtheyexploredhowtheworld’slargestsocialnetwork,Facebook,fillsitscoffersbyexploitingtheviralspreadofmisinformationwhiletryingtoconvinceeveryoneofitsnoblemissiontoconnecttheworld.KangtoldmethatshebelievesthealgorithmsandbusinesspracticesofFacebookandothersocialmediacompaniesthatencouragemisinformationerecthugebarriers,keepingpeoplefrompayingattentiontoauthoritativescientificinformation.Herideasforcombatingthisbeginwithunderstandingtwokindsofmisinformationthatpropagatethroughthesepowerfulsocialnetworks.Oneisthenewsthatisblatantlywrong.ThesepostsaresometimestakendownbutmostlyflaggedbyFacebook’salgorithmswithadisclaimer,whichmostpeopleignore.Thishasonlyaminoreffectonstoppingtheirspread.Kangseesanevenbiggerproblem:themisinformationthatarisesfromconversationalpostsamongindividuals.Thiskindofinformalmisinformationisfrustratingbecauseit’snoteasytopolicethepeopleyouknowfromsayingcrazythingsonFacebook.TheresultisthatbothkindsofmisinformationtendtorisetothetopofFacebook’snewsfeedsbecausetheygetmoreengagementthanpostsaboutrecentresearchfindingsreportedinscholarlyscientificarticlesoreveninthemainstreampress.Communicatingaboutresearchinrealtimeishardbecausescienceisalwaysaworkinprogress,withcaveatsandanswersthatarenotalwaysdefinitive.Thatdoesn’ttranslatewelltosocialmediaorFacebook’salgorithmsthatdeterminewhichpoststopromote.“Oftentimesthatkindofcontentjustdoesnotworkwellintermsofengagement,”Kangsaid,“becauseit’snotthekindofstuffthatpeoplewillimmediatelytrytoshare.”Theantiscienceoppositiondoesn’tcareaboutthecaveats.Kangpointedoutthat“superfigures”onsocialmedia,suchasBenShapiroandDanBongino,havebuiltupaloyalfollowingofpeoplewhowillbelievethemnomatterwhat.AstemptingasitmaybeforfrustratedscientiststosimplydeletetheirFacebookaccountsandavoidthisdreck,Kangbelievesthatabetterapproachforthemistoengagemoreaggressivelybybeing“outthere,”competingforpeople’sattentionbythesamerules.Refusingtoplayhardballonthesocialmediafieldisnotservingscienceorsocietywell.ThepandemichasseentheriseofnumerousscientistsonTwitterwhohaveamassedrelativelylargefollowings,buttheirpresenceonFacebookismuchsmaller.AlthoughTwitterisapowerfulplatformforpoliticalmessagesthatgetlikedandretweeted,peopletendtotrustindividualstheyknowonFacebook,makingitpowerfulforchangingheartsandminds.Todobattleinthisarena,sciencewillneedtofinditsownsuperfigureswhocancompetedirectlywiththeShapirosandBonginosoftheantiscienceworld.Someofthesenewfiguresmightbepracticingscientists,andsomemightbesciencecommunicators.Whatiscrucialisaknackforcuttingthroughthecaveatsandconditionsandforcefullyconveyingthebottomline.Liketheiropponents,theyneedtobeadeptatstrategicallyexploitingthealgorithmsthatcanpushaposttotheforefrontorburyitinthenever-endingracket.SincetheendofWorldWarII,scientistshavesticktotheideathatiftheystayobjectiveandstatethescience,thentherestoftheworldwillfollow.Asthepandemiccycleson,it’stimetofacethefactthatthisoldnotionisnaive.8.Correctscienceinformationcan’tconveytothepublicbecause.A.Thescientistsareincapable.B.Thegovernmentdoesn’twanttoalarmthepublic.C.Theorganizationwhichagainstscienceistoostrong.D.Thepublicarenotwillingtoreceivetheinformation.9.What’stherealmeaningofthetitle“TimetounfriendFacebook”accordingtothepassage?A.Weshouldn’tuseFacebook.B.MostinformationreleasedonFacebookisunreal.C.ScientistsonFacebookarefrequentlybannedtoposttheirthoughts.D.Facebookisbecomingatoolofscientists.10.HowdoFacebookblocksomanyauthorityscienceinformation?A.Byusingmisleadingalgorithms.B.Bydeletingthepostsofsomescientists’.C.Bystoppingtheirservices.D.Bysettingobstaclescausedbyinformationasymmetry(信息不對(duì)稱).11Whatdoesthewriterwanttoexpresstothegovernmentorthesociety?A.Thegovernmentshouldnotintervenetheactivitiesofnetizens.B.Facebookshouldrelaxtheircontroltowardstheinformationaboutthepandemic.C.Itisridiculousforthesocietytobantheusefulandtrustworthymessages.D.Thegovernmentshouldpublishthingsaboutpandemictocomfortthepublic.【答案】8.C9.C10.A11.D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇議論文。主要介紹Facebook通過使用誤導(dǎo)性的算法屏蔽了太多權(quán)威科學(xué)信息，政府應(yīng)該出版關(guān)于大流行的東西來安撫公眾。【8題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第一段“Onepuzzlingelementofthiscrisisishowsocialmediahasbeenskillfullyexploitedbyantiscienceforces.”（這場(chǎng)危機(jī)的一個(gè)令人困惑的因素是，反科學(xué)力量是如何巧妙地利用社交媒體的）以及第二段“InsideFacebook’sBattleforDomination,inwhichtheyexploredhowtheworld’slargestsocialnetwork,Facebook,fillsitscoffersbyexploitingtheviralspreadofmisinformationwhiletryingtoconvinceeveryoneofitsnoblemissiontoconnecttheworld.”（在其中他們探索了世界上最大的社交網(wǎng)絡(luò)，F(xiàn)acebook，如何利用病毒式傳播錯(cuò)誤信息填補(bǔ)其金庫，同時(shí)試圖使每個(gè)人相信它連接世界的崇高使命）可知，正確的科學(xué)信息不能傳達(dá)給公眾是因?yàn)檫@個(gè)反對(duì)科學(xué)的組織太強(qiáng)大了。故選C。【9題詳解】推理判斷題。根據(jù)文章第二段“KangtoldmethatshebelievesthealgorithmsandbusinesspracticesofFacebookandothersocialmediacompaniesthatencouragemisinformationerecthugebarriers,keepingpeoplefrompayingattentiontoauthoritativescientificinformation.”（康告訴我，她認(rèn)為Facebook和其他社交媒體公司鼓勵(lì)虛假信息的算法和商業(yè)行為豎起了巨大的障礙，阻止人們關(guān)注權(quán)威的科學(xué)信息）以及第三段“Communicatingaboutresearchinrealtimeishardbecausescienceisalwaysaworkinprogress,withcaveatsandanswersthatarenotalwaysdefinitive.Thatdoesn’ttranslatewelltosocialmediaorFacebook’salgorithmsthatdeterminewhichpoststopromote.”（實(shí)時(shí)交流研究是很困難的，因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)總是在進(jìn)步，警告和答案并不總是確定的。這并不能很好地轉(zhuǎn)化為社交媒體或Facebook的算法來決定哪些帖子應(yīng)該推廣）可知，TimetounfriendFacebook的真正含義是科學(xué)家們經(jīng)常被禁止在Facebook上發(fā)表他們的想法。故選C?！?0題詳解】細(xì)節(jié)理解題。根據(jù)文章第三段“Communicatingaboutresearchinrealtimeishardbecausescienceisalwaysaworkinprogress,withcaveatsandanswersthatarenotalwaysdefinitive.Thatdoesn’ttranslatewelltosocialmediaorFacebook’salgorithmsthatdeterminewhichpoststopromote.”（實(shí)時(shí)交流研究是很困難的，因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)總是在進(jìn)步，警告和答案并不總是確定的。這并不能很好地轉(zhuǎn)化為社交媒體或Facebook的算法來決定哪些帖子應(yīng)該推廣）可知，F(xiàn)acebook通過使用誤導(dǎo)性的算法屏蔽了太多權(quán)威科學(xué)信息。故選A。【11題詳解】推理判斷題。根文章最后一段“scientistshavesticktotheideathatiftheystayobjectiveandstatethescience,thentherestoftheworldwillfollow.Asthepandemiccycleson,itstimetofacethefactthatthisoldnotionisnaive.”（科學(xué)家們一直堅(jiān)持這樣一種觀點(diǎn):如果他們保持客觀，陳述科學(xué)，那么世界上其他國家就會(huì)效仿。隨著大流行的循環(huán)，是時(shí)候面對(duì)這一舊觀念是幼稚的事實(shí)了）可知作者希望政府應(yīng)該出版關(guān)于大流行的東西來安撫公眾。故選D。DRevealingthesourceofJupiter’sx-rayauroralflaresAbstractJupiter’srapidlyrotating,strongmagneticfieldprovidesanaturallaboratorythatiskeytounderstandingthedynamics(動(dòng)力學(xué))ofhigh-energyplasmas(等離子體).Spectacularauroral(極光的)X-rayflares(耀斑)arediagnosticofthemostenergeticprocessesgoverningmagnetospheresbutseeminglyuniquetoJupiter.Sincetheirdiscovery40yearsago,theprocessesthatproduceJupiter’sX-rayflareshaveremainedunknown.Here,wereportsimultaneous(同時(shí)的)insitusatelliteandspace-basedtelescopeobservationsthatrevealtheprocessesthatproduceJupiter’sX-rayflares,showingsurprisingsimilaritiestoterrestrialionaurora.Planetary-scaleelectromagneticwavesareobservedtomodulate(調(diào)節(jié))electromagneticioncyclotronwaves,periodicallycausingheavyionstoprecipitateandproduceJupiter’sX-raypulses.Ourfindingsshowthationauroraesharecommonmechanismsacrossplanetarysystems,despitetemporal,spatial,andenergeticscalesvaryingbyordersofmagnitude.INTRODUCTIONAurorae,observedfromplanetarypolarregionsacrossthesolarsystem,aredisplaysoflightthatareproducedwhenenergeticparticlesprecipitatealongmagneticfieldlinesandtransfertheirenergytotheatmosphere.Jupiter’ssoftx-rayauroraeareproducedbyenergetic[~(MeV)(電子伏)]heavyions(SandO),originallyfromthemoonIo’s(木衛(wèi)一的)volcanicactivities.ThedynamicX-rayemissionsoftenpulsewitharegularbeatofafewtensofminutes.Thespectacularquasi-periodic(準(zhǔn)周期性的)auroralpulsationsatJupiterhavealsobeenobservedinultraviolet(UV),infrared,andradioemissions.TheX-rayauroraearepredominatelyconfined(主要局限于)totheregionpolewardofJupiter’smainaurora,connectingtoJupiter’soutermagnetosphereviamagneticfieldlines.Themappingoftheemissionsleadstothesuggestionthattheparticleprecipitationsweredrivenbymagneticreconnection.However,observationsshowthatthex-raypulsationslastforseveralJupiterdaysorlonger,evidencingthatthedrivermaynotbeatransientprocesslikemagneticreconnection.Todate,40yearsaftertheirdiscovery,themechanismsthatcausetheseX-rayauroraeremainunknown.Simultaneousmeasurementsofthemagnetosphericenvironmentandtheauroralemissionsarecriticaltorevealingtheirdrivingmechanisms.Here,wepresentobservationsofJupiter’suniquex-rayauroraewithsimultaneousinsitumeasurementsfromthemagnetosphere.Inthisstudy,werevealthephysicaldriverforJupiter’spulsatingx-rayemissionsbyanalyzingsimultaneousinsitumeasurementsfromJunoandremotespectroscopicimagingbyXMM-Newtontelescope(XMM，牛頓衛(wèi)星)during16and17July2017.XMM’sEuropeanPhotonImagingCamera(EPIC-pnandMOS)instrumentsprovidedspatial,spectral,andtimingdataofJupiterforacontinuous26-hour(~2.6Jupiterrotations)observationfrom18:26UTon16Julyto22:13UTon17July,whichwasshiftedtoaccountforthe~46-minlighttraveltimebetweenJupiterandEarth.ThisXMMobservationwasplannedtocoincidewiththetimewhenNASA’sJunospacecraftwasmovingfrom62to68RJ(1RJ=71492km)radiallyawayfromtheplanetintheSouthernHemisphereinthepredawnsectorbetween~0400and0430magnetosphericlocaltime(MLT).Ionosphere-magnetosphere(電離層)mappingfrompreviousobservationssuggestedthattheoriginsofJupiter’sX-rayauroralpulsationsoccurredatthesedistancesfromtheplanet.Junoprovidedcontemporaneous(同時(shí)發(fā)生的)insitumeasurementsfromtheplasmasheetonlywhenJupiter’snorthmagneticpoletiltedtoEarth.Therefore,wefocusonthenorthernaurora,forwhichJuno’sinsitumeasurementsdetailwhatwashappeningintheplasmasheetduringtheX-raypulses.AtJupiter,theanalysisofthesecomparisonsbetweeninsituandremotesensingobservationsismorecomplexthanatEarth.AtEarth,duringthetimescaleofanauroralevent,typicallytensofminutes,aspacecraftintheterrestrialmagnetosphereusuallytravelslittle(e.g.,hundredsofkilometers)incomparisontothespatialscaleofamagnetosphericevent(e.g.,severalEarthradii)thatwouldcausealargeauroralbrighteningsothatthisinsituspacecraftcouldbemagneticallyconnectedtotheauroraregionoverthefullaurorallifetime.ThisisnottrueforJupiter,becausethefootprintoftheaurora(whichisrotatingwithJupiter)withrespecttoJuno’slocationchangessubstantiallyduringanobservation.Therearealsosubstantialtraveltimes(afewtensofminutes)alongthemagneticfieldexpectedfromtheoutermagnetospheretotheJovianaurora.Therefore,thecorrelationbetweenasingleoutermagnetosphereeventinJupiter’sinsitumeasurementsandasingleauroralpulsecannotbeexpectedonaone-to-onelevelbasis.Instead,aseriesofsuccessiveeventsarerequiredtodrawreliablecarefulcorrelations,withtheregularperiodicityofthex-rayflares,providinganinvaluablediagnosticsignatureofthesourceprocess.(AdaptedfromanessayonScience.)12.Whatdoestheessayfocuson?A.TheX-raypulseshappeningonJupiter.B.TheformationoftheaurorainthepoleofJupiter.C.Thewaystoteachpeoplehowtoappreciateauroras.D.TheprocessofdetectingtheX-raypulsesonJupiter.13.Whatwilltheauthorpresentinthenextcontentoftheessay?A.Theirconclusions. B.Theirmeasuretodotheresearch.C.Discussionofsomeproblemsofpreciseness. D.Theiracknowledgements.14.Theword“infrared”isunderlinedandinItalics.Whatisthemeaningoftheword?A.輻射 B.紅外線技術(shù)的 C.太陽風(fēng) D.紅外線15.WhichofthefollowingsisNOTTRUEabouttheauroralflaresonJupiter?A.Thestrongmagneticisagoodbreakthroughpointtoresearchtheauroralflares.B.TheX-raypulseswilllastforsevera