高三英語閱讀理解專題三-議論文帶答案

PAGEPAGE1高三英語閱讀理解專題三議論文1文體特點(diǎn)：寫法一：正方（甲方），反方（乙方），我認(rèn)為……寫法二：提出問題，分析問題，解決問題寫法三：論點(diǎn)，理由（證據(jù)），重申論點(diǎn)。這是高考中常考的體裁，內(nèi)容涵蓋文化、歷史、文學(xué)、科學(xué)和教育等各個(gè)方面。在這類體裁的文章中把握好論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證很重要。此類體裁的文章中有關(guān)主旨大意和推理判斷的題目會(huì)較多，這也是得分比較難的題型。在閱讀這類文章的時(shí)候，我們要認(rèn)真把握作者的態(tài)度，領(lǐng)悟弦外之音，從而更好地依據(jù)文章的事實(shí)做出合理的推斷。解題方法：1.把握文章的論點(diǎn)、論據(jù)和論證。此外，還要把握文章的結(jié)構(gòu)和語言。2.互推法：在議論之后，總會(huì)再列舉一些具體的例子來支持觀點(diǎn)；或在一些例子之后，總要抒發(fā)一些議論?？忌诶斫庾h論時(shí)，可以借助文中所給的實(shí)例，從而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的議論；或從議論中推理理解具體例子的深刻含義，相互推斷。3.推理法：推理的結(jié)論一定是原文有這層意思，但沒有明確表達(dá)的。推理要根據(jù)文章的字面意思，通過語篇、段落和句子之間的邏輯關(guān)系，各個(gè)信息所暗示和隱含的意義，作者的隱含意等對(duì)文章進(jìn)行推理判斷。考生要由文字的表層信息挖掘出文章的深層含義，要能透過現(xiàn)象看本質(zhì)。主旨大意題解題方法：一、題型解讀及思維導(dǎo)向：主旨大意題是高考閱讀理解中?？嫉念}型之一，主要考查考生把握全文主題和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括文章或段落大意以及選擇標(biāo)題等形式出現(xiàn)。主旨大意題是閱讀理解題中的高難度題，能夠拉開考生的分?jǐn)?shù)差距，所以此類題目在高考試題中具有很好的選拔作用，屬于能力型題目。主旨大意題一般分為三類，即標(biāo)題歸納類、文章大意類和段落大意類。二、命題區(qū)間及讀文關(guān)注點(diǎn)1．文首、段首、段尾句：一般來說，閱讀文章中第一段首句往往是強(qiáng)開弱收型文章中心思想的表達(dá)處；第二段首句或第一段尾句往往是轉(zhuǎn)開弱收型文章的主題句所在；而有時(shí)每段的段首句、段尾句是該段的段落主題句。因此，解答主旨大意題時(shí)要對(duì)這些地方多加關(guān)注。2．轉(zhuǎn)折信息點(diǎn)處：尤其是段首的語義轉(zhuǎn)折處，常是考點(diǎn)。因?yàn)檗D(zhuǎn)折后面的內(nèi)容往往是作者真實(shí)的基本觀點(diǎn)或?qū)懽髂康?，而這又是文章中心思想的所在。3．因果結(jié)論信息點(diǎn)處：因果結(jié)論句也可以表現(xiàn)出作者的寫作目的、觀點(diǎn)或文章的主題，因此要特別關(guān)注。表示因果關(guān)系的常用詞匯有：reason,because,since,for,as,therefore,consequently,resultin,dueto,basedon等，有時(shí)作者也通過先提出問題(why...)而后給予回答的方式闡釋文章主題。4．文尾結(jié)論句：弱開強(qiáng)收型文章有明確的全文結(jié)論句，作者在文尾給出文章鮮明的觀點(diǎn)和主題，因此這類文章的文尾是我們把握文章主題的必讀之處。主旨大意題正確選項(xiàng)的特征：(1)涵蓋性強(qiáng)，覆蓋全文或全段。(2)確定的范圍恰當(dāng)，既不太大，也不太小。(3)精確性強(qiáng)，能恰當(dāng)?shù)乇磉_(dá)原文的主題和中心思想。主旨大意題干擾選項(xiàng)的特征(1)覆蓋面太大、太籠統(tǒng)，大大超出了短文論述的范圍。(2)覆蓋面偏窄，在內(nèi)容上只涉及短文的某一部分或若干要點(diǎn)；僅為短文的某一要點(diǎn)甚至某一細(xì)節(jié)，即以偏概全。(3)與短文有部分交集，但偏離文章或段落主題，有重疊但不重合。[示例](2015·江蘇高考閱讀C)Supposeyoubecomealeaderinanorganization.It’sverylikelythatyou’llwanttohavevolunteerstohelpwiththeorganization’sactivities.Todoso,itshouldhelptounderstandwhypeopleundertakevolunteerworkandwhatkeepstheirinterestinthework.64．Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?A．HowtoGetPeopletoVolunteerB．HowtoStudyVolunteerBehaviorsC．HowtoKeepVolunteers’InterestD．HowtoOrganizeVolunteerActivities分析：首先，根據(jù)題干可以確定此題為主旨大意題。文章首段就表明了大意。首段末句說到兩個(gè)方面：為什么人們從事志愿工作，是什么讓他們將從事這項(xiàng)工作的興趣保持下去。A項(xiàng)內(nèi)容包含了這兩方面內(nèi)容，故選A項(xiàng)。C項(xiàng)只是文章后半部分的大意，無法涵蓋本文的主題。B、D兩項(xiàng)只是文章的細(xì)節(jié)。體驗(yàn)高考：A（2015全國(guó)卷1）ConflictisonthemenutonightatthecaféLaChope.Thisevening,asoneveryThursdaynight,psychologistMaudLehanneisleadingtwoofFrance’sfavoritepastimes,coffeedrinkingandthe“talkingcure”.Heretheyarelearningtogetintouchwiththeirtruefeelings.Itisn’talwayseasy.Thecustomers-somethirtyParisianswhopayjustunder$2(plusdrinks)persessionarequicktointellectualize(高談闊論)，slowtoopenupandconnect.“Youareforbiddentosay‘onefeels,’or‘peoplethink’,”Lehanetoldthem.“Say‘Ithink,’‘Thinkme’.”Acafésocietywherenointellectualizingisallowed?Itcouldn’tseemmoreun-French.ButLehanne’spsychologycaféisaboutmorethanknowingoneself:It’stryingtohelpthecity’stroubledneighborhoodcafes.Overtheyears,ParisiancafeshavefallenvictimtochangesintheFrenchlifestyle-longerworkinghours,afastfoodboomandayoungergeneration’sdesiretospendmoretimeathome.Dozensofnewthemecafesappeartochangethesituation.Cafesfocusedaroundpsychology,history,andengineeringarecatchingon,fillingtableswellintotheevening.Thecity’spsychologycafes,whichoffergreatcomfort,areamongthemostpopularplaces.Middle-agedhomemakers,retirees,andtheunemployedcometosuchcafestotalkaboutlover,anger,anddreamswithapsychologist.AndtheycometoLehance’sgroupjusttolearntosaywhattheyfeel.There’sastrongneedinParisforcommunication,saysMauriceFrisch,acafeLaChoperegularwhoworksasreligiousinstructorinanearbychurch.“Peoplehavefewrealfriends.Andtheyneedtoopenup”Lehannesaysshe’dliketoseepsychologycafesalloverFrance.“Ifpeoplehadnormallives,thesecafeswould’texist”,shesays,”Iflifeweren’tabattle,peoplewouln’tneedaspecialplacejusttospeak.”Butthen,itwouldn’tbeFrance.1.WhatarepeopleencouragedtodoatthecafeLaChope?A.LearnanewsubjectB.Keepintouchwithfriends.C.Showofftheirknowledge.D.Expresstheirtruefeelings.2.HowarecafesaffectedbyFrenchlifestylechanges?A.Theyarelessfrequentlyvisited.B.Theystayopenforlongerhours.C.Theyhavebiggernightcrowds.D.Theystarttoservefastfood.3.Whatarethemecafesexpectedtodo?A.Createmorejobs.B.Supplybetterdrinks.C.Savethecafebusiness.D.Servetheneighborhood.4.WhyarepsychologycafesbecomingpopularinParis?A.Theybringpeopletruefriendship.B.Theygivepeoplespiritualsupport.C.Theyhelppeoplerealizetheirdreams.D.Theyofferaplatformforbusinesslinks.實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練：BThequestionofwhetherourgovernmentshouldpromotescienceandtechnologyortheliberalarts(文科)inhighereducationisn’taneither/orproposition(命題)，althoughthecurrentemphasisonpreparingyoungAmericansforSTEM（science,technology,engineering,maths）-relatedfieldscanmakeitseemthatway.Thelatestcongressionalreportacknowledgesthecriticalimportanceoftechnicaltraining,butalsostatesfirmlythatthestudyofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesmustremaincentralcomponentsofAmerica’seducationalsystematalllevels.Botharecriticaltoproducingcitizenswhocanparticipateeffectivelyinourdemocraticsociety,becomecreativeleaders,andbenefitfromthespiritualenrichmentthatthereflectiononthegreatideasofmankindovertimeprovides.Parentsandstudentswhohaveinvestedheavilyinhighereducationworryaboutgraduates’jobprospectsastechnologicaladvancesandchangesindomesticandglobalmarketstransformprofessionsinwaysthatreducewagesandcutjobs.Underthesecircumstances,it’snaturaltolookforwhatmayappeartobethemost“practical”wayoutoftheproblem．“Majorinasubjectdesignedtogetyouajob”seemstheobviousanswertosome,thoughthisignoresthefactthatmanydisciplinesinthehumanitiescharacterizedas“soft”often,infact,leadtoemploymentandsuccessinthelongrun.Indeed,accordingtosurveys,employershaveexpressedapreferenceforstudentswhohavereceivedabroadly-basededucationthathastaughtthemtowritewell,thinkcritically,researchcreatively,andcommunicateeasily.Moreover,studentsshouldbepreparednotjustfortheirfirstjob,butfortheir4thand5thjobs,asthere’slittlereasontodoubtthatpeopleenteringtheworkforcetodaywillbecalledupontoplaymanydifferentrolesoverthecourseoftheircareers.Theoneswhowilldothebestinthisnewenvironmentwillbethosewhoseeducationshavepreparedthemtobeflexible.Theabilitytodrawuponeveryavailabletoolandinsight—pickedupfromscience,arts,andtechnology—tosolvetheproblemsofthefuture,andtakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesthatpresentthemselves,willbehelpfultothemandtheUnitedStates.5.Whatdoesthelatestcongressionalreportsuggest?A.STEM-relatedsubjectshelpstudentsfindjobsintheinformationsociety.B.Highereducationshouldbeadjustedtothepracticalneedsofsociety.C.Theliberalartsinhighereducationhelpenrichstudents’spirituallife.D.ThehumanitiesandSTEMsubjectsshouldbegivenequalimportance.6.Whatkindofjobapplicantsdoemployerslookfor?A.Thosewhohaveastrongsenseofresponsibility.B.Thosewhoaregoodatsolvingpracticalproblems.C.Thosewhoarelikelytobecomeinnovativeleaders.D.Thosewhohavereceivedanall-roundeducation.7.Whatadvicedoestheauthorgivetocollegestudents?A.Seizeopportunitiestoexploretheirpotential.B.Trytotakeavarietyofpracticalcourses.C.Adoptaflexibleapproachtosolvingproblems.D.catchasmanychancesaspossibletochangetheirjobs.CNotalltownsaredesperatetoattractyoungpeopleNationally,anageingpopulationisaproblem.Butlocallyitcanbeaboon.Theover-50scontrol80%ofBritain'swealth,andliketospenditonhousesandhigh-streetshopping.Theyoung“generationrent”,bycontrast,ispoor,distractibleandliabletoshoponline.Peopleagedbetween50and74spendtwiceasmuchastheunder-30soncinematickets.Between2000and2010restaurantspendingbythoseaged65-74increasedby33%,whiletheunder-30sspent18%less.ThepensionpotsliberatedbyGeorgeOsborne'sbudgetearlierthisyearwilllikelypourintoproperty.Andwhiletheyoungstillstruggletofindwork,olderpeopleareretiringlater.Duringthefinancialcrisisfull-timeemploymentfellforeveryagegroupbuttheover-65s,andtherehasbeenarashofolderentrepreneurs.Pensionersalsosupporttheworkingpopulationbyvolunteering:some100retireeshelpoutasbusinessmentors(顧問).Eveniftheywantedto,mostsmalltownsandcitiescouldnotcapturethecoolkids.Mobileyoungprofessionalscluster(聚集),andgreatlyprefertoclusterinLondon.Evensupposedmeccas(圣地)likeManchesterareageing:clubsinthatcityarebecomingmembers-only,andthereareanincreasingnumberofplaces,asoneresidentputsit,that“a19-year-oldwouldn'tbeseendeadin”.Townsthataimtooyoung,likeBracknellandChippenham,canfindtheirhighstreetsfullofclosedshops.OutsideBritain'scapital,highconcentrationsofyoutharecommonlytiedtohighunemploymentrates.Companiesoftenlagbehindlocalauthoritiesinworkingthisout.TheyareLondon-obsessed,andhavebeenslowtoappreciatethegrowingeconomicheftoftheold—whoareassumed,oftenwrongly,tostickwithproductstheylearnedtoloveintheiryouth.ButCaroylnFreemanofRevelationMarketingthinksBritaincouldbeonthevergeofamarketingsurge(激增)directedatthegreypound,“similartowhatwesawwiththepink”.Thewindowwillnotremainopenforever:soonthebabyboomers(peoplebornduringaperiodwhenalotofbabieswereborn,especiallyinthe1950s)areageing,andnooneelsealivetodayislikelytohavesucharichretirement.Meanwhile,withtheover-50sholdingthepursestrings,thetownsthatdrawthemarelikelytogrowmoreandmorepleasant.ThelordmayorofManchester,SueCooley,notesthatdecentrestaurantsandniceshopsspringupinthefavouredplacesoftheold.LatimerHouse,afurniturestorefullofretro(復(fù)古)clothingwouldnotlookoutofplaceinHackney.8.By'Butlocallyitcanbeaboon",theauthormeans______.A.theageingpopulationiscontributingtotheweakBritisheconomyB.theageingpopulationishavingastrongeffectontheyoungC.sometownsarebenefitingalotfromtheageingpopulationD.oldpeoplecontrolmostofBritain'swealth9.WhatcanbelearntfromParagraph2?A.Job-huntingfortheyoungisdifficultbecauseoftheliberatedpensionpotsB.Boththeoldandtheyoungenjoywatchingfilmsatacinema.C.Thefinancialcrisishadlittleeffectonover-65semployees.D.Pensionersaretryinghardtohelpyoungpeoplefindjobs.10.WhyisManchesterreferredtoasa'supposedMeccas"?A.Becauseithasahighunemploymentrate.B.Becauseitisassumedtoattractmanyyoungpeople.C.Becauseyoungemployeesusedtogatheraroundthere.D.Becauseitsmembers-onlyclubsattractfewyoungpeople.11.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat______.A.oldwealthyretireespreferlivingintownstolivingincitiesBalivelymarketaimingatbabyboomersiswaitingtobedevelopedC.oldpeopletendtostickwithwhattheylovedwhiletheywereyoungD.companiesinbigcitiesaretryingtheirbesttoattractoldpeople'sattentionDDoyouever“backdoorbrag”aboutbeingaperfectionist?_______A________Unlikeotherobsessions(癡迷)andaddictions,perfectionismissomethingalotofpeoplecelebrate,believingit’swealth.Buttrueperfectionismcanactuallygetinthewayofproductivityandhappiness._______B________Takentotheextreme,perfectionismbecomesadisorder.Burnssharesthewildexampleofanattorneywhobecameobsessedwithgettinghishair“justright.”Hespenthoursinfrontofthemirrorwithhisscissorsandcombmakingadjustmentsuntilhishairwasjustaneighthofaninchlong.Thenhebecameobsessedwithgettinghishairlineexactlyrightandheshaveditalittlemoreeverydayuntilhishairrecededbacksofarhewasbald.Hewouldthenwaitforhishairtogrowbackandthepatterncontinuedagain.Eventuallyhisdesiretohavetheperfecthairledhimtocutbackonhislegalpracticeinordertocontinuehisobsession.Thisisanextremeexampletobesure,buttherearelessseverewaysinwhichourownperfectionismleadsustomajorinminoractivities?Haveyoueverobsessedoverareportwhenyourbosssaiditwasalreadyplentygoodenough?Haveyoueverlostanobjectoflittleimportancebutjusthadtokeeplookingforit?Docolleaguesoftentellyou,“Justletitgo”?Aimingfor“perfect”insteadof“goodenough”canseriouslybackfire.ThishappenedtomerecentlywhenIwasaskedtoteachaworkshoptotheleadersofaprominenttechnologycompany.Itookthetimetounderstandtheirneedsandpersonalizethematerialstotheirspecifications.AndIalreadyhadmaterialsIhadtaughtscoresoftimeswithgreatresultstopullfrom.Butmyobsessionformakingitperfectledmetoscrapallofthatthenightbefore,andasaresultIwasunpreparedandexhausted.Ifeltjumbledandmyslidesdistractedfromthemainmessage.IfIhadshotforaverageinsteadofperfect,Iwouldhavebeenabletofocusmoreontheclientinthemomentandthingswouldhaveturnedoutverydifferently._________C_______Overachievershavesuchhighexpectationsofthemselvesthattheir“average”mightbeanotherperson’s“reallygood.”Soinsteadofpushingyourselftogive100%(or110%,whateverthatmeans)youcangoforgiving75%or50%ofwhatyouusuallymightoffer.Thisideaiscapturedclearlybythemantra,“Doneisbetterthanperfect”—whichFacebookhasplastered(涂抹)alloverthewallsoftheirMenloParkheadquarters.That’snottoexcuseshoddywork.Rather,theideaistogiveengineerspermissiontocompletecyclesofworkandlearnquicklyinsteadofbeingheldhostage（人質(zhì)）byanunattainablesenseofperfection.Theword“perfect”hasaLatinroot;literally,itmeans“madewell”or“donethoroughly.”Anothertranslationwouldbe“complete.”Andyettoday,weuseittomeanflawless.Ifyoumustpursueperfection,atleastusetheformerdefinitionratherthanthelatter(unattainable).Ifyouareaperfectionist,overachieverorworkaholicyouareprobablyusedtotakingonbigchallenges.Thenatureoftheobsessionmakesiteasytodowhatishard.Paradoxically（反常地）,itmaybeharderatfirsttotrytobeaverage.Tounderstandwhy,weneedtounderstandtheroleoffearinperfectionism:“IfIdon’tperfectly…….somethingterriblewillhappen.”O(jiān)ftenperfectionistsaresousedtothisanxietythattheynolongerevenconsciouslyrecognizeit;it’sjustthefuelthatkeepsthemworkingandperfectingtheirskills.Whilethelogicmaybetotallyfalse,theemotionisabsolutelyreal.Asaresult,ittakesgreatercourageforaperfectionisttotrytobeaveragethantotacklealmostanyotherchallenge.Beingaveragescaresthem,sotheyhaven’texperiencedthebenefitsofbeingaverage.Here’showBurnsputit:“Therearetwodoorstoenlightenment.Oneismarked,‘Perfection’andtheotherismarked,‘Average.’The‘Perfection’doorisfancyandattractive.Soyoutrytogothroughthe‘Perfection’doorandalwaysdiscoverabrickwallontheotherside.Ontheothersideofthe‘Average’door,incontrast,there’samagicgarden.Butitmayhaveneveroccurredtoyoutoopenthedoortotakealook.”Ashewroteinarecententryonhisblog,“Muchofoursufferingderivesfromourperfectionism,andourbeliefthatweshouldbe‘special.’Butwhenyoudon’thavetobespecial,lifebecomesspecial.ThismaybewhattheBuddhawasreferringtowhenhetalkedabout‘theGreatDeath’.”_______D________Ifyouthinkyouarethetypeofpersonwhotakesonhardassignmentswithease,youmighttrytodosomethingreallyhard:trybeingaverageforoneday.Whatyoufindmightsurpriseyou.12.Accordingtothepassage.somepeoplemakegreateffortstobeover-achievers_________.A.becauseoftheirinnerfearB.becauseofthepressurefromtheirparentsC.becausetheyhavebeenlookeddownuponbeforeD.becausetheyfocusontherealizationofself-worth13.Howdoestheauthorsupporthisorherargument?a.Byofferingatypicalexample.b.Bymakingcomparisons.c.Byprovidingclassificationsd.Bycomparingopinions.A.acB.abC.bcDbd14.What'sthepassagemainlyabout?A.Perfectionismhasitsadvantagesanddisadvantages.B.Manypeoplecan'tstandtheslightestflawintheirwork.C.Wecanreducestressbyavoidingperfectionismandself-criticism.D.Perfectionismcanbeadisadvantagewhenyouaretryingtosucceed.15.Wherecanthefollowingsentencebeput?Thisleftmewondering:whatiftryingtobeaveragecouldactuallyaccelerateyoursuccess?16.Whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedword“capture”?A.controlB.expressC.catchD.arrestEWehavearealcrisisinthiscountryinthebasicunderstandingofscience.Itaffectsourglobalcompetitivenessasacountry,ournationalsecurity,andtheeffectivenessofoursocialsystem.Themisunderstandingaboutscienceisblindingoureyes.Weknowthatanawfullotofteacherswhoareteachingsciencetodayhavenotbeenproperlyempoweredtodoso.Schoolfrequentlyisn’ttestingwhetheryouunderstandsomethingbutwhetheryou’refamiliarwithit.What’sNewton’ssecondlaw?YousayF=ma,andyougetanA.ThatdoesnotreflectadeepunderstandingofNewtonianmechanics.Scienceeducationisnotjustabodyoffacts;it’saprocess.Topresentitwithappealandexcitementyouneedtopictureitasadetectivestory—askingquestions,makingobservations,andcollectingevidence.Youtestandyoufailbut,youknow,failurecanleadtodiscovery.Anotherchallengewefaceisthatscienceisoftenviewedastoohard,forexpertsonly.ButIdon’tactuallythinkit’sthatdifficult.Peopleseescienceeveryday.Theylookoutsideandseeweatherandnature.Theypushabuttonintheirhouseandthelightsgoon.Everybody’sdealingwithscienceeveryday.Theyjustdon’tcallitthat.Andit’simportanttheydo.Infact,scienceisdeterminingthequalityandoutcomesoftheirlife.Scienceneedscreativity.Andoneofthebestwaystobecreativeistothink“outofthebox”.However,weneedmorecouragewhenwecometopractice.Takemeforexample.VeryearlyinmyteensIdecidedtoeducatemyself.IrealizedIwouldneverbeaverygoodstudentbecauseIdidn’tliketeachersjudgingmebywhatIthoughtwerearbitrary(主觀臆斷的)standards.IdecidedI’dlettheworldjudgemebywhetherIcoulddosomethingofvalue—solveaproblemorbuildsomething.That’swhyIquitschoolearlyandriskedeverythingtostartacompany.IriskedeverythingIhadbecauseIhadnothingtolose.I’dratherfailattryingtodosomethingreallybigthansucceedatbeingmedium.“When’stherightagetothinkcreatively?”youmayask.I’dsayinthewomb(母腹)!Kidsdon’thaveanxietiesabouttryingtoavoidfailure.Theyarefullofimaginationandmuchmorewillingtofail.Justwatcha3-year-old.Theytoucheverything,andifithurtstheydon’ttouchitagain.Theylearneverythingatabreathtakingrate.Starttothinkoutoftheboxasearlyasyoucan,becauseit’smorelikelytotakeyoutoplacesthatyoucan’tpredict,scheduleandbudgetfor.Doallthatwhenyoucanbeartheinsecurity.17.Theauthorbelievesthattheyactuallyhaveaproblemin________.A.theunderstandingofscience B.thesecurityofhisnationC.theglobalcompetitiveness D.thepresentsocialsystem18.Accordingtothepassage,scienceteachersshould________.A.trainstudents’memoryforrightfacts B.focusmoreonthelearningprocessC.presentinterestingdetectivestories D.abandonfrequentscienceexaminations19.Paragraph3indicatesthat_______.A.scienceisintendedforexpertsonly B.it’simportanttoseeweatherandnatureC.peoplecandeterminethequalityoflife D.weshouldrealizescienceisaroundus20.Theauthortakeshisownexampletosay________.A.schooleducationmaydolittlegoodtostudentsB.teacherssometimesjudgetheirstudentsunfairlyC.peopleneedtotakeanunusualpathtobecreativeD.failureatabigthingisbetterthanasmallsuccess21.What’sthetoneofthepassage?A.Questioning. B.Encouraging. C.Praising. D.Complaining.解題感悟：____________________________________________________________________________閱讀積累：underlinethewordsandphrasesinthepassagesandtrytogetthemeaningofthem.Ａ：fallvictimtochangescatchonＤ：becomeobsessedwith突破長(zhǎng)難句：１．Acafésocietywherenointellectualizingisallowed?Itcouldn’tseemmoreun-French.（Ａ）２．“Ifpeoplehadnormallives,thesecafeswould’texist”,shesays,”Iflifeweren’tabattle,peoplewouln’tneedaspecialplacejusttospeak.”Butthen,itwouldn’tbeFrance.（Ａ）３．Thequestionofwhetherourgovernmentshouldpromotescienceandtechnologyortheliberalarts(文科)inhighereducationisn’taneither/orproposition(命題)，althoughthecurrentemphasisonpreparingyoungAmericansforSTEM（science,technology,engineering,maths）-relatedfieldscanmakeitseemthatway.（Ｂ）４．Thelatestcongressionalreportacknowledgesthecriticalimportanceoftechnicaltraining,butalsostatesfirmlythatthestudyofthehumanitiesandsocialsciencesmustremaincentralcomponentsofAmerica’seducationalsystematalllevels.（Ｂ）５．“Majorinasubjectdesignedtogetyouajob”seemstheobviousanswertosome,thoughthisignoresthefactthatmanydisciplinesinthehumanitiescharacterizedas“soft”often,infact,leadtoemploymentandsuccessinthelongrun.（Ｂ）６．Theabilitytodrawuponeveryavailabletoolandinsight—pickedupfromscience,arts,andtechnology—tosolvetheproblemsofthefuture,andtakeadvantageoftheopportunitiesthatpresentthemselves,willbehelpfultothemandtheUnitedStates.（Ｂ）７．TheyareLondon-obsessed,andhavebeenslowtoappreciatethegrowingeconomicheftoftheold—whoareassumed,oftenwrongly,tostickwithproductstheylearnedtoloveintheiryouth.（Ｃ）８．IfIhadshotforaverageinsteadofperfect,Iwouldhavebeenabletofocusmoreontheclientinthemomentandthingswouldhaveturnedoutverydifferently.（Ｄ）９．Here’showBurnsputit:“Therearetwodoorstoenlightenment.Oneismarked,‘Perfection’andtheotherismarked,‘Average.’The‘Perfection’doorisfancyandattractive.Soyoutrytogothroughthe‘Perfection’doorandalwaysdiscoverabrickwallontheotherside.Ontheothersideofthe‘Average’door,incontrast,there’samagicgarden.Butitmayhaveneveroccurredtoyoutoopenthedoortotakealook.”（Ｄ）高三英語閱讀理解專題三議論文2如何破解長(zhǎng)難句一句話：“去掉定狀補(bǔ)，只留主加謂”。在一個(gè)句子中，主語和謂語是最重要的(系表結(jié)構(gòu)中的表語也很重要)，其他的定、狀、補(bǔ)等成分是相對(duì)次要的，只要抓住了句子的主干部分(主語和謂語)，這個(gè)句子的大意也就清楚了。如果想抓住句子主干，就要敢于大刀闊斧地“砍掉”句子的次要成分，簡(jiǎn)化句子。下面就是簡(jiǎn)化句子時(shí)需要注意的幾個(gè)主要方面：一、“專有名詞”不糾纏專有名詞包括人名、地名、機(jī)構(gòu)組織的名稱等，通常大寫，比較容易發(fā)現(xiàn)。它可能在句中充當(dāng)主語(需保留)、賓語(需保留)、介詞的賓語(可去掉)；從句中的主語或賓語等成分，在簡(jiǎn)化句子時(shí)，可視其充當(dāng)?shù)某煞譀Q定。對(duì)于需要保留的，在理解句意時(shí)，可只注意其核心詞或干脆跳過。二、“介詞短語”亦可簡(jiǎn)介詞是英語中常見的詞類，常接名詞、代詞或動(dòng)名詞構(gòu)成介詞短語，在句中作表語、定語、狀語和補(bǔ)足語。以常見的介詞in構(gòu)成的介詞短語為例：①Ourschoolisin_great_need_of_English_teachers.(作表語，簡(jiǎn)化時(shí)不可去掉)②Heisthebestteacherin_our_school.(作定語，簡(jiǎn)化時(shí)可去掉)③Thegirlin_redisAmy,whoturnsouttobeoneofmyoldclassmates.(作定語，簡(jiǎn)化時(shí)可去掉)④WeiMinzhikeptherstudentsin_the_classroomforanhour.(作補(bǔ)語，簡(jiǎn)化時(shí)可去掉)⑤HewasborninShanghaiin_1968.(作狀語，簡(jiǎn)化時(shí)可去掉)從上面的例子可以看出，介詞短語在句子中作表語，和系動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成系表結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)一般不可去掉；作其他成分時(shí)，一般可以去掉。因而，當(dāng)遇到包含介詞短語的復(fù)雜句子時(shí)，只要介詞短語不作句子的表語，就可以優(yōu)先去掉，以便抓住句子的主干。三、“連詞and”前后斷不要小瞧這個(gè)詞。一個(gè)and常會(huì)把本來很簡(jiǎn)單的句子變得很長(zhǎng)，使句子看上去很復(fù)雜。要簡(jiǎn)化and連接的并列句，關(guān)鍵是要找出and前后到底是哪兩部分有并列關(guān)系。閱讀中，and連接的最常見的結(jié)構(gòu)有以下幾種：and＋that從句，andtodo,anddoing,anddo。閱讀時(shí)，只要找出and后面的結(jié)構(gòu)，很快就可以根據(jù)平行并列結(jié)構(gòu)，找到前面對(duì)應(yīng)的部分，然后從and這個(gè)地方將句子斷開，這樣我們就可以很清晰地把握and前后兩層的意思了。需要提醒大家的是，有時(shí)and連接的是兩個(gè)以上的平行結(jié)構(gòu)，但and只在最后一個(gè)部分前出現(xiàn)，簡(jiǎn)化成分時(shí)要注意，不要有所遺漏。四、“句子重心”準(zhǔn)審辨一篇英語文章是有重心的，同樣，一個(gè)句子也有它的重心。中學(xué)階段，我們接觸到的長(zhǎng)難句多為主從復(fù)合句。在主從復(fù)合句中，主句往往可以獨(dú)立存在，而從句在主句中充當(dāng)某個(gè)句子成分。如何快速判斷出從句在主句中所充當(dāng)?shù)某煞?，從而?jiǎn)化句子呢？主從復(fù)合句可分為：主語從句、表語從句、賓語從句、同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句等。在簡(jiǎn)化句子時(shí)，一般可以簡(jiǎn)化掉的是同位語從句、定語從句和狀語從句。同位語從句修飾主句中的某個(gè)抽象名詞，定語從句用來修飾主句中的一個(gè)名詞、代詞或整個(gè)主句，它們都比較容易判斷。而狀語從句種類較多，可分為表示時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、比較、讓步和條件狀語從句，而且一般都有一定的關(guān)聯(lián)詞引導(dǎo)，因此找到關(guān)聯(lián)詞，就比較容易找到它們。[示例](2015·四川高考閱讀D)Theircheerysongbrightensmanyawinter’sday.Butrobinsareindangerofwearingthemselvesoutbysingingtoomuch.Robinsaresingingallnight—aswellasduringtheday,British-basedresearcherssay.DavidDominoni,ofGlasgowUniversity,saidthatlightfromstreetlamps,takeawaysignsandhomesisaffectingthebirds’biologicalclocks,leadingtothembeingwideawakewhentheyshouldbeasleep.分析：第二段是一個(gè)長(zhǎng)句，由32個(gè)單詞組成，命題人針對(duì)這句話出了下面這道題：42．AccordingtoDrDominoni’sstudy,whatcausesrobinstosingsomuch?A．Thebreedingseason.B．Thelightinmodernlife.C．Thedangerousenvironment.D．Thenoisefromheavymachinery.本題為細(xì)節(jié)理解題。首先，我們一起來簡(jiǎn)化一下這個(gè)長(zhǎng)句。去掉介詞短語“ofGlasgowUniversity”和“fromstreetlamps,takeawaysignsandhomes”以及結(jié)果狀語“l(fā)eadingtothem...beasleep”后，我們得到這樣一個(gè)句子：DavidDominonisaidthatlightisaffectingthebirds’biologicalclocks.這句話的意思就非常明確了，是燈光影響了鳥的生物鐘，故正確答案為B項(xiàng)。體驗(yàn)高考：A（2015江蘇高考）Supposeyoubecomealeaderinanorganization.It’sverylikelythatyou’llwanttohavevolunteerstohelpwiththeorganization’sactivities.Todoso,itshouldhelptounderstandwhypeopleundertakevolunteerworkandwhatkeepstheirinterestinthework. Let’sbeginwiththequestionofwhypeoplevolunteer.Researchershaveidentifiedseveralfactorsthatmotivatepeopletogetinvolved.Forexample,peoplevolunteertoexpresspersonalvaluesrelatedtounselfishness,toexpandtheirrangeofexperiences,andtostrengthensocialrelationships.Ifvolunteerpositionsdonotmeettheseneeds,peoplemaynotwishtoparticipate.Toselectvolunteers,youmayneedtounderstandthemotivationsofthepeopleyouwishtoattract. Peoplealsovolunteerbecausetheyarerequiredtodoso.Toincreaselevelsofcommunityservice,someschoolshavelaunchedcompulsoryvolunteerprograms.Unfortunately,theseprogramscanshiftpeople’swishofparticipationfromaninternalfactor(e.g.,"Ivolunteerbecauseit’simportanttome”)toanexternalfactor(e.g.,"IvolunteerbecauseI’mrequiredtodoso”).Whenthathappens,peoplebecomelesslikelytovolunteerinthefuture.Peoplemustbesensitivetothispossibilitywhentheymakevolunteeractivitiesamust. Oncepeoplebegintovolunteer,whatleadsthemtoremainintheirpositionsovertime?Toanswerthisquestion,research