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卡爾?馬克思生平
KarlHeinrichMarxwasbornonMay5th,1818inthecityofTrier,Germanytoa
comfortablemiddle-class,Jewishfamily.Hisfather,alawyerandardentsupporter
ofEnlightenmentliberalism,convertedtoLutheranismwhenMarxwasonlyaboyin
ordertosavethefamilyfromthediscriminationthatPrussianJewsenduredatthe
time.Marxenjoyedabroad,seculareducationunderhisfather,andfoundan
intellectualmentorinFreiherrLudwigvonWestphalen,aPrussiannoblemanwithwhom
Marxdiscussedthegreatliteraryandphilosophicalfiguresofhisday.Notably,
itwasWestphalenwhointroducedtheyoungMarxtotheideasoftheearlyFrench
socialistSaint-Simon.
AsastudentinBonnandBerlin,Marxwasgreatlyinfluencedbythephilosophyof
Hegel.WhileMarxwasimpressedwiththeHegelianprofessorsunderwhomhestudied,
heultimatelyfoundhimselfattractedtoagroupofstudentsknownasthez/Young
Hegelians.z/Thisgroupofyoungiconoclasts,includingDavidStrauss,BrunoBauer,
andMaxStirner,wereinspiredbyHegelbutweredeterminedtochampionthemore
radicalaspectsoftheoldmaster,ssystem,Inparticular,theseLeftHegelians
calledintoquestiontheconservatismtheysawinHegeTsavowedpoliticaland
religiousphilosophies.AlthoughMarxdesiredacareerasanacademicatthetime,
hispoliticalsympathiespreventedhimfromreceivinganpositioninthe
state-controlleduniversitysystem.Instead,Marxturnedtojournalismwherehis
radicalpoliticsattractedtheattentionofPrussiancensors.Thepublicationfor
whichheworkedwasshutdownforitspoliticallyincorrectcommentary,andthe
frustratedMarxtraveledtoParis.
Parisin1843wasaninternationalcenterofsocial,political,andartisticactivity
andthegatheringplaceofradicalsandrevolutionariesfromalloverEurope.In
ParisMarxbecameinvolvedwithsocialistsandrevolutionariessuchasProudhonand
Bakunin.Mostsignificantly,though,itwasinParisthatMarxmetFriedrichEngels,
thesonofawealthytextilemanufacturerinEnglandwhohadbecomeasocialistafter
observingthedeplorableconditionofworkersinhisfather,sfactories.Together,
MarxandEngelsbegantodeveloptheideaswhichbecameRevoultionaryProletarian
Socialism,or,asitisbetterknown,Communism.Eventually,Marxwasexiledfrom
Francein1845atthebehestofthePrussiangovernmentforantiroyalistwritings.
AfterleavingParis,MarxtraveledtoBelgiumwherehebecameinvolvedwithagroup
ofartisanscallingthemselvestheCommunistLeague.In1847theCommunistLeague
commissionedMarxandEngelstopenastatementoftheirbeliefsandaims.This
statementbecametheCommunistManifesto,whichMarxzealouslycomposedin
anticipationtherevolutionsof1848.WhenrevolutiondidbegininGermanyin1848,
MarxtraveledtotheRhinelandtoencourageitsprogress.Whentherevolutionfailed,
MarxreturnedtoParisbutsoonleftforLondonwherehewouldremainfortherest
ofhislife.
1
MarxwaitedinLondonforthefiresofrevolutiontoigniteagain.Inpreparation
forthis,hespenthistimeincorrespondencewithrevolutionaryleadersonthe
Continent,ignoringtheEnglishChartistsandTradeUnionistswhomhethought
simplemindedandineffectual.Eventually,Marxrealizedthattherevolutionwasnot
imminent,andhewithdrewfromhisassociations,buryinghimselfintheBritish
Museumtoresearchthehistoryofclassconflict.Thefruitofthisresearchwas
Marx'sgreatDasKapital,thefirstvolumeofwhichwaspublishedin1867.
ThingsbegantoturnaroundforMarxin1863whenFrenchworkerstraveledtoEngland
inordertoestablishafederationofworkingmenpledgedtooverthrowtheeconomic
statusquo.AlthoughMarxdisagreedwithmanyoftheideologicalfactionsinthe
group,herecognizedthesignificanceofthiseventandlefthisself-imposedexile
tojointhem.Marxsuccessfullyinsinuatedhimselfintotheleadershipofthegroup,
nowknownastheInternational,anddeliveredhisfamousInauguralAddresstothe
FirstInternationalasatriumphantproclamationofhisprinciples.AtlastMarx
hadwhathehaddesiredsince1847;hehadprovidedtheintellectualfoundationfor
asocialistmovementoverwhichheexercisedfullorganizationalcontrol
Marx'ssatisfactionsoonended,however,astheParisCommuneof1871,thefirst
trueinstanceofworkersachievingpowerforthemselves,turnedintoabloody
disaster.ThemorepacifisticEnglishworkersbecamefrightenedandtheFrench
movementfelltoinfighting.TheanarchistsupportersofBakunintriedtowrest
controloftheInternationalfromMarx,andthestrugglebetweenMarxandthe
anarchistsfinallyleadtothedissolutionofthegroupin1876.
Inthefewremainingyearsofhislife,Marxwrotealmostnosignificantworks.His
statureastheformerleaderoftheInternational,though,didmakehimasought
afterresourcefornewrevolutionarygroupsthroughoutEuropeand,inparticular,
inRussia.AlthoughMarxhelpedthesenewleadersashecould,hedidnottakeon
anyleadershiprolesinanymovementagain.MarxdiedinLondonin1883,still
awaitingtheinevitablerevolutionwhichhehadpredicted.
AbouttheCommunistManifesto
In1846KarlMarxwasexiledfromParisonaccountofhisradicalpolitics.Hemoved
toBelgiumwhereheattemptedtoassemblearagtaggroupofexiledGermanartisans
intoanunifiedpoliticalorganization,theGermanWorkingMen'sAssociation.Marx,
awareofthepresenceofsimilarorganizationsinEngland,calledthesegroups
togetherforameetinginthewinterof1847.UnderMarx'sinfluencethisassemblage
ofworking-classpartiestookthename〃TheCommunistLeague,z/discussingtheir
grievanceswithcapitalismandpotentialmethodsofresponse.Whilemostofthe
delegatestothisconferenceadvocateduniversalbrotherhoodasasolutiontotheir
economicproblems,Marxpreachedthefieryrhetoricofclasswarfare,explaining
2
tothemesmerizedworkersthatrevolutionwasnotonlythesoleanswertotheir
difficultiesbutwasindeedinevitable.TheLeague,completelytakenwithMarx,
commissionedhimtowriteastatementoftheircollectiveprinciples,astatement
whichbecameTheCommunistManifesto.
Aftertheconference,MarxreturnedtoBrussels,carryingwithhimadeclaration
ofsocialismpennedbytwodelegates,thelonecopyofTheCommunistJournal,the
publicationoftheLondonbranchoftheCommunistLeague,andastatementof
principleswrittenbyEngels.AlthoughMarxfollowedEngel,sprinciplesveryclosely,
theManifestoisentirelyofhisownhand.Marxwrotefuriously,butjustbarely
madethedeadlinetheLeaguehadsetforhim.TheManifestowaspublishedinFebruary
1848andquicklypublishedsoastofantheflamesofrevolutionwhichsmoldered
ontheContinent.WhenrevolutionbrokeoutinGermanyinMarch1848,Marxtraveled
totheRhinelandtoputhistheoryintopractice.Whenthisrevolutionwassuppressed,
MarxfledtoLondonandtheCommunistLeaguedisbanded,theManifestoitsonlylegacy
totheworld.
TheManifestohaslivedalongandillustriouslife.Whileitwashardlynoticed
amongstthecrowdedfieldofpamphletsandtreatisespublishedin1848,ithashad
amoreprofoundeffectontheintellectualandpoliticalhistoryoftheworldthan
anysingleworkinthepast150years.Ithasinspiredthecommunistpoliticalsystems
whichrulednearlyhalftheworld,spopulationatitsheightanddefinedthechief
ideologicalconflictofthesecondhalfofthetwentiethcentury,alteringeventhose
countrieswhichstoodfirmlyagainstcommunism,e.g.WesternEuropeanandAmerican
WelfareStates.Intellectually,Marx'sworkhasprofoundlyinfluencednearlyevery
fieldofstudyfromthehumanitiestothesocialsciencestothenaturalsciences.
ItishardtoimagineanareaofserioushumaninquirywhichMarxismhasnottouched.
ButevenintheenormousbodyofworkrelatedtoMarxism,TheManifestoisundoubtedly
unique.Evenatitsshortlength(only23pagesatitsfirstprinting),itisthe
onlyfullexpositionofhisprogramthatMarxwrote.AndwhileMarxdevelopedhis
viewsthroughouthiscareer,heneverdepartedfarfromtheoriginalprinciples
outlinedtherein.TheManifestois,withoutadoubt,Marx'smostenduringliterary
legacy,settinginmotionamovementwhichhas,althoughnotinexactlythewayMarx
predicted,radicallychangedtheworld.AsMarxfamouslyassertedinhisTheseson
Feuerbach,〃Thephilosophershaveinterpretedtheworldinmanyways.Whatmatters
ischangingit.〃Noonehasepitomizedthisasmuchashe.
卡爾?馬克思
全世界無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)的偉大導(dǎo)師和領(lǐng)袖,馬克思主義的創(chuàng)始人。生于普魯士萊茵省特里爾城一個(gè)
猶太人律師家庭。曾先后就學(xué)于波恩大學(xué)和柏林大學(xué)法律系,重點(diǎn)學(xué)習(xí)歷史和哲學(xué),獲哲學(xué)
博士位。在學(xué)期間參加青年黑格爾派,主張激進(jìn)的無(wú)神論。1842年起擔(dān)任《萊茵報(bào)》撰稿
人,10月任主編。在此期間通過(guò)寫(xiě)報(bào)紙?jiān)u論,對(duì)反動(dòng)政府進(jìn)行了深刻揭露,思想開(kāi)始從唯
3
心主義立場(chǎng)轉(zhuǎn)向唯物主義,從革命民主主義轉(zhuǎn)向共產(chǎn)主義。1843年《萊茵報(bào)》被查封,馬
克思和燕妮?威斯特華倫結(jié)婚并遷居巴黎,開(kāi)始同德國(guó)、法國(guó)秘密工人社團(tuán)建立聯(lián)系,經(jīng)常
參加工人、手工業(yè)者的集會(huì),開(kāi)展對(duì)政治經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、空想社會(huì)主義和歷史的研究。1844年初
創(chuàng)辦《德法年鑒》,發(fā)表《黑格爾法哲學(xué)批判導(dǎo)言》《論猶太人問(wèn)題》等文章,第一次指出無(wú)
產(chǎn)階級(jí)是唯一能消滅剝削制度的階級(jí),工人運(yùn)動(dòng)必須與科學(xué)的世界觀相結(jié)合;主張“對(duì)現(xiàn)存
的一切進(jìn)行無(wú)情的批判”,尤其是“武器的批判”。這些文章和當(dāng)時(shí)給阿?盧格的幾封信,標(biāo)
志著馬克思世界觀的轉(zhuǎn)變已經(jīng)完成。
1844年8月底,馬克思和恩格斯在巴黎會(huì)見(jiàn),從此他們?yōu)闊o(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)解放事業(yè)并肩戰(zhàn)斗到終
生。他們首先共同系統(tǒng)地研究科學(xué)的新世界觀。第一個(gè)成果是《神圣家族》,批判了青年黑
格爾派主要代表人物布魯諾?鮑威爾等的唯心主義哲學(xué),闡述了人民群眾是歷史的創(chuàng)造者這
一歷史唯物主義的基本原理。1844年,馬克思又寫(xiě)了《經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)-哲學(xué)手稿》。1845年,因從
事革命活動(dòng),被法國(guó)政府驅(qū)逐出境,遷居比利時(shí)首都布魯塞爾,寫(xiě)出著名的《關(guān)于費(fèi)爾巴哈
的提綱》,不久,又與恩格斯合寫(xiě)了《德意志意識(shí)形態(tài)》,進(jìn)一步在批判青年黑格爾派的基礎(chǔ)
上闡明了新世界觀的理論,特別是歷史唯物主義的一些基本原理,第一次提出了無(wú)產(chǎn)階級(jí)奪
取政權(quán)的歷史任務(wù)。1846年,與恩格斯一起創(chuàng)立了共產(chǎn)主義通訊委員會(huì)和德意志工人協(xié)會(huì),
批判了蒲魯東主義、魏特林平均共產(chǎn)主義和“真正的”社會(huì)主義。1847年發(fā)表《哲學(xué)的貧
困》,同年加入共產(chǎn)主義者同盟。1847年12月一一1848年月,參加了同盟第二次代表大會(huì),
并受大會(huì)委托,同恩格斯一起起草了同盟的綱領(lǐng),這
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