版權(quán)說明:本文檔由用戶提供并上傳,收益歸屬內(nèi)容提供方,若內(nèi)容存在侵權(quán),請(qǐng)進(jìn)行舉報(bào)或認(rèn)領(lǐng)
文檔簡(jiǎn)介
RenewableEnergyandJobs
AnnualReview2024
1
millionjobsin2023
InCollaborationwith
6.
?IRENA2024
Unlessotherwisestated,materialinthispublicationmaybefreelyused,shared,copied,reproduced,printedand/orstored,providedthatappropriateacknowledgementisgivenofIRENAasthesourceandcopyrightholder.Materialinthispublicationthatisattributedtothirdpartiesmaybesubjecttoseparatetermsofuseandrestrictions,andappropriatepermissionsfromthesethirdpartiesmayneedtobesecuredbeforeanyuseofsuchmaterial.
ISBN:978-92-9260-627-5
Citation:IRENAandILO(2024),Renewableenergyandjobs:Annualreview2024,InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency,AbuDhabi,andInternationalLabourOrganization,Geneva.
ABOUTIRENA
TheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA),aglobalinter-governmentalorganisationestablishedin2011,istheworld’sprincipalplatformforco-operationtoadvancethetransformationoftheglobalenergysysteminpursuitofsustainabledevelopment,energyaccess,energysecurity,andlow-carboneconomicgrowthandprosperity.Servingasacentreofexcellenceandrepositoryofknowledge,IRENApromotestheadoptionandsustainableuseofallformsofrenewableenergy,includingbioenergy,geothermal,hydropower,ocean,solarandwindenergy.
ABOUTILO
TheonlytripartiteUNagency,theInternationalLabourOrganization(ILO)has,since1919,broughttogethergovernments,employersandworkersin187MemberStatestosetlabourstandards,developpoliciesanddeviseprogrammespromotingdecentworkforallwomenandmen.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ThisreportwasdevelopedundertheguidanceofRaulAlfaro-Pelico(Director,IRENAKnowledge,PolicyandFinanceCentre),andauthoredbyMichaelRennerandCeliaGarcía-Ba?os(IRENA)andArslanKhalid(consultant).
HydropowerjobestimatesarebasedonstatisticsprovidedbyDennisAkande(IRENA)withmodellingcontributedbyMaximilianBanningandPhilipUlrich(GesellschaftfürWirtschaftlicheStrukturforschung).
IRENAexpressesgratitudeforvaluablecontributions(Chapter3)fromcolleaguesattheILO,includingCasperEdmonds,MoustaphaKamalGueye,JoseLuisViverosA?orve,CamilaPereiraRegoMeireles,OlgaStrietska-IlinaandHaeKyeungChun,andfromDianaJunqueraCuriel(IndustriALL).
TheauthorsalsothankIRENAnationalfocalpointsforcountrydata,RenataGrisoli(UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme)fordataonBrazil’sbioethanolworkforce,andSultanMollov(IRENA)forresearchonUSpoliciesundertheJustice40initiative.TheauthorsaregratefultoRabiaFerroukhi(InternationalNetworkforEnergyTransitionThinkTanks)forherpeerreview,andtoPaulKomorforhistechnicalreview.
PublicationsandeditorialsupportwereprovidedbyFrancisFieldandStephanieClarke.ThereportwaseditedbyStevenKennedy.CarenWeeksproducedthefinalreportdesign.
Forfurtherinformationortoprovidefeedback,gotopublications@.Downloadfrom
/publications
DISCLAIMER
Thispublicationandthematerialhereinareprovided“asis”.AllreasonableprecautionshavebeentakenbyIRENAtoverifythereliabilityofthematerial.However,neitherIRENAnoranyofitsofficials,agents,dataprovidersorotherthird-partycontentprovidersprovideawarrantyofanykind,eitherexpressedorimplied,andtheyacceptnoresponsibilityorliabilityforanyconsequenceofuseofthepublication.TheinformationcontainedhereindoesnotnecessarilyrepresenttheviewsoftheMembersofIRENA.
ThementionofspecificcompaniesorcertainprojectsorproductsdoesnotimplythattheyareendorsedorrecommendedbyIRENAinpreferencetoothersofasimilarnaturethatarenotmentioned.ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialhereindonotimplytheexpressionofanyopiniononthepartofIRENAconcerningthelegalstatusofanyregion,country,territory,cityorarea,ortheauthoritiesthereof,orconcerningthedelimitationoffrontiersorboundaries.
3
IRENA
InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency
FOREWORD
Theexistentialthreattohumanwellbeingposedbyclimatechangebecomesclearereachyear.Yetthecollectiveactionneededtoconfrontthischallengeremainsinadequate,hinderedbypoliticsanddisagreements,growinginequalityandsocio-economicuncertainty.Together,thesearecreatingafearofchange.
Theenergytransitionmustbebasedontheunderstandingthathumanandenvironmentalwell-beingareintrinsicallylinked.Environmental,socialandeconomicconsiderationsmustgohand-in-hand.Governments,employers,workersandcivilsocietymustworktogether,proactively,usingsocialdialoguetoensurethatallvoicesareheard.
Ajusttransitionmeansnotonlymarshallingthenecessaryfinancialresourcesanddevelopingnewtechnologies,itmustalsoensurethetransitionyieldstangiblebenefitsforall.Inclusionandequalityareessentialcomponents.
Sinceitsinception,thisreportserieshasillustratedtheimportanceofensuringtheenergytransitiondeliverssocio-economicbenefitsanddecentworkinwaysthatarebothinclusiveandjust.Thislatesteditionaddstoourknowledgeofemploymentinthegrowingrenewableenergysector,byprovidingthelatestglobaldataandestimatesfromaroundtheworld,andbyhighlightingthecomprehensivepolicychoicesthatshapejobcreationbothtodayandinthefuture.Itfindsthattherearecurrentlyatleast16.2millionrenewableenergyjobsworldwide.
IRENAismonitoringprogresstowardtheglobalgoaloftriplingrenewablepowercapacityby2030,adoptedatCOP28.Fulfillingthisobjectivewillcreatemanymorejobsintheyearstocome.Yetitisnotenoughtofocusonthenumbersalone.Thebackboneoftheenergytransitionhastobeawell-skilledworkforce.
The111thSessionoftheInternationalLabourConferencein2023emphasisedthatskillsdevelopmentisakeyenablerofajusttransition.Itfollowsthat,collectively,wemustenhanceeducationandtrainingfornewlabourmarketentrantsandensurethatexistingworkershaveopportunitiesforreskillingandupskilling.Thisreportincludesachapterdedicatedtothisimportantissue.
Theenergytransitionmustbedeliveredbyaworkforcethatisdiverse,withampleopportunitiesforwomen,youth,andmembersofminorityanddisadvantagedgroups.Attractive,productiveanddecentjobsmustbecreated,offeringgoodpay,safeworkingconditionsandrespectforworkers’rights.Furthermore,thetransitionshouldchampionequityandsocialjusticeandensurethatcommunitiesacrosstheworldgainafairshareofthejobsandincomesgenerated.
ThemandatesofIRENAandILOplacethemattheintersectionofthesecrucialeconomicandenergyissues.Weareproudtoworktogethertobringourjointexpertiseandresourcestobearonthesepressing,multi-facetedpriorities,andremaincommittedtosupportingajust,inclusiveandsustainableenergytransition.
FrancescoLaCamera
Director-General
InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency
GilbertF.Houngbo
Director-General
InternationalLabourOrganization
TABLEOF
CONTENTS
Foreword 03
Abbreviations 07
AbouttheIRENARenewableenergy
andjobsseries 08
KEYNUMBERSANDMESSAGES 10
Introduction:Dynamicsofthe
renewableenergyindustry 12
?nattrass/
TABLEOFCONTENTS
CHAPTER1
RENEWABLEENERGYEMPLOYMENT
WORLDWIDEANDBYTECHNOLOGY 18
1.1Solarphotovoltaic 21
1.2Wind 24
1.3Hydropower 26
1.4Liquidbiofuels 28
1.5Concentratedsolarpower 30
1.6Decentralisedrenewables 32
1.7Heatpumps 35
CHAPTER2
RENEWABLEENERGYJOBSIN
SELECTEDCOUNTRIES 36
2.1China 39
2.2Brazil 43
2.3UnitedStates 45
2.4India 50
2.5Europe 52
2.6Othercountries 60
CHAPTER3
SKILLSFORAJUSTENERGYTRANSITION 66
3.1Theenergytransitionandits
implicationsforskillsdevelopment 68
3.2Keyskillschallengesfortherenewable
energyindustry 71
3.3Policyrecommendations 72
CHAPTER4
THEIMPORTANCEOFAPEOPLE-AND
PLANET-CENTREDENERGYTRANSITION 76
References...............................84
5
TABLEOFCONTENTS
Figures
Figure1Globalrenewableelectricitycapacity,
2010-2023 13
Figure2SolarPV(2a)andwind(2b)capacities,
Chinaandothertop10countries,plus
restoftheworld:Newadditionsand
cumulativecapacitiesasof2023 14
Figure3Evolutionofglobalrenewable
energyemploymentbytechnology,
2012-2023 19
Figure4Globalrenewableenergyemployment,
bytechnology,2023 20
Figure5Solarphotovoltaicemployment
in2023:Toptencountries 22
Figure6Windemploymentin2023:
Toptencountries 25
Figure7Worldrenewablehydropower
capacityadditions(GW),2013-2023 26
Figure8Hydropoweremployment
(directjobs),bycountry,2023 27
Figure9Liquidbiofuelsemploymentin2023:
Toptencountries 28
Figure10Distributionoflabour(a)andskills(b)
requiredalongthevaluechainfor
thedevelopmentofa100MW
+10-hourTESCSPplant 30
Figure11Renewableenergyemploymentin
selectedcountriesandregions 37
Figure12China’ssolarPVmoduleexports(GW)
bymaindestinations,2017-2023 41
Figure13Frameworkconditionsfora
successfulenergytransition 77
Figure14Divergingobjectivesofthe
energytransition:Implications
forjobsandjobquality 79
Tables
Table1Estimateddirectandindirectjobs
inrenewableenergyworldwide,
byindustry,2023(inthousands) 38
Table2EUcleanenergyequipmentmanufacturing
capacityandEUproductionasa
percentageofEUmarketdemand 52
Boxes
Box1UnitedStates:Ensuringbenefitsfor
disadvantagedcommunities 49
6
Abbreviations
CRESChinaRenewableEnergySociety
CSPconcentratedsolarpower
DOEDepartmentofEnergy[UnitedStates]
DREdecentralisedrenewableenergy
EUEuropeanUnion
EU2727MemberStatesoftheEuropeanUnion
FTEfull-timeequivalentGWgigawatt
ILOInternationalLabourOrganizationMWmegawatt
O&Moperationandmaintenance
PVphotovoltaic
REIPPPPRenewableEnergyIndependentPowerProducerProcurementProgramme
(SouthAfrica)
SMEssmallandmedium-sizedenterprises
STEMscience,technology,engineeringand
mathematics
TVETtechnicalandvocationaleducation
andtraining
USEERUSEnergyandEmploymentReport
?QualityStockArts/
7
RENEWABLEENERGYANDJOBSANNUALREVIEW2024
?RossHelen/i
ABOUTTHEIRENA
RENEWABLEENERGYANDJOBSSERIES
Renewableenergydevelopmentnotonlychangesthemixofenergysourcespoweringtheworld’seconomies,butalsocreatesjobs,buildseconomicvalueandenhanceshumanwell-being.TheIRENARenewableenergyandjobsseriesquantifiescurrentemploymentinthesector,examiningdifferentrenewableenergytechnologiesworldwideandinselectedindividualcountries.Theanalysisconsidersavarietyofpublicandprivatesectorpolicycontexts,includingthoserelatedtodeployment,industrialpolicy,skillbuildingandlabourmarketmeasures.Whileavailablequalitativeinformationaboutrenewableenergyjobs,suchaseducation,skillrequirementsandworkforceattributes,remainslimited,theseriesassertsthatdecentjobsareamustforajustandinclusiveenergytransition.
IRENA’s2011policybrief,Renewableenergyjobs:Status,prospects&policies,laidthegroundworkfortheagency’sworkonemployment.Buildingonadditionalstandaloneexplorationsofthetopic(Renewableenergyjobsandaccess,publishedin2012,andRenewableenergyandjobs,in2013),IRENAlaunchedthisannualseriestoprovideregularanddetailedassessmentsofrenewableenergyemploymentworldwide.Eacheditiondiscussesthelatestavailabledataandhighlightsspecificaspects,suchasemploymentintheenergyaccesscontext,thegenderequitydimensionandtherequirementsofajustandinclusivetransition.
TheseriesispartofIRENA’sextensiveanalyticalwork,ongoingsince2011,onthesocio-economicimpactsofarenewables-basedenergytransition,includingemploymentcreation;leveragingofdomesticcapacitiesalongtherenewableenergyvaluechain;women’sparticipationintherenewableenergysector;educationandtrainingneedsandopportunities;andthemodellingoftheimpactonjobs,grossdomesticproductandhumanwelfareofenergytransitionpathwaysto2050.
8
Annualreviewsofemploymentinrenewables
RenewableEnergyandJobs
December2013
2011201220132014201520162017
20182019
20202021
2023
2024
2022
Theagency’spublicationsonrenewableenergyemploymentanditscomprehensiveresearchonsocio-economicimpactscanbeaccessedbyvisiting
/Publications
.
9
KEYNUMBERS
million
16.2
globalrenewableenergyjobsin2023,upfrom13.7millionin2022.Chinaalonehas7.4millionjobs,or46%oftheglobaltotal.TheEuropeanUnion(EU)has1.8millionjobs,Brazil1.6million,andtheUnitedStatesandIndiaeachslightly
morethan1million.
7.1millionsolarphotovoltaic
(PV)jobsin2023,representing44%oftheworld’stotalrenewableenergyworkforce.
Chinadominateswith4.6millionjobs,whiletheEUisadistantsecondwith720000jobs.
2.3milliondirectjobsin
hydropowerin2023,down4%from2022,reflectingaslowerpaceinnewadditions.
2.8millionbiofuelsjobsin
2023.Thebulkisintheagriculturalsupplychain,includingseasonalandpart-timework.Brazil
hasthelargestnumberofjobs,at994000,followedbyIndonesia,at798600.
1.5millionwindpowerjobs
in2023.Chinaleadswith745000jobs,while
second-rankedEurope–stillatechnologyleader–hassome316300jobs.
?sturti/
10
InternationalRenewableEnergyAgency
KEYMESSAGES
THEDOMINANTROLEOFLEADINGCOUNTRIES.
Chinaholdsawideningleadinthedeploymentofrenewablesanddominatesequipment
manufacturing.Othercountries,suchastheUnitedStates,India,BrazilandmembersoftheEU,areimportantinstallers,andtheyseektobuildorrebuilddomesticsupplychainstosupport
greaterdomesticvaluecreation.
SKILLS.Askilledworkforceisessentialforasuccessfulenergytransitionandof
particularsignificanceforyoungpeople.Educationandtrainingdomorethanmakeindividualsmoreemployable.Skillsdevelopmentandlifelonglearningarestrategicimperativesformeetingclimateobjectivesandensuringajusttransition.
DIVERSITY.Womencouldplayapivotalroleinthescalingupofrenewables,
especiallyoff-gridtechnologies.Theexpansionofthesetechnologies–forexample,solarPV
systems,whichsupportentrepreneurship,especiallyinunderservedandremoteareas–canhelpwomenfindemploymentandearnanincome.Beyondgender,verylittleinformationisavailableformostcountriesonindicatorsofworkforcediversity.
APEOPLE-ANDPLANET-CENTRICENERGY
TRANSITION.Theglobaltransitiontocleanenergyisshapedbyamultitudeofpublicpoliciesandprivatesectoractivitiesthat,togetherwithcivilsocietyactions,mustseektobalanceenvironmental,economicandsocialsustainability.Whilemarketscanbehelpfulindrivingtechnologicalchange,theglobalcommongoodisnottheirprimarymotivation;indeed,therearetrade-offsbetweenthepursuitofprofitsandtheobjectiveofajustandinclusive
energytransitionthatprovideswidelysharedbenefits.
11
RENEWABLEENERGYANDJOBSANNUALREVIEW2024
Introduction
DYNAMICSOF
THERENEWABLE
ENERGYINDUSTRY
Renewables-relatedemploymentisshapedbytwomajorfactors:(1)theannualrhythmofglobaldeploymentsofgeneratingcapacityand(2)thedynamicsoftheindustriesthatmanufactureequipment(fromsolarpanelsandwindturbinestohydroelectricturbinesandbiodigesters)andprovideahostofrelatedservices(suchasprojectplanning,permittingandfinancing).
Worldwide,some473gigawatts(GW)ofnewrenewableelectricitygenerationcapacitywereinstalledin2023.Cumulativecapacityreached3865GW,a14%expansionover2022andthelargestannualadditionrecordedtodate(seeFigure1).Arecord347GWofsolarphotovoltaic(PV)capacitywereadded.Withacumulative1411GWofcapacity,solarPVnowexceedsthemoreslowlyexpandinghydropowersector(1265GW).Windpowerranksthirdwith1017GW,ofwhich115GWwereaddedin2023.Theinstalledgeneratingcapacityofallotherrenewableenergytechnologiesaccountsforamuchsmallershare,withbioenergycontributing149GW(IRENA,2024a).
Outsidetheelectricitygenerationsector,cumulativesolarthermalcapacityhadrisento560gigawattsthermalbytheendof2023,correspondingto800millionsquaremetresofcollectorarea.Between2000and2023,thiscapacityexpandedaboutnine-fold,althoughannualadditionsinthelasttenyearsoftheperiodwerelessthanhalfthepeakraterecordedin2013(WeissandSp?rk-Dür,2024).Liquidbiofuelproductionreached170billionlitresin2022,upfrom162billionlitresin2021.Ethanolaccountedforclosetotwo-thirdsofthetotal(REN21,2024).
INTRODUCTION
Figure1
Globalrenewableelectricitycapacity,2010-2023
GW
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
RENA
InterntionclRenewbleEnerYAency
Othersc
Bioenergya
Solar
photovoltaic
Windenergy
Hydropowerb
20102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023
Source:IRENA,2024a.
Notes:PV=photovoltaic.
aIncludesliquidbiofuels,solidbiomassandbiogas.bDirectjobsonly.
c“Others”includesgeothermalenergy,concentratedsolarpower,heatpumps(groundbased),municipalandindustrialwaste,andoceanenergy.
GW
347
ofsolarphotovoltaiccapacitywereaddedin2023.
?Jenson/shutter
13
14
RENEWABLEENERGYANDJOBSANNUALREVIEW2024
Figure2SolarPV(2a)andwind(2b)capacities,Chinaandothertop10countries,plusrestof
theworld:Newadditionsandcumulativecapacitiesasof2023
Additions
4.1%Germany3.5%Brazil
2.8%India1.6%Spain
1.5%Italy
1.2%Netherlands1.2%Japan
1.1%Australia
China
62.8%
UnitedStates7.2%
Allothers13.1%
Cumulative
China
43.2%
UnitedStates
9.8%
Allothers18.9%
6.2%Japan
5.8%Germany5.2%India
2.4%Australia2.1%Italy
2.0%Spain
2.7%Brazil
InternctionclRenewbeEnerYAgency
1.9%Rep.ofKorea
2.4%India
1.7%Sweden
1.7%Netherlands
5.5%UnitedStates4.3%Brazil
2.8%Germany
1.5%Canada
Additions
1.3%Unit.Kingdom1.2%France
China
65.5%
Allothers12.1%
Cumulative
China
43.4%
United
States
14.6%
Allothers16.4%
6.8%Germany4.4%India
3.1%Spain
3.0%Unit.Kingdom2.9%Brazil
2.2%France
1.7%Canada1.6%Sweden
Source:IRENA,2024a.
Note:PV=photovoltaic;Rep.ofKorea=RepublicofKorea;Unit.Kingdom=UnitedKingdom.
15
?Jenson/shutter
INTRODUCTION
Renewableenergyisexpanding
aroundtheworld.
Renewableenergyisexpandingunevenlyaroundtheworld.Chinainvestsfarmoreinrenewablesthananyothercountryorregion.Over2014-2023,ChinainvestedUSD1572billioninrenewableenergy,oralmostthreetimesasmuchastheUnitedStates(USD550billion)andtwiceasmuchasEurope(USD785billion),whilesurpassingotherpartsoftheworldbyevengreatermargins(REN21,2024).
Chinanotonlyleadsasaninstallerofgeneratingcapacitybutisalsothedominantequipmentmanufacturerinthetwomostdynamicrenewableenergysectors,windandsolarPV.Mostothercountriesareonamuchslower,andoftenlesssteady,deploymenttrajectory.In2023,closetotwo-thirdsoftheworld’snewwindandsolarPVcapacity(65.5%and62.8%,respectively)wereinstalledinChina(IRENA,2024a).AsshowninFigure2,Chinanowaccountsforabout43%oftheglobalcumulativecapacityofbothwindandsolarPV–ahugerisefrom2010,whenithelda16%shareofwindandjust2.6%ofsolarPV.Puttingthesepercentagesincontext,theyfarexceedChina’sshareoftheworldpopulation(justunder20%),althoughtheystillfallbelowthecountry’s53%shareofglobalcoal-firedgeneratingcapacity(Russell,2024).
China’scumulativesolarPVcapacityismorethanfourtimesthatoftheUnitedStatesand1.5timesasmuchastherestofthetoptencountries.Similarly,ChinahasthreetimesthewindgeneratingcapacityoftheUnitedStatesandholdsacommandingleadovertherestofthetopten(IRENA,2024a).
RENEWABLEENERGYANDJOBSANNUALREVIEW2024
Iftheenvisagedtriplingofrenewablepowergeneratingcapacityby2030,asendorsedatthe2023UnitedNationsClimateChangeConference(COP28)(COP28,IRENAandGRA,2023),istooccurinageographicallybalancedmanner,countriesotherthanChinawillhavetosignificantlystepuptheirefforts.Theneededaccelerationoftheenergytransitionridesonmuchgreatervolumesofpublicandprivateinvestment,andrequiresgovernmentstoprovidestrongpolicyguidance.
Asarguedinpreviouseditionsofthisreportseries,thehumansideoftheenergytransitionisasessentialasitstechnologicalside.Atrulysuccessfultransitionwillrequireprogrammesandstructurestofacilitatetheskillingofnewworkersandtheupskillingandreskillingofexistingworkersforawidevarietyofoccupations.Toensurebroadpublicacceptanceandsupport,women,youth,communitygroups,organisedlabourandotherstakeholders–suchasminoritiesandothermarginalisedgroups–musthaveanadequatevoiceinshapingthetransition.Atthesametime,thereisaneedtoensurethatindustrialisationinsupportofthetransitionismanagedsustainably.Thismeansnotonlythatpoliciesonrecyclingandreusewillbeneededtoavoidlarge-scalewasteflows,butalsothatworkerswillhavetobeprotectedfromexposuretotoxicmaterials.Theenergytransitionmustbecentredonpeopleandtheplanet.
Greaterinternationalcollaborationisessentialforensuringthatsocio-economicbenefitssuchasjobcreationarewidelyshared,especiallyinmarginalisedregions.Forexample,over2000-2020,Africareceivedaminuscule2%oftheglobe’stotalrenewableenergyinvestmentsofUSD2.8trillion(IRENAandCPI,2023),andthecontinentaccountsforlessthan1%oftheworld’ssolarPVandwindgeneratingcapacities(IRENA,2024a).Therealityisthatdespitehighresourcepotential,energyaccessinAfricaislowandtheneedfordecentjobsispalpable.
?SorosBanjongpian/iS
Thetriplingof
renewablepower
needstohappenina
geographicallybalanced
andplanet-andpeople-
centricmanner.
INTRODUCTION
?LaurenceDutton/
Theremainderofthisreportisorganisedasfollows:Chapter1presentsemploymenttrendsworldwideanddiscussesthembymajortechnology.InadditiontothehighlydynamicsolarPVandwindsectors,itlooksathydropowerandliquidbiofuels,andoffersinsightsonconcentratedsolarpoweranddecentralisedapplicationsofrenewablesandheatpumps.Chapter2providesthelatestfindingsonrenewableenergyjobsintheleadingcountries–China,Brazil,theUnitedStates,IndiaandEUmembers–andofferssnapshotsofseveraladditionalcountriesacrosstheworld.Chapter3discussestheimportanceofskillsforasuccessfulenergytransition.Chapter4concludeswithobservationsontwosets
oftransitionobjectives:thosethatseektoreducecostsandmaximiseprofitsandthoseinspiredbyapeople-andplanet-centredvision.Theobservationsfocusonthejob-relatedimpactsofbothsetsofpolicies.
17
RENEWABLEENERGYANDJOBSANNUALREVIEW2024
RENEWABLEENERGY
EMPLOYMENTWORLDWIDE
BYTECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER
1
ThiseditionoftheInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency’sRenewableEnergyandJobs–AnnualReviewistheeleventhintheseries,andthefourthproducedincollaborationwiththeInternationalLabourOrganization.Itprovidescurrentglobalrenewableenergyemploymentestimates,derivedbyapplyingIRENA’smethodologiesandcalculationstothemostrecentdata,andfromabroadassortmentofreportsandanalysespublishedbygovernmentagencies,industryassociations,non-governmentalorganisationsandacademicresearchers.
Thereportsurveysglobalrenewableenergyemploymentasof2023.1Againstthebackdropofequipmentmanufacturinganddeploymenttrends,industrydynamicsandnationalpolicymaking,itexploresjobnumbersandqualitativeaspectsoftherenewableenergysupplychain.
Theheadlinefindingofthiseditionisthatrenewableenergyemployed16.2millionpeopledirectlyandindirectlyin2023.2Thisnumberrepresentsadramaticrisefrom7.3millionin2012(seeFigure3),withthebiggestcontributionsfromsolarphotovoltaic(PV)installations,windpower,hydropowerandbioenergy.3
1Insomecases,2022isthemostrecentyearforwhichdataareavailable.
2Directemploymentreferstojobsgeneratedbycoreactivities,withoutaccountingforintermediateinputs
necessarytomanufacturerenewableenergyequipment,orconstructandoperatefacilities.Indirect
employmentincludesemploymentintheupstreamindustriesthatsupplyandsupportthecoreactivities
ofrenewableenergydeployment.Workersinsuchpositionsmaybeengagedintheproductionofsteel,
plasticsorothermaterials,orprovidefinancialandotherservices.Theseindustriesarenotdirectlyinvolvedinrenewableenergyactivitiesbutproduceintermediateinputsalongthevaluechainofeachrenewableenergytechnology.Dataareprincipallyfor2023,withsome2022dataandsomeinstanceswhereonlyinformation
fromearlieryearsisavailable.Thedataforhydropowerincludedirectemploymentonly,whereasdataforothertechnologiesincludebothdirectandindirect
溫馨提示
- 1. 本站所有資源如無特殊說明,都需要本地電腦安裝OFFICE2007和PDF閱讀器。圖紙軟件為CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.壓縮文件請(qǐng)下載最新的WinRAR軟件解壓。
- 2. 本站的文檔不包含任何第三方提供的附件圖紙等,如果需要附件,請(qǐng)聯(lián)系上傳者。文件的所有權(quán)益歸上傳用戶所有。
- 3. 本站RAR壓縮包中若帶圖紙,網(wǎng)頁(yè)內(nèi)容里面會(huì)有圖紙預(yù)覽,若沒有圖紙預(yù)覽就沒有圖紙。
- 4. 未經(jīng)權(quán)益所有人同意不得將文件中的內(nèi)容挪作商業(yè)或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文庫(kù)網(wǎng)僅提供信息存儲(chǔ)空間,僅對(duì)用戶上傳內(nèi)容的表現(xiàn)方式做保護(hù)處理,對(duì)用戶上傳分享的文檔內(nèi)容本身不做任何修改或編輯,并不能對(duì)任何下載內(nèi)容負(fù)責(zé)。
- 6. 下載文件中如有侵權(quán)或不適當(dāng)內(nèi)容,請(qǐng)與我們聯(lián)系,我們立即糾正。
- 7. 本站不保證下載資源的準(zhǔn)確性、安全性和完整性, 同時(shí)也不承擔(dān)用戶因使用這些下載資源對(duì)自己和他人造成任何形式的傷害或損失。
最新文檔
- 2024年重有色金屬礦產(chǎn):鋅礦項(xiàng)目發(fā)展計(jì)劃
- 2024年聚氨酯涂料項(xiàng)目建議書
- 2024年電網(wǎng)系統(tǒng)電力電纜項(xiàng)目建議書
- 2024年單一稀土氧化物及鹽類合作協(xié)議書
- 藥理學(xué)第二章 藥物代謝動(dòng)力學(xué)課件
- ENVI培訓(xùn)第二篇-遙感常規(guī)數(shù)據(jù)處理流程課件
- 2024年金屬非切削、成形加工機(jī)械項(xiàng)目建議書
- 部編版道德與法治八年級(jí)上冊(cè)第一單元 第二課《網(wǎng)絡(luò)生活新空間》檢測(cè)卷
- 承包山地合同書
- 2024年高分子粘接材料項(xiàng)目合作計(jì)劃書
- 滅火器檢查記錄表
- 267條表情猜成語(yǔ)【動(dòng)畫版】
- 六年級(jí)上冊(cè)數(shù)學(xué)直接得數(shù)習(xí)題
- WMO四年級(jí)初級(jí)測(cè)評(píng)專項(xiàng)訓(xùn)練
- 2021年新《建設(shè)工程施工合同司法解釋(一)》逐條解讀-3
- 青島版小學(xué)數(shù)學(xué)【三位數(shù)乘兩位數(shù)的筆算】教案
- 三國(guó)群英傳2-所有武將屬性
- 30萬噸年丙烷脫氫制丙烯生產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目課件
- 辦公大廈發(fā)單催款程序
- 干細(xì)胞招商話術(shù)-PPT幻燈片
- 銀行新核心系統(tǒng)賬務(wù)處理流程介紹課件
評(píng)論
0/150
提交評(píng)論