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G7COMPENDIUMOF
DIGITALGOVERNMENTSERVICES
REPORTPREPAREDFORTHE2024ITALIANG7PRESIDENCYANDTHEG7DIGITALAND
TECHWORKINGGROUP
15October2024
Thisreportpresentsexamplesofdigitalgovernmentservices,includingapproachestodigitalpublicinfrastructure,providedbyG7membersandUkraine,aimedatimprovingaccesstoandenhancingtheuserexperienceofpublicservices.Italsoexploreskeyenablers,suchasgovernmentstrategiesandleadership,alongwithhuman-centeredapproachestodesigningdigitalgovernmentservicesthatprioritisesusersandtheirrights,needsandpreferences.ThereportwaspreparedbytheOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)DirectorateforPublicGovernanceforthe2024ItalianG7PresidencyandtheG7DigitalandTechnologyWorkingGroup.ItwaslaunchedduringtheG7DigitalandTechnologyMinisterialMeetinginComo,Italy,on15October2024.
ThisworkispublishedundertheresponsibilityoftheSecretary-GeneraloftheOECD.TheopinionsexpressedandargumentsemployedhereindonotnecessarilyreflecttheofficialviewsofOECDmembercountries.
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?OECD,2024
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G7COMPENDIUMOFDIGITALGOVERNMENTSERVICES?OECD2024
Preface
Governmentscanleveragetransformativeinnovationsindigitaltechnologyanddatatoofferhigherqualityandmoreinclusivepublicservices,includingbringingthemdirectlyintopeople'shomes.Yet,digitalgovernmentisnotassimpleasmerelymovingpublicservicesontotheinternet.Thebestdigitalgovernmentapproachesacknowledgethecontinuingvalueofphysicalchannelsforprovidinggovernmentservices.Theyusetechnologyanddatatoenhance,ratherthanreplace,theseservicesandoperations.
ThiscompendiumsummarisesthestateofkeydigitalgovernmentinitiativesandapproachesamongstG7members.Ukrainewasalsoinvitedtocontributeselectedexamplesforthispublication,inrecognitionofthecountry’spioneeringworkindigitalgovernment.ThecompendiumillustratestheaccomplishmentsofG7members,andsupportsfurtherdialogueandinitiativesinthisarea.Policymakersacrossbordersareoftengrapplingwithsimilardigitalgovernmentchallenges,althoughcontextualdifferencesexist.Learningfrom–andbuildingupon–eachother’sexperiencesisthebestwaytoensureourrespectivedigitalgovernmentpracticeshavethegreatestpossiblebenefitsforpeople’slives.
WethanktheG7DigitalandTechWorkingGroupandtheG7membersfortheirrequesttoproducethiscompendium.WeparticularlythankrelevantministrieswithineachG7memberstate,theEuropeanCommission,andUkraine’sMinistryofDigitalTransformation,fortheirinputandcollaborationonthispaper.
Lookingahead,theneedforeffectivedigitalgovernmentapproacheswillonlygrow.Ascitizensincreasinglyembracedigitaltechnology,theywillexpecttheirgovernmentstodothesame.TheOECDandtheG7remaincommittedtohelpingcountriesimprovetheirdigitalgovernmentcapacity,andtopromotingdialogueandco-operationonthistopic.Wetrustthatthispublicationservesasahelpfultoolinthisregard.
MatthiasCormann
Secretary-GeneraloftheOECD
AlessioButti
UndersecretaryofStatetothe
PresidencyoftheCouncilofMinistersofItaly
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G7COMPENDIUMOFDIGITALGOVERNMENTSERVICES?OECD2024
Tableofcontents
Preface 2
Executivesummary 4
Introduction:DigitalgovernmentservicesacrosstheG7 5
Chapter1.Digitalidentitysolutionsforaccessingpublicservices 6
1.1.Singlesign-onandfederatedidentity 6
1.2.Electronicidentification(eID)cards 7
1.3.Digitalidentitywallets 8
Chapter2.Dataandinformationsharinginthepublicsector 10
2.1.Baseregistries 10
2.2.Opengovernmentdata 12
Chapter3.Otherdigitalgovernmentsystems,solutions,andinitiatives 14
3.1.Singledigitalgateways 14
3.2.Notificationservices 16
3.3.Digitalpayments 17
Chapter4.Enablers 19
4.1.Designingdigitalgovernmentservicesthatrespondtotheevolvingneedsofsociety 19
4.2.Improvingthegovernanceofdigitalgovernment 19
Chapter5.Thewayforward 23
References 24
AnnexA.DigitalgovernmentservicesacrosstheG7 25
Notes 27
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G7COMPENDIUMOFDIGITALGOVERNMENTSERVICES?OECD2024
Executivesummary
Governmentsplayacrucialroleinprovidingpublicservicesthatsupportthedailylivesofpeopleandbusinesses.Ascitizenexpectationsforgovernmentdigitalservicesrise,leveragingdigitaltechnologyanddatatoenhancethequality,effectiveness,andoverallexperienceoftheseservicesbecomesincreasinglyimportant.
Asuccessfuldigitaltransformationwillenablegovernmentstooperateefficientlyinthedigitalenvironmentanddeliverpublicservicesthataremorereliable,simpler,andeffective.Thistransformationcanfostergreatertrustingovernment,promotesocialinclusion,andsupportsustainableeconomicgrowth.Itisunderpinnedbyaparadigmshiftfrome-government(puttinggovernmentoperationsandservicesontheinternet)todigitalgovernment(usingdigitaltechnologiesanddatatoreshapeandimprovegovernmentoperationsandservices),asunderscoredbytheOECDRecommendationonDigitalGovernmentStrategies1.
ThiscompendiumwaspreparedbytheOECDDirectorateforPublicGovernanceattherequestoftheItalian2024G7PresidencyandG7memberstoinformdiscussionswithintheG7DigitalandTechnologyWorkingGroup.ThepurposeofthecompendiumistoshareexamplesofdigitalgovernmentservicesamongG7memberstoinformfutureworkwithintheG7andotherinternationalfora.AspartoftheG7’scloseengagementandsupportforthegovernmentofUkraine-aglobalfrontrunnerindigitalgovernment-thiscompendiumalsoshowcasesexamplesofdigitalgovernmentservicessharedbyUkraine’sMinistryofDigitalTransformation.
Thecompendiumshowsthatawiderangeofdigitalgovernmentservices,includingapproachestodigitalpublicinfrastructure,isbeingmadeavailablebyG7membersandUkrainetofacilitateaccesstoandimproveuserexperiencewithpublicservices,demonstratingtheircommitmenttoleveragingdigitaltechnologyforpublicbenefit.Whiledifferentapproachesandtailoredsolutionsarebeingemployedtoaccountfornationalcontexts,manysolutionsaddresscommonneedsinareassuchasdigitalidentityanddataandinformationsharing.Enablersofthesesolutionsincludehuman-centredapproachestothedesignanddeliveryofpublicservices,governanceofdigitalgovernment,andconcentratedeffortsoninteroperability.
Movingforward,G7memberscouldusethiscompendiumasaresourcetoinformdiscussionsondigitalgovernmentunderfuturepresidencies.AreasthatG7memberscouldprioritiseincludepublicsectordatasharingandinteroperability,digitaltalentandskillsinthepublicsector,aswellasensuringproactiveandresilientdigitalgovernmentservicesduringcrises.
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G7COMPENDIUMOFDIGITALGOVERNMENTSERVICES?OECD2024
Introduction:DigitalgovernmentservicesacrosstheG7
Inthe2024VeronaandTrentoDeclaration,G7DigitalMinistersacknowledgedthe“potentialofAIanddigitalsystemstohelpimprovegovernments’provisionofpublicservicesandtheongoinginternationaldiscussionsondifferentapproachestodigitalidentityandotherdigitalgovernmentservices,includingdigitalpublicinfrastructure(DPI),andthevalueofsharingexamples.”
ThisCompendiumwasdevelopedattherequestofthe2024ItalianG7PresidencyandG7memberstoprovideexamplesofdigitalgovernmentservices.Itincludesapproachestodigitalpublicinfrastructure,leveragedbyG7memberstofacilitateaccesstopublicservices.TheCompendiumcontributestoadvancingG7workondigitalgovernment,whichinvolvestheuseofdigitaltechnologiesanddata,asanintegratedpartofgovernments’modernizationstrategies,tocreatepublicvalue(OECD,2014[1]).
TheCompendiumisstructuredacrossfourareas:
?Digitalidentitysolutionsforaccessingpublicservices
?Dataandinformationsharinginthepublicsector
?Otherdigitalgovernmentsystems,solutions,andinitiatives
?Enablers
ExamplesweregatheredthroughashortquestionnairetoG7membersandUkraineinApril-May2024.Thefulllistofinitiativesandsolutionscapturedcanbeseenin
AnnexA.
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G7COMPENDIUMOFDIGITALGOVERNMENTSERVICES?OECD2024
Chapter1.Digitalidentitysolutionsforaccessingpublicservices
ThissectionshowcasesdigitalidentitysolutionsmadeavailablebyG7membersandUkrainethatenableaccesstopublicservices.Thesolutionsaregroupedintothreecategories:singlesign-onandfederatedidentitysolutions,electronicidentification(eID)cards,anddigitalidentitywallets.
1.1.Singlesign-onandfederatedidentity
MostG7membershavealreadyimplementedsinglesign-onorfederatedidentitysolutions,facilitatingstreamlinedaccesstoonlinegovernmentservices(seeexamplesin
Box1)
.Thesesolutionsallowuserstologintovariousgovernmentplatformsusingasinglesetofcredentials,eliminatingtheneedtomanagemultiplepasswords.Thistransitiontounifiedauthenticationmethodsnotonlyenhancesuserexperiencebutalsostrengthenssecuritymeasuresbyreducingthelikelihoodofpassword-relatedvulnerabilities.
Box1.Singlesign-onorfederatedidentitysolutions
UnitedKingdom’sGOV.UKOneLogin
GOV.UKOneLoginletscitizenssigninandprovetheiridentitysotheycanaccessgovernmentservicesquicklyandeasily.Itwillallowuserstoaccessanygovernmentserviceusingthesameemailaddressandpasswordandre-usetheircredentialstoaccessmultipleservices.CurrentlythirtygovernmentserviceshaveonboardedtoGOV.UKOneLogin.ByMarch2025,theprogrammeexpectstohaveonboardedatotalof145+publicservices.AllUKcitizensandresidentshavetheoptiontouseGOV.UKOneLogintoaccessthegovernmentservicetheyneed.AsofApril2024,1.7millionaccountshadbeencreated,4.1millionidentitieshadbeenverified,whileitsapphasbeendownloadedover5.5milliontimes.
UnitedStates’Login.Gov
LprovidesauthenticationandidentityverificationservicestofederalagenciesintheUS.UserssignupforasingleLaccountusinganemailaddress,passwordandMFAdeviceandusethissingleaccounttoaccessmultiplefederalservices.Whenservicesrequireaverifiedidentity,Lprovidesanevidence-basedverificationprocesstoallowausertoprovethattheyarewhotheysaytheyare.Currently,47federalagenciesandstatepartnersuseLforover500applications.
Canada’sGCKeyandVerified.Me
GCKeyandVerified.Me(formerlyknownasSecureKeyConcierge)aredigitalidentityverificationsystemsusedbymorethanonethirdofCanadiancitizenstosecurelyaccess
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G7COMPENDIUMOFDIGITALGOVERNMENTSERVICES?OECD2024
governmentservicesonline.Currently,twenty-eightdifferentfederalDepartmentsandAgenciesofferoveronehundredservicesusingthesedigitalIDverificationsystems.
Japan’sgBizID
gBizIDisaserviceprovidedbyJapan’sDigitalAgencythatallowsusers(corporationsandindividualbusinessowners)tologintovariousonlineadministrativeserviceswithasingleIDandpassword.AsofMay2024,1.07millionaccountshavebeenverified,and188websitesprovidedbythirteengovernmentministriesandagenciesand106localgovernments,areaccessibleusinggBizID.
Italy’sSPID
Italy’sPublicDigitalIdentitySystem(SPID)isanidentificationsystemforaccessingonlinepublicservicesandservicesofparticipatingprivatecompanies/organisations.Atthetimeofdraftingthisreport,therewere17.744administrations/agencies/institutionsofferingtheirdigitalservicesthroughSPIDaswellas189non-publicserviceproviders(financialservices,insurances,others),androughly37.5millionItaliancitizensthathadSPID.
FranceConnectandL’IdentitéNumériqueLaPoste
FranceConnectisafederatedidentitysolutionthatenablesuserstoaccessmorethan1,400onlinepublicandprivateservicesinFranceandconnectusingoneofthesixoptionsthatFranceConnectoffersviaanexistinguseraccount.OneoftheoptionsisL’IdentitéNumériqueLaPoste,offeredbytheLaPosteGroup,oneofFrance’slargestoperatorsofpostal,bank,insurance,andmobilecommunicationservices.
Ukraine’sIntegratedElectronicIdentificationSystem
Ukraine’sIntegratedElectronicIdentificationSystem(ISEI,ID.GOV.UA)isauniversalplatformfore-identificationanduserauthenticationinUkraine.TheISEIallowsdigitalserviceproviderstosecurelyandconvenientlyidentifyusersaccessingtheirservices,eitherthroughelectronicsignatures(storedonfileorinthecloud)orviausers’existingBankIDNBUaccounts.Todate,thesystemhasenabledfivemillionuniqueuserstoaccessupto189services.
1.2.Electronicidentification(eID)cards
Anelectronicidentification(eID)cardisadigitalversionofaphysicalIDcardwithanembeddedchipthatsecurelystorespersonalinformation.Itcanbeusedtoprovetheholder’sidentityoffline,authenticateaccesstoofflineandonlineservices,andprovidelegallyrecognisedelectronicsignatures.Touseitonline,eIDcardholderstypicallyneedacardreaderorasmartphonewithNFC(near-fieldcommunication)capabilities.AmongG7members,nationaleIDcardsareavailableinJapan,Italy,France,andGermany,aswellasseveralothernon-G7EUMemberStates(seeexamplesin
Box2)
.
NationaleIDcardsofferseveraladvantagesovertraditionalIDcards,includingenhancedsecuritythroughadvancedencryption,convenientaccesstoawiderangeofonlineservices,andimprovedefficiencybyenablingelectronicsignaturesanddigitaldocumentverification,whichreducestheneedforpaper-basedtransactions.Theycanalsofacilitateinteroperabilityacrossdifferentservices,providelegallybindingsignatures,andcanleadtocostsavingsforgovernmentsandbusinessesbyminimisingmanualprocessing.
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G7COMPENDIUMOFDIGITALGOVERNMENTSERVICES?OECD2024
However,drawbacksincludehighimplementationcosts(includingcostsrelatedtocardissuanceandmanagement,andpromotinguptake),challengesinensuringcompatibilityandsecurity,includingtheriskofcyberattackstargetingthesensitivedatainvolved.
Box2.NationaleIDcardsinItaly,Germany,andJapan
Japan’sIndividualNumberCard
TheIndividualNumberCardisissuedbyJapan’sMinistryofInternalAffairsandCommunicationstogetherwiththeDigitalAgency.Thecardcontainsanelectroniccertificate,whichcanbeusedbycitizensandresidentsforauthenticationservices,allowingthecardholdertoauthenticatehisorheridentityonlinetoaccessbothpublicandprivateservices.
Italy’sCIE
TheElectronicIdentityCard(CIE)allowstheverificationoftheidentityoftheholderandaccesstotheonlineservicesofthepublicadministrationsbothinItalyandintheEU.TheCIEextendsthetraditionalconceptofidentity,providingcitizenswithauniqueandsecuredigitalkeyforaccessingonlinepublicadministrationservices.Atthetimeofdraftingthisreport,about43millionCIEhadbeenissued.
Germany’seID(Online-Ausweis)
TheeIDfunctionofGermany’seID(Online-Ausweis)isstoredonanelectronicmemorydevice(microchip)whichispartofallIDcards,electronicresidencepermits,andtheeIDcardforcitizensoftheEuropeanUnionandtheEuropeanEconomicArea.TheeIDmaybeacceptedbyallpublicinstitutionsaswellasessentialserviceproviderssuchaspaymentserviceproviders,insurancecompaniesandpostalserviceproviders.BothcitizensandresidentsinGermanycanobtainaneID.BetweenJanuary2024andJuly2024,theeIDwasusedforover8milliontransactions.
1.3.Digitalidentitywallets
Thereisagrowingtrendtopromotedigitalidentitywallets.Thesewalletsmimicphysicalwalletsbyenablinguserstosecurelystoreverifieddigitalattributesand/orcredentials.Theshifttowalletsisfocusedonenablingcitizensandbusinessestoeasilyshareandstorepersonalidentityattributes,andotherverifiedproofs(seeG7examplesin
Box3)
.Forexample,aproofofagetopurchaseatrainticket,aproofoftherighttodrivewhenrentingacar,orofasetofattributes–e.g.firstname,lastname,dateofbirth,andaddress-toauthenticateagainstofflineandonlineservices.Walletscanoftenbeusedbothonlineandoffline.
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G7COMPENDIUMOFDIGITALGOVERNMENTSERVICES?OECD2024
Box3.DigitalidentitywalletsinFrance,theEuropeanUnion,andUkraine
FranceIdentité
FranceIdentitéisdevelopedbytheMinistryoftheInteriorandNationalAgencyforSecureTitles.CitizensinFrancewithanationalelectronicidentitycardcanusetheFranceIdentitéapplicationtoaccessover1,500publicservicesavailablethroughFranceConnect,suchastaxes,healthinsurance,retirementsites,familyallowancefunds,butalsoanumberoflocalauthorities.Itcanalsobeusedtoaccessuptohundrednon-publicservicescurrentlyavailablethroughFranceConnect,includingservicesofferedbyenergycompanies,banks,andinsurancecompanies.Inadditiontoauthenticationforaccessingpublicandprivateservices,FranceIdentitéallowsuserstostoreadigitalversionoftheFrenchnationalIDcardanddriver’slicence,whichtheycanusforidentityverification,andtoshareattributesoridentitycredentials.
EuropeanDigitalIdentityWallet
TheEUDigitalIdentityWalletswillbeavailableto100%ofEUpopulationbytheendof2026.Users(Citizens,residents,businessesestablishedinanyMemberState)willbeabledownload,install,andusetheEUdigitalidentitywalletsontheirpersonalmobiledevice.ThedigitalidentitywalletswillbeissuedbyeachMemberStates,undermandatebyMemberState,orindependentlyissuedbutrecognisedbyaMemberState.
Ukraine’sDiiaapp
Ukraine’sDiiaappallowUkrainiancitizenstostoredigitaldocumentswiththesamelegalvalidityastheirplasticorpapercounterparts–formingadigitalidentitywallet.Therearecurrentlynineteendigitaldocumentsavailablethroughtheapp–includingthenationalIDcard,foreignbiometricpassport,driver’slicenseandmore.
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G7COMPENDIUMOFDIGITALGOVERNMENTSERVICES?OECD2024
Chapter2.Dataandinformationsharinginthepublicsector
Thischapterlooksatsystems,solutions,andinitiativesbyG7membersandUkrainethatenabledataandinformationsharingwithinthepublicsectortosupportpublicservicedelivery,withafocusonbaseregistriesandopengovernmentdata.
2.1.Baseregistries
Baseregistriesarecentraldatabasesmaintainedbygovernmentsthatstorecoreinformationaboutindividuals,organisations,andentitieswithinaspecificjurisdiction(EuropeanCommission,2024[2]).Servingastheofficialsourceforessentialdatalikepopulationrecords,landownership,businesses,andvitalstatistics,theseregistriesareavitalassetforpublicservicedelivery,andinensuringthatinformationisaccurate,up-to-date,andconsistentacrossagencies,reducingdataduplication,errors,anddiscrepancies(seeG7examplein
Box4)
.Baseregistriescanallowcitizenseasyaccesstotheirowndata,andwithstrongsafeguardscanbeusedtosupportindividualstoexercisehumanrights,engageincivicprocesses,andmakeinformedchoicesabouttheirlivesandinteractionswithpublicservices.
Box4.Italy’sNationalRegisterofResidentPopulation
ANPR
istheNationalRegisterofcitizens’residenceandelectoralinformation.Itcontainsthedataofallresidentcitizens,bothItaliansandforeigners,aswellasAIRE(Italianslivingabroad).Itisacentraliseddatabasethatsimplifiesregistryservicesandiscontinuouslyupdatedbymorethan7,900Italianmunicipalities.
ANPRsecurelyexchangesdataviatheNationalDigitalDataPlatform(PDND)withothernationalofficialdatabases,suchaslabor,education,tax,pension,andsocialsecurityregisters,amongothers.Thisnetworkofregisterssimplifiesandautomatestheprocessesofcheckingorrecoveringverifieddatatooffermoreintegratedservicestocitizens,avoidingdataduplication.TheANPRhasmadeavailable26e-servicesonthePDNDforauthorizedpartiestoconfirmcitizens'data,incompliancewithGDPR.
Solutionsenablingthesafeandsecuresharingofbaseregistrydatabothinsideandoutsideofthepublicsectorareimportantastheyenhanceefficiency,reduceredundancy,andpromotetransparency.Theseplatformsarewhatcanenabletheimplementationofthe"once-only"principle,ensuringthatcitizensandbusinessesdonotneedtorepeatedlyprovidethesameinformationtopublicinstitutions(seeG7examplesin
Box5)
.Theycanfacilitatefaster,moreefficientadministrativeprocesses,improveservicedelivery,andempowercitizensbygivingthemcontrolovertheirowndatawhilemaintaininghighsecurityandprivacystandards.
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G7COMPENDIUMOFDIGITALGOVERNMENTSERVICES?OECD2024
Box5.DatasharingsolutionsorplatformsforbaseregistriesinFrance,Italy,theEU,Japan,andUkraine
France’sAPIEnterprise
APIEntreprise
isanAPIusedamongstFrenchpublicservicestosharesensitivedataaboutFrenchcompanies.Itisakeycomponentoftheonceonlyprincipleappliedtocompanies.Everypublicadministrationthatproducesorusescompanyrelateddataislikelytouseiteithertoshareorusedata(orboth).APIEntreprisehandlesthecontractualisationbetweenthetwoadministrationsintheformofadigitalcontractandthetechnicalinterfacebetweenthetwoadministrationswantingtosharedata.TheserviceismanagedbytheFrenchDINUM.
Italy’sNationalDigitalDataPlatform(PDND)
The
NationalDigitalDataPlatform(PDND)
enablestheinteroperabilityofinformationsystemsamongpublicbodies,implementingtheonce-onlyprinciple.Membersoftheplatformcancommunicatewitheachotherinasimple,fast,andsecuremanner,withoutneedingcitizenstoprovideinformationalreadyheldbyotherbodies.Everyparticipatingadministrationcanreuseandsharedataanddocumentsthroughmachine-to-machinecommunication,subjecttouserapproval.Currently,theplatformhostsover6,000entities,including62CentralPublicAdministrations,around5,500Municipalities,20Regions,andapproximatelyonehundredprivatebodies.Theplatformoffersmorethan6,000services.
Once-OnlyTechnicalSystem(OOTS)
The
Once-OnlyTechnicalSystem(OOTS)
isanEU-widesolutionthatmakescross-borderpaperworkintheframeworkofthe
SingleDigitalGateway
significantlymoreefficientandlesscostlyforcitizens,companies,andpublicadministrations.ThecommonservicesoftheOOTSwerelaunchedinDecember2023.Whileremainingfullyincontroloftheirowndata,citizensandbusinessesareabletohavetheirdocumentsexchangedautomaticallywithintheSingleMarketsimplybyaskingtherelevantauthoritiestoretrievethemdirectlyfromauthenticsources.
TheOOTSformsanEU-widegovernment-to-governmentdataspace,whichwillbeseamlesslyintegratedintotheCommonEuropeanDataSpaceforPublicAdministrations,andlinkpublicauthoritiesthatactastrustedauthenticsourcesofinformation(baseregistries).
Japan’sCo-operationNetworkSystemforPersonalInformation
TheDigitalAgencymanagestheCo-operationNetworkSystem(NWS)forPersonalInformation,whichisusedtoexchangepersonalinformationassociatedwiththeIndividualNumberbetweengovernmentagenciesandotherorganisations,asstipulatedbytheIndividualNumberAct.Thissystemallowscitizenstoavoidsubmittingmultipledocuments(CertificatesofResidence,CertificatesofTax,etc.)whencompletingvariousadministrativeprocedures.Toprotectcitizen’sprivacy,onlypublicsectorentitieshaveaccesstotheNWS-privatecitizensandbusinessescannotuseit.Additionally,theNWSdoesnotstorepersonalinformationitself;itonlytransmitsspecificdataheldinadecentralisedmannerbyindividualpublicorganisations.
Ukraine’sSystemofelectronicinteractionofstateelectronicinformationresources"Trembita"
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G7COMPENDIUMOFDIGITALGOVERNMENTSERVICES?OECD2024
TheSystemofElectronicInteractionofStateElectronicInformationResources
"Trembita"
isadec
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