RTCADO-311A-2017原版完整文件

RTCA,Inc.

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USA

MinimumOperationalPerformanceStandards

for

RechargeableLithiumBatteriesand

BatterySystems

RTCADO-31IA

December19,2017

Preparedby:SC-225

?2017RTCA,Inc.

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FOREWORD

ThisdocumentwaspreparedbySpecialCommittee225(SC-225)andapprovedbytheRTCAProgramManagementCommittee(PMC)onDecember19,2017.ItsupersedesRTCADO-31?datedMarch13,2008.ItalsosupersedesDO-347CertificationTestGuidanceforSmallandMediumSizedRechargeableLithiumBatteriesandBatterySystems,datedDecember18,2013.

RTCA,Incorporatedisanot-for-profitcorporationformedtoadvancetheartandscienceofaviationandaviationelectronicsystemsforthebenefitofthepublic.TheorganizationfunctionsasaFederaladvisorycommitteeanddevelopsconsensus-basedrecommendationsoncontemporaryaviationissues.RTCA,sobjectivesinclude,butarenotlimitedto:

coalescingaviationsystemuserandprovidertechnicalrequirementsinamannerthathelpsgovernmentandindustrymeettheirmutualobjectivesandresponsibilities;

analyzingandrecommendingsolutionstothesystemtechnicalissuesthataviationfacesasitcontinuestopursueincreasedsafety,systemcapacityandefficiency;

developingconsensusontheapplicationofpertinenttechnologytofulfilluserandproviderrequirements,includingdevelopmentofminimumoperationalpcrfoπnancestandardsforelectronicsystemsandequipmentthatsupportaviation;and

assistingindevelopingtheappropriatetechnicalmaterialuponwhichpositionsfortheInternationalCivilAviationOrganizationandtheInternationalTelecommunicationUnionandotherappropriateinternationalorganizationscanbebased.

TherecommendationsofRTCAareoftenusedasthebasisforgovernmentandprivatesectordecisionsaswellasthefoundationformanyFederalAviationAdministrationTechnicalStandardOrdersandseveraladvisorycirculars.

SinceRTCAisnotanofficialagencyoftheUnitedStatesGovernment,itsrecommendationsmaynotberegardedasstatementsofofficialgovernmentpolicyunlesssoenunciatedbytheUnitedStatesGovernmentorganizationoragencyhavingStatutoiyjUrisdictionoveranymatterstowhichtherecommendationsrelate.

DISCLAIMER

ThispublicationisbasedonmaterialsubmittedbyvariousparticipantsduringtheSCapprovalprocess.NeithertheSCnorRTCAhasmadeanydeterminationwhetherthesematerialscouldbesubjecttovalidclaimsofpatent,copyrightorotherproprietaryrightsbythirdparties,andnorepresentationorwarranty,expressedorimpliedismadeinthisregard.Anyuseoforrelianceonthisdocumentshallconstituteanacceptancethereof?tasis”andbesubjecttothisdisclaimer.

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EXECUTIVESUMMARY

ThisdocumentwaspreparedbyRTCASpecialCommitteeSC-225.Membersofthiscommitteeincludedrepresentativesfrombatteryandcellmanufacturers,avionicsmanufacturers,aircraftmanufacturers,aircraftoperators,pilotandflightattendantassociations,regulatoryandothergovernmentagencies,andrelatedindustryassociations.

TheSC-225committeereviewedandconsideredregulatoryrequirements,multiplestandards,andresourcesassociatedwithrechargeablelithiumbatteriesindevelopingthisstandard.TheseincludeFAASpecialConditionsrelatedtorechargeablelithiumbatteriesandbatterysystems,RTCA∕D0-311,RTCA/DO-347,UL1642,UL2054,UNSection38.3,andIEC62133.

Thisstandardprovidesdesign,testing,andinstallationguidanceforrechargeablelithiumbatterysystemsthatarepermanentlyinstalledonaircraftincludingstandaloneandembeddedbatteries.Itaddressesallsizesofrechargeablelithiumbatterysystemsregardlessofenergycontent(watt-hours).Batteriesorbatterysystemsthatarelessthantwowatt-hoursareexemptfromthisstandardiftheyhavemettherequirementsofapplicableULorIECstandards.Otherwise,therequirementsofthisstandardapply.

Section?(Introduction)identifiesbatterycategoriesbyenergycontent,ventingprovisions,andarchitecture.

Section2(QualificationRequirementsandTestProcedures)containstherequirementsandtestproceduresthatareperformedonrechargeablelithiumbatterysystems.Theyincludegeneral,performance,safety,andenvironmentalrequirementsandtests.

Section3(InstallationConsiderations)providesinstallationconsiderationsthatmayimpactthedesignofthebatterysystem.Italsoprovidesinstallationconsiderationsfortheinstaller.Section3doesnotcontainrequirements.

Threeappendicesarcincluded.AppendixAprovidesadditionalsafetyconsiderationspertinenttostorage,shipping,handlinganddisposalofrechargeablelithiumbatteriesandbatterysystems.AppendixBprovidesoptionalmethodsoftestingshelflifeandfloatlife.AppendixCprovidesanalternatetestmethodforthebatterythermalrunawaycontainmenttest.FAAhasnotacknowledgedAppendixCasanacceptablemeansofcompliance,oranalternateequivalenttestforsection.

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TABLEOFCONTENTS

TOC\o"1-5"\h\z

INTRODUCTION 1

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Purpose 1

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Scope 1

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SystemOverview 1

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BatteryCategories 2

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EnergyCategories 2

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VentingCategories 2

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ArchitectureCategories 2

RegulatoryResponsibilitiesforInstalledEquipment 3

TestProcedures 3

References 3

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DefinitionofTerms 4

AcronymsandAbbreviations 7

REQUIREMENTS,GUIDELINES,ANDTESTPROCEDURES 9

\o"CurrentDocument"

GeneralRequirements 9

FireProtection 9

DesignAssurance 9

Marking 9

StandaloneBatteryMarking 9

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EmbeddedBatteryMarking 10

GeneralSafetyRequirements 10

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BatteryProtectiveFeatures 11

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BatteryWarningFeatures 11

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ChargingandDischargingProtection 11

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OverdischargeProtection 11

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MitigationofCellFailures 12

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VentingProvisions 12

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ShelfLifeandFloatLife 13

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DesignGuidelines 13

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GeneralGuidelines 13

CellBalancing 14

SlateofHealthFunction 15

StateofChargeFunction 15

Built-in-Test 15

ParasiticDrain 15

PreventionfromBusBackCharging 15

ElectricalBonding 15

DissimilarMetals 15

Quality 15

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ConfigurationControl 16

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Workmanship 16

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iv

TOC\o"1-5"\h\z

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MaintenanceDocumentationGuidance 16

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EquipmentRequirements-StandardConditions 17

PerformanceRequirements 17

PhysicalExamination 17

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AcceptanceTestPrOCedUre 17

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InsulationResistance 17

HandleStrength 18

RatedCapacity 18

CapacityatLowandHighTemperatures 18

ConstantVoltageDischargeforHighRaleBatteries 18

ChargeAcceptance 18

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ChargeRetention 18

CyclingofHighRateBatteries 18

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RapidDischargeatShort-Time OperatingHighTemperature 19

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ShortCircuitProtection 19

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OverdischargeProtection 19

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OverchargeProtection 19

SafetyRequirements 19

ShortCircuitwithoutProtection 19

OverdischargewithoutProtection 20

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SingleCellThermalRunawayContainment 20

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BatteryThermalRunawayContainment 20

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ExplosionContainment 20

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DropImpactResistance 20

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EquipmentRequirements-EnvironmentalConditions 21

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EnvironmentalPerformanceRequirements 21

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EnvironmentalTestProcedures 22

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EquipmentTestProcedures 22

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DefinitionsofTermsandConditionsofTest 22

TestMatrix 23

TestSetup 25

SpecialElectricalGroundingProvision 25

PerformanceTests 25

PhysicalExamination(Paragraph) 25

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AcceptanceTestPrOCedUre(Paragraph) 25

InsulationResistanceTest(Paragraph) 26

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HandleStrengthTest(Paragraph) 26

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CapacityTest(Paragraph) 26

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CapacityTestatLowandHighTemperatures(Paragraph) 27

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ConstantVoltageDischargeTestforHighRateBatteries(Paragraph) 27

ChargeAcceptanceTest(Paragraph2.2.?.8) 28

ChargeRetentionTest(Paragraph) 29

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CycleTestforHighRateBatteries(Paragraph 0) 29

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RapidDischargeTestatShort-TimeOperatingHighTemperature(Paragraph1) 30

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ShortCircuitTestwithProtectionEnabled(Paragraph2) 31

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OverdischargeTest(Paragraph3) 31

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TestMeth<κlforStandaloneBatteries 32

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TestMethodforEmbeddedBatteries 32

OverchargeTest(Paragraph4) 33

SafetyTests 34

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ShortCircuitTestofaCell(Paragraph) 34

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ShortCircuitTestofaBatterywithoutProtection(Paragraph) 35

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OverdischargeTestwithoutProtection(Paragraph) 36

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TestMethodforStandaloneBatteries 36

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TestMethodforEmbeddedBatteries 37

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SingleCellThermalRunawayContainmentTest(Paragraph) 38

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TestMethodforSingleCellThermalRunawayviaOvercharging 38

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TestMethodforSingleCellThermalRunawayviaOverheating 39

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BatteryThermalRunawayContainmentTest(Paragraph) 40

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TestMethodforBatteryThermalRunawayviaOvercharging 41

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TestMethodforBatteryThermalRunawayviaOverheating 42

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ExplosionContainmentTest(Paragraph) 42

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DroPImPaClTest(Paragraph) 43

INSTALLATIONCONSIDERATIONS 45

ManufacturerConsiderations 45

AircraftWarningSystem 45

AircraftEnvironment 45

FailureProtection 45

InstallerConsiderations 45

HazardousBatteryEmissions 45

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InstallationDesign 46

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AdditionalConsiderationsforInstalledEquipment 46

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TestProceduresforInstalledEquipment 46

MEMBERSHIP 47

SAFETYGUIDELINESFORUSERSOFRECHARGEABLELITHIUM

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BATTERIES A-I

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A.l ElectricBurnHazard A-I

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A.2 ElectricShockHazard A-I

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A.3 ThermalRunaway A-I

A.4 DamagetoConnectors A-2

A.5 Storage A-2

A.6 Shipping A-2

A.7 Disposal A-2

A.8 MixingofCells A-2

A.9 CellPolarity A-2

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OPTIONALTESTMETHODS B-I

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ShelfLifeTest B-I

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FloatLifeTest B-I

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APPENDIXC:ALTERNATETESTMETHODFORBATTERYTHERMALRUNAWAYCONTAINMENTTEST C-I

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C.l Prerequisites C-2

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C.2 TestMethod C-2

RTCADO-311ADISSENTINGOPINIONLETTER D-I

RESPONSETOTRUEBLUEDISSENT E-I

TABLEOFTABLES

Table1-1:EnergyCategories 2

Table2-1:EnvironmentalTests 21

Table2-2:TestMatrix 23

TABLEOFFIGURES

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Figure2-1:InternalTestPointsforOverchargeTesting 34

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Figure2-2:InternalTestPointsforSingleCellSafetyTests 39

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DO-31IA ?2017RTCA,Inc.

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INTRODUCTION

Purpose

ThisMinimumOperationalPerformanceStandard(MOPS)isforrechargeablelithiumbatteriesandbatterysystemspermanentlyinstalledonaircraft.Itprovidesdesign,analysis,testing,andinstallationguidanceforrechargeablelithiumbatteriesandbatterysystems.Thetestsdefinedinthisdocumentprovideastandardizedmethodforverification(i.e.pass/fa??)andcharacterization(i.e.reportresults)ofthesafetyandperformanceOfbatteriesandbatterysystems.

Thisstandardisintendedfordesignersandmanufacturersofrechargeablelithiumbatteriesandbatterysystems,aircraftmanufacturers,aircraftequipmentinstallers,anduserswithintheaviationcommunity.Meetingtherequirementsofthisstandardprovidesameansofassuringthatthebatteriesandbatterysystemswillperformtheirintendedfunction(s)safelyunderconditionsencounteredinaeronauticaloperations.Toensuresafeoperationontheaircraft,itisimperativethatusersofthisstandardthoroughlyunderstandtheaircraftperformancerequirementsandthecapabilitiesandlimitationsofthebatteriesandbatterysystems.Itistheequipmentinstallers'responsibilitytoensurethatthebatteriesandbatterysystemsmeetthecertificationandinstallationrequirementsoftheaircraft.Anyregulatoryapplicationofthisstandardistheresponsibilityoftheapplicablegovernmentagency.

Scope

Thisstandardappliestorechargeablelithiumbatteriesandbatterysystemsthatarepermanentlyinstalledonaircraft.Forthepurposeofthisstandard,abatteryorbatterysystemisconsideredpermanentlyinstalledequipmentwhenitisincludedaspartofthetypedesignoftheaircraft(orsupplemental/amendedtypedesign).ThisstandardalsoappliestorechargeablelithiumbatteriescontainedwithinPortableElectronicDevices(PEDs)thatarepartofthetypedesign.Thisstandarddoesnotapplytoprimary(non-rechargeable)lithiumbatteries.

Note:RechargeablelithiumbatterieswithinPEDsthatarenotpartofthetypedesignareoutsidethescopeofthisstandard;thesePEDsfallunderthepurviewofFederalAviationAdministration(FAA)FlightStandardsDivisionandareregulatedbyoperationalrulesunderTitle14oftheCodeOfFederalRegulations(CFR).PEDsthatarenotpartofthetypedesign,especiallythosebeingrechargedontheflightdeck,presentsimilarhazardsaspermanentlyinstalledequipment.

Thisstandarddoesnotrequireindividualcellleveltestingorcharacterizationofcell/batteryaging.OtherstandardssuchasUL,IEC,andUNmaybeusedtoperformcellleveltestingortocharacterizeagingeffectsofthecell/battery.

SystemOverview

Rechargeablelithiumbatteriesandbatterysystemsofvariouschemicalcompositions,sizes,andconstructiondetailsarebeingwidelypromotedforaircraftapplications.Amongtheirdesirablecharacteristicsarehighenergycontentperunitweight,relativelyconstantvoltageduringdischarge,andlongcyclelife.Rechargeablelithiumbatteriesandbatterysystemscanprovidepowerthroughouttheaircraft,includingengineorAuxiliaryPowerUnit(APU)starting,avionics,emergency,andothersystems.Becauseoftheirhighspecificenergy/powerandpotentialthermalinstability,theycanpresenthazardsifimproperlydesigned,assembled,tested,installed,used,handled,orstored.

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1.4

1.4.2

1.4.3

BatteryCategories

Thecategorieslistedbelowspecifybatteriesandbatterysystemsbytheirenergycontent,ventingprovisions,andarchitecturaldesign.Identifyingthebatteryorbatterysystembyeachcategorydeterminestheapplicabletestingproceduresandevaluationcriteriathroughoutthestandard.

EnergyCategories

ThisstandardidentifiesfourenergycategoriesofrechargeablelithiumbatteriesandbatterysystemsasdefinedinTable1-1Thiscategoryisbasedonthebatteryenergy,measuredinwatt-hours,usingtheaverageofalltestarticlesdefinedinTable2-2thataretestedinaccordancewith.1.

Table1-1:EnergyCategories

EnergyCategory

BatteryEnergy(Wh)

Whv2

2

2≤Whv20

3

20≤Whv200

4

WhN200

BatteriesinEnergyCategory1(lessthantwowatt-hours)areexemptfromthisstandardiftheyarecertifiedtoUL1642,UL2054,orIEC62133.Otherwise,therequirementsofEnergyCategory2apply.

VentingCategories

Ventingcategoriesaredefinedbelowandarebasedonthedesignedprovisionsforventingemissionswhentestedinaccordancewiththisstandard.

Themanufacturershalldeclaretheventingcategorybasedonthebatterysystemdesign.

VentingCategoryA-Noemissionsareallowedtoescapefromthebatterysystem.

VentingCategoryB-Emissionsareallowedtoescapefromthebatterysystemonlythroughoneormoredesignedventingprovisionsthatareintendedtoprovideasealedconnectiontoanaircraftexhaustsystem.

VentingCategoryC-Emissionsareallowedtoescapefromthebattcrysystemandtherearenodesignedventingprovisionsthatprovideasealedconnectiontoanaircraftexhaustsystem.

ArchitectureCategories

Forthepurposeofidentificationandproperlyapplyingthetestprocedureswithinthisstandard,twobatteryarchitecturecategoriesaredefined.Thebatteryarchitectureshouldbeidentifiedastowhichtypeitisfordeterminationofapplicabletestprocedures.

Standalone:Abatterydesignedwiththeprimarypurposeofprovidingpowertootherequipment.Thistypeofbatteryisgenericallyreferredtoasa"standalone"battery.

Embedded:AbatterydesignedaspartofanLRUwiththeprimarypurposeofprovidingdedicatedpowertothatunit.Thistypeofbatteryisgenericallyreferredtoasan"embedded”battery.

1.5

RegulatoryResponsibilitiesforInstalledEquipment

Regulationofequipmentinstalledinaircraft,andcomponentpartsofthatequipment,istheresponsibilityoftheFAAorapplicableregulatoryagency.Inthecaseofequipmentinstalledinaircraftatthetimeofmanufactureoftheaircraft,theaircraft'sTypeCertificate(TC)specifiestheapprovedaircrafttypedesignincludinganybatteryorbatterysystem.AmendmentsandSupplementalTypeCertificates(STC)maybeapprovedsubsequenttotheoriginalissueofaTC.

Dependingonthecategoryofaircraft(e.g.,14CFRpart23,25,27,or29),additionaltestsandanalysis,beyondthescopeofthisstandard,includingbatterythermalrunawaycontainment,mayberequiredtoobtaininstallationapproval.

1.6

TestProcedures

ThetestproceduresspecifiedinthisdocumentareintendedtobeusedasonemeansofdemonstratingcompliancewiththeperformanceandsafetyrequirementsdefinedinSection2.2.Althoughspecifictestproceduresarecited,itisrecognizedthatothermethodsmaybeacceptable.Thesealternateproceduresmaybeusediftheyareapprovedbytheappropriateregulatoryagency.Insuchcases,theprocedurescitedhereinshouldbeusedasonecriterioninevaluatingtheacceptabilityofthealternateprocedures.

EnvironmentalTests

EnvironmentaltestproceduresarespecifiedinSection2.3.Theproceduresandtheirassociatedlimitsareintendedtoprovidealaboratorymeansofdeterminingtheelectricalandmechanicalperformanceoftheequipmentunderenvironmentalconditionsexpectedtobeencounteredinactualoperations.

TheenvironmentalconditionsandtestprocedurescontainedinRTCA/DO-160,EnvironmentalConditionsandTestProceduresforAirborneEquipment,areusedtodemonstrateequipmentcompliance.

PerformanceandSafetyTests

EquipmenttestproceduresarespecifiedinSection2.4.ThesetestsprovidealaboratorymeansofdemonstratingcompliancewiththerequirementsofSection2.2.Testresultsmaybeusedbyequipmentmanufacturersasdesignguidance,formonitoringmanufacturingcomplianceand,incertaincases,forobtainingformalapprovalofequipmentdesign.

1.7

References

Thefollowingdocumentsarereferencedwithinthisstandard.Forallreferences,thelatesteditionofthedocumentapplies.

IEC62133 SecondarycellsandbatteriescontainingalkalineOrothernon-acid

electrolytes-Safetyrequirementsforportablesealedsecondarycells,andforbatteriesmadefromthem,foruseinportableapplications

RTCA∕D0-l60EnvironmentalConditionsandTestProceduresforAirborneEquipment

RTCA/DO-178SoftwareConsiderationsinAirborneSystemsandEquipmentCertification

RTCA/DO-254DesignAssuranceGuidanceforAirborneElectronicHardware

SAEARP4761

SAEAS9100

UL1642

UL2054

UN38.3

GuidelinesandMethodsforConductingtheSafetyAssessmentProcessonCivilAirborneSystemsandEquipment

QualityManagementSystems-RequirementsforAviation,SpaceandDefenseOrganizations

StandardforSafetyforLithiumBatteries

StandardforSafetyforHouseholdandCommercialBatteries

UnitedNationsRecommendationsontheTransportofDangerous

G∞ds,ManualofTestsandCriteria,Section38.3

1?8

DefinitionOfTerms

Forthepurposeofthisstandard,thefollowingdefinitionsapply.

Airworthiness

Definedasthecomplianceofabatteryorpartthereofwithallconditionsandregulationsrequiredbytheappropriateregulatoryagenciesfortheirsafeoperationandperformanceinanairborneenvironment.

Ampere-hour(Ah)

Aunitforthequantityofelectricalcapacityobtainedbyintegratingcurrentinamperesovertimeinhours.Usedasameasureofbatterycapacity.

Battery

Oneormoreelectricallyconnectedcells,havingpositiveandnegativeterminals.Abatterymayincludeinter-cellconnectors,protectivedevices,circuitry,andothercomponents.

BatteryEnergy

Batteryenergy(energycontent)isexpressedinwatt-hours(Wh)andisdefinedasthenominalbatteryvoltage(V)timesthecapacity(Ah).

BatterySystem

Theequipmentbeingqualifiedthatincludesastandaloneoranembeddedbatteryandmayalsoincludeadditionalhardwarethatisrequiredtocomplywiththisstandard.

CiCapacity

Thecapacity,expressedinAh,obtainedfromachargedbatterywhendischargedattheI∣ratetotheEndPointVoltage(seeSection).

ChargeAcceptanceCapacity,OneHour

Thecapacityofthebatteryafterithasbeenfullydischargedandthenrechargedforanhour.

Cell

Asingleelectrochemicalunitwhichexhibitsavoltageacrossitstwoterminalsandisusedasacomponentofabattery.

ChargeRetention

Thefractionofthefullcapacityavailablefromabatteryunderspecifiedconditionsofdischargeafterithasbeenstoredforaspecificperiodoftimeataspecifiedtemperature.

ChargedBattery

Abatterythathasbeenfullychargedinaccordancewiththemanufacturer'sinstructionsorasdefinedinthedesigndocumentation.

ChargingCurrent

Currentprovidedtoacellorbatteryinthedirectionoppositetheflowofcurrentduringdischarge.

DesignAssuranceLevel(DAL)

TheDesignAssuranceLevelasusedinthisstandardisdefinedinRTCA/DO-254andRTCA/DO-178.

DesignDocumentation

Asummaryoftheperformanceandclassificationdataforthebatteryorbatterysystemthatismadeavailabletotheinstaller.Thiscantaketheformofoneormoreofthefollowing:technicaldatasheet,declarationofdesignandperformance,installationmanual,orsimilardocumentation.

Discharge

Theoperationofacellorbatteryinprovidingelectricalcurrenttoanexternalload.

Electrolyte

Amediuminwhichthetransportofelectricalchargeinacelltakesplacebythemigrationofionsbetweenthepositiveandnegativeelectrodes.

Emissions

Anygases,smoke,soot,orfluidsthatescapefromthebatteryorbatterysystem.

EndPointVoltage(EPV)

Thecellorbatteryvoltageatwhichpointthedischargecurrentisterminated,asspecifiedbythemanufacturerinthedesigndocumentation.

EquipmentUnderTest(EUT)

Arepresentativesampleofthebatteryorbatterysystemthatisbeingqualifiedtothisstandard.

HighRateBattery

Abatteryorbatterysystemthatisratedtoprovideapeakpowercurrent(IPP)greaterthan10Iι.AnybatteryusedforengineorAPUstartisalsoconsideredahighratebattery.

IiRate

ThecurrentthatisnumericallyequivalenttotheratedC∣capacity.Mathematically,thiscanbeexpressedbythefollowingequation:l?Ampere=CiAmpere-hours/1hour.

IEUTRate

Themaximumdischargeprofileoftheequipmentundertest.Thisonlyappliestoembeddedbatteries.

IMaXRate

Themaximumcontinuouscurrent,asdeclaredbythemanufacturer,thatthebatteryiscapableofdeliveringtotheEPV.

Ipp-PeakPowerCurrent

Thedischargecurrent,whichthebatterydeliversattheconclusionofa0.3secondpowerdischarge,controlledsoastomaintainaconstantterminalvoltage(typicallyhalfthenominalbatteryvoltage).

Ipk-RatedPowerCurrent

Thedischargecurrent,whichthebatterydeliversattheconclusionofa15secondpowerdischarge,controlledsoastomaintainaconstantteπninalvoltage(typicallyhalfthenominalbatteryvoltage).

Leakage

Releaseofliquidorgasfromacellorbattery.Leakageisdeterminedbyeithervisualobservationorweightloss.

Load

Anycircuitwhichdrawscurrentfromanelectricalsourcelikeacellorbattery.

Manufacturer

Theapplicantthatisresponsibleforqualifyingtherechargeablelithiumbatteryorbatterysystemtothisstandard.

NominalBatteryVoltage

Thenominalcellvoltage(asspecifiedbythemanufacturerofthecell)multipliedbythenumberofcellsinseries.

Overcharge

Thechargingofacellorbatterybeyondthemanufacturer'srecommendedchargingvoltagelimit(overvoltage).

Overdischarge

Thedischargingofacellorbatterytoalevelbelow0%stateofchargeandtypicallybelowEPV(undervoltage).

ProtectiveCircuitsZCircuitry

Anydevice,componentorcircuitexternaltothecell(includesbothhardwareandsoftware),thatareusedtoprotectthecell(s)orbatteryfromfailures.Protectivecircuitsmayconsistofactiveorpassivedevices,orboth.Activedevicesmayincludefieldeffecttransistors,relays,contactors,andcircuitbreakers.Passivedevicesmayincludefuses,fusiblelinks,andpositivetemperaturecoefficientdevices.

RatedCapacity

Theminimumcapacityofanewbatteryat23℃,expressedinAh,asspecifiedbythemanufacturer.RatedC∣capacityisbasedontheI∣rate.RatedcapacitycanalsobebasedOnIMaXorIeut-

Rupture

Splitting,cracking,burstingorotherlossofintegrityofthecase.

Serviced

TheproceduresnecessarytoprepareandmaintainanEUTinaccordancewiththemanufacturer'sinstructionsorasdefinedinthedesigndocumentation.

Shall

Denotesamandatoryrequirement.

Should

Denotesaguidelineorrecommendation.

SpecificEnergy

Theenergyperunitweighte