九年級(jí)英語語法學(xué)案(三)

九年級(jí)英語語法學(xué)案（三）：虛擬語氣語氣就是說話的口氣。在漢語中，語氣是由說話人的語調(diào)、表情等表現(xiàn)出來的，動(dòng)詞沒有任何變化。但在英語中，除了語調(diào)之外，最主要的是用動(dòng)詞的變化來表示不同的語氣。英語中的語氣有三種：陳述語氣、祈使語氣、虛擬語氣。如果我們所說的不是事實(shí)，也不是要求、命令、勸告等，而只是一種假設(shè)、猜測(cè)、愿望、建議或是一種實(shí)現(xiàn)不了的空想就用虛擬語氣。英語中的條件狀語從句有兩類：一類是真實(shí)條件句，另一類是非真實(shí)條件句。如果假設(shè)的情況有可能發(fā)生，是真實(shí)條件句；如果假設(shè)的情況不存在或不大可能發(fā)生，只是說話人的主觀愿望、假設(shè)或推測(cè)等，則是虛擬條件句—非真實(shí)條件句。真實(shí)條件句表示的假設(shè)是可能發(fā)生或會(huì)實(shí)現(xiàn)的，主句和從句的謂語動(dòng)詞要用陳述語氣。如：（1）Ifhedoesn‘tcomeat8:oo,wewon'twaitforhim.如果他八點(diǎn)鐘不來，我們就不等他了。（2）I'llpayyoudoubleifyougettheworkfinishedbyFriday.如果你在星期五之前完工，我會(huì)付你雙倍的錢。在含有非真實(shí)條件句的復(fù)合句中，主句和從句的謂語動(dòng)詞都要用虛擬語氣，其構(gòu)成形式有三種：if條件句的謂語動(dòng)詞主句的謂語動(dòng)詞與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反wereWould/could/should/might+dodid與過去事實(shí)相反haddoneWould/could/should/might+havedone與將來事實(shí)相反did/wereWould/could/should/might+doshoulddoweretodo1.與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反（1）IfIwereyou,Ishouldgoandtry.我要是你，我就去試試。（2）IwouldcertainlygoifIhadtime.要是有時(shí)間，我一定去。（3）Ifhewerenotsobusy,hewouldattendthemeetingthisafternoon.要不是他這么忙，他就會(huì)出席今天下午的會(huì)議了。注：在第一、第三人稱單數(shù)后面，be動(dòng)詞可以用were，也可以用was.如：Ifshewas/werehere,youcouldaskher.IfIwas/wereinyourplace,Iwouldthinkdifferently.與過去事實(shí)相反（1）Ifhehadn'tbeenill,hemighthavecome.要不是生病，他可能來了。（事實(shí)是：他生病了，沒有來。）（2）Ifyouhadhadmoretime,Iwouldhaveshownyoumoreplaces.要是你有更多的時(shí)間，我會(huì)帶你參觀更多的地方。（事實(shí)是：你時(shí)間不多，不能帶你參觀更多的地方）與將來事實(shí)相反（1）Ifitrainedtomorrow,ourpicnicwouldbeputoff.如果明天下雨，我們的野餐就推遲。（事實(shí)是：說話人認(rèn)為“明天下雨”的可能性不大。）（2）IfIshoulddoit,Iwoulddoitinadifferentway.要是我來做這事，我會(huì)用另一種方法來做。（說話人認(rèn)為“做這事”的可能性不是很大。）三、在wish后的虛擬語氣賓語從句(可省略它的that)：表示：a.和現(xiàn)在的事實(shí)相反；b.和過去的事實(shí)相反；c.對(duì)將來的主觀愿望。1、現(xiàn)在情況的虛擬，從句用過去式或過去進(jìn)行式(時(shí)間上是同時(shí)的)：（1）Iwish(that可省略,下同)Iknewtheanswertothequestion.(wish,動(dòng)詞過去式knew)我希望知道這個(gè)答案。(事實(shí)上是不知道)（2）Iwishitwerespringinmyhometownalltheyeararound.(wish,were)但愿我的家鄉(xiāng)四季如春。(事實(shí)上不可能)(3)IwishIwereabird.(wish,were)但愿我是只小鳥。(事實(shí)上不可能,難道是鳥人？呵呵)(4)Whenshewasattheparty,shewishedshewereathome.(wished,過去虛擬動(dòng)詞were)(事實(shí)上并不在家)(5)NowthatheisinChina,hewishesheunderstoodChinese.(wishes,過去虛擬動(dòng)詞understood)現(xiàn)在他在中國(guó)，他希望能懂得中文。(事實(shí)上并不懂)(6)Whenwebeginthetrip,theywillwishtheywerewithus.(willwish,過去虛擬動(dòng)詞were)(事實(shí)上并不和我們?cè)谝黄?2、過去情況的虛擬，從句動(dòng)詞用"had+過去分詞"（時(shí)間上較前):（1）Iwish(that可省略，下同)Ihadn'twastedsomuchtime.我后悔不該浪費(fèi)這么多時(shí)間。(事實(shí)上已浪費(fèi)了)（2）2.Hewisheshehadn'tlostthechance.他真希望沒有失去機(jī)會(huì)。(其實(shí)已失去)(3)Wewishedhehadspokentous.(wished，had+spoken)(事實(shí)上他并沒同我們講)(4)Iwishyouhadcalledearlier.(wish,had+called)(事實(shí)上已遲了)(5)Theywillwishtheyhadlistenedtoussooner.(willwish,had+listened)(事實(shí)上并不如此)3、將來情況的虛擬(表示將來的主觀愿望)，從句動(dòng)詞用"would/should/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形"(時(shí)間上較后):（1）Iwishitwouldstopraining.(虛擬動(dòng)詞would+動(dòng)詞原形stop)我希望雨能停止。(事實(shí)上雨還在下著呢)（2）Iwishyouwouldbequiet.(would+be)我希望你安靜一些。(事實(shí)上那家伙還在吵著呢)(3)Youwishedshewouldarrivethenextday.(would+arrive)你希望她第二天會(huì)到。(事實(shí)上她還沒到)(4)Iwishshewouldchangehermind.(would+change)我希望她會(huì)改變主意。(呵呵，女孩子可沒那么容易就改變主意喔)（5）Hewillwishwewouldjoinhimthefollowingweek.(would+join)(只是希望我們和他在一起，實(shí)際上還沒在一起)四、除了wish之外，下列各動(dòng)詞(如suggest)的后面的虛擬語氣賓語從句，其謂語用："should+動(dòng)詞原形"表示建議(suggest)、堅(jiān)持(insist)等虛擬語氣：*suggest(建議),recommend(推薦),advise(勸告),propose(建議)*insist(堅(jiān)持),consent(允諾)*decide(決定),order(命令)*request(要求),demand(要求),desire(期望),ask(要求)*maintain(主張),urge(催促)1.Isuggestthatwe(should可省略,下同)startthemeetingatonce.(suggest,should+start)(表示建議立即開會(huì))2.Thedoctorsuggestedthathe(should)trytolosehisweight.(suggested,should+try)(表示建議你應(yīng)該減肥喔)3.Heinsistedthatallofus(should)bethereontimebyanymains.(insisted,should+be)(表示堅(jiān)持,無論如何都要準(zhǔn)時(shí)到那兒。你再講也沒用哩！)4.Heinsistedthatwe(should)tellhimthenews.(insisted,should+tell)(表示非要你告訴他不可)5.Heorderedthatthestudents(should)washtheclotheseveryweekbythemselves.(ordered,should+wash)(表示命令學(xué)生們每周自己洗衣服)五、虛擬語氣在表語從句、同位語從句中的用法：下列名詞后的表語從句或同位語從句，也用"should+動(dòng)詞原形"表示虛擬語氣：*demand(要求),desire(請(qǐng)求),requirment(要求)*advice(勸告),recommendation(建議),suggestion(建議)*order(命令)*necessity(必要地),preference(優(yōu)先)*proposal(計(jì)劃),plan(計(jì)劃),idea(辦法)1.Theadviceisthatwe(should可省略，下同)leaveatonce.(名詞advice，should+leave)(表示加以勸告)2.Myideaisthatwe(should)getmorepeopletoattendtheconference.(idea,should+get)(表示做出主意)3.Imakeaproposalthatwe(should)holdameetingnextweek.(proposal,should+hold)(表示做出計(jì)劃)六、虛擬語氣在主語從句中的用法句型：Itis(或was)+形容詞(或過去分詞)+that……+should+動(dòng)詞原形……句子：Itisnaturalthatsheshoulddoso.(形容詞natural,should+動(dòng)詞原形do)常用的形容詞：*natural(自然的),appropriate(適當(dāng)?shù)?,advisable(合適的),preferable(更可取的),better(更好的)*necessary(必須的),important(重要的),imperative(急需的),urgent(急迫的),essential(本質(zhì)的),vital(必不可少的)*probable(很可能的),possible(可能的)*desirable(極好的)常用的過去分詞(PastParticiple):*required(需要的),demanded(要求),requested(被請(qǐng)求的),desired(要求)*suggested(建議),recommended(推薦)*orderd(命令)1.Itisnecessarythatwe(should可省略,下同）haveawalknow.(necessary,should+have)(表示有需要去散步)2.Itwasnecessarythatwe(should)makeeverythingreadyaheadoftime.(necessary,should+make)(表示有必要事先做好準(zhǔn)備)3.Itisrequiredthatnobody(should)smokehere.(required,should+smoke)(表示要求不要在此抽煙)4.Itisimportantthateverypupil(should)beabletounderstandtheruleofschool.(important,should+be)(表示重要的是學(xué)生都能了解校規(guī))5.It'simportantthatwe(should)takegoodcareofthepatient.(important,should+take)(表示重要的是照顧好病人)虛擬語氣訓(xùn)練題1.IfI____wherehelived，I____anotetohim.A.knew，wouldB.hadknown，wouldhavesentC.know，wouldsendD.knew，wouldhavesent2.Ifthey____earlierthanexpected，they____herenow.A.hadstarted，wouldbeB.started，mightbeC.hadstarted，wouldhavebeenD.willstart，mighthavebeen3.Ididn'tknowhistelephonenumber.____it，I____then.A.HadIknown，wouldringhimupB.ShouldIknow，wouldhaverunghimupC.IfIknew；wouldringhimupD.HadIknown；wouldhaverunghimup4.Maryisilltoday.Ifshe_____，she____absentfromschool.A.werenotill，wouldn'tbeB.hadbeenill，wouldn'thavebeenC.hadbeenill，shouldhavebeenD.hadn'tbeenill，couldbe5.WereItodoit，I________itsomeotherway.A.willdoB.woulddoC.wouldhavedoneD.weretodo6.I________himtheanswer________possible，butIwassobusythen.A.couldtell，ifithadbeenB.musthavetold，wereitC.shouldhavetold，haditbeenD.shouldhavetold，shoulditbe7.withoutyourhelp，we________somuch.A.won'tachieveB.didn'tachieveC.don'tachieveD.wouldn'thaveachieved8.Youdidn'ttakehisadvice.________hisadvice，you________suchamistake.A.Hadyoutaken，wouldn'thavemadeB.Ifyouhadtaken，wouldmakeC.Wereyoulotake，shouldn'thavemadeD.Haveyoutaken，won'thavemade9.Wewishwe____whatyoudidwhenwewereathighschool.A.didB.couldhavedoneC.havedoneD.shoulddo10.Shewishesshe____tothetheatrelastnight.A.wentB.wouldgoC.hadgoneD.weregoing11.Tomisveryshortnow.Hismotherwishesthathe________betallwhenhegrowsup.A.couldB.shouldC.wouldD.wereableto12.MysisteradvisedmethatI________accepttheinvitation.A.couldB.mustC.shouldD.might14.DoyouthinkofWangFang'ssuggestionthathe________Mr.Litotheparty？A.willinviteB.haveinvitedC.isinvitedD.invite15.Iinsistedthathe________atonce.A.begoneB.goC.wouldgoD.mightgo16.LiMinginsistedthathe________anythingatall.A.hadn'tstolenB.shouldn'tstealC.doesn'tstealD.steal18.Heactedasifhe________everythingintheworld.A.knewB.knowsC.hasknownD.won'tknow20.Theygotupearlyinorderthatthey________theyfirsttrain.A.caughtB.willcatchC.mightcatchD.shallcatch21.Iamsorrythathe________insuchpoorhealth.A.areB.shallbeC.wereD.shouldbe22.Thatisagoodbook.You________ityesterday.A.couldbuyB.shouldbuyC.shouldhaveboughtD.bought23.Itishightimewe________home.A.willgoB.wouldgoC.havegoneD.went24.I'dratherthatyou________home.A.wentB.havegoneC.willgoD.hadgone25.IfonlyI_________tothelecture！A.listenB.willlistenC.amlisteningD.hadlistened26.—Ifhe_____，he______thatfood.—Luckilyhewassenttothehospitalimmediately.A.waswarned，wouldnottakeB.hadbeenwarned，wouldnothavetakenC.wouldbewarned，hadnottakenD.wouldhavebeenwarned，hadnottaken27.Ididn'tseeyoursisteratthemeeting.Ifshe_________，shewouldhavemetmybrother.A.hascomeB.didcomeC.cameD.hadcome28.Withoutelectricity，humanlife________quitedifferenttoday.A.isB.willbeC.wouldhavebeenD.wouldbe29.He________youmorehelp，eventhoughhewasverybusy.A.mighthavegivenB.mightgiveC.mayhavegivenD.maygive31.Mike'sfather，aswellashismother，insistedthathe________home.A.stayedB.couldstayC.hasstayedD.stay32.Mr.Smithinsistedthathe________theworkall.A.haddoneB.havedoneC.didD.so33.Janewouldneverhavegonetotheparty________thatMarywouldcometoseeher.A.hassheknownB.hadsheknownC.ifsheknowD.ifshehasknown34.Ifyouhadenoughmoney，what________？A.willyoubuyB.wouldyoubuyC.wouldyouh