企業(yè)倫理學（原書第5版） 課件 第1、2章　倫理和商業(yè)；道德決策：個人和職業(yè)背景

ChapterOne:EthicsandBusinessCopyright?2021McGraw-HillEducation.Allrightsreserved.NoreproductionordistributionwithoutthepriorwrittenconsentofMcGraw-HillEducation.ChapterObjectivesAfterreadingthischapter,youwillbeableto:Explainthreelevelsatwhichethicaldecisionsgetmadeinbusiness.Explainthenatureofbusinessethicsasanacademicdiscipline.Explainwhyethicsisimportantinthebusinessenvironment.Explainwhyethicalresponsibilitiesgobeyondlegalcompliance.Distinguishtheethicsofpersonalintegrityfromtheethicsofsocialresponsibility.Distinguishethicalnormsandvaluesfromotherbusiness-relatednormsandvalues.Describeethicaldecisionmakingasaformofpracticalreasoning.EthicsandBusiness1Ittakes20yearstobuildareputationandfiveminutestoruinit.Ifyouthinkaboutthatyou’lldothingsdifferently. WarrenBuffettBusinessEthicsForbusinessstudents,ethicsisanimportantfieldofstudy.Businessethicsisaprocessofdecisionmaking.Businessmusttakeethicsintoaccountandintegrateethicsintoitsorganizationalstructure.Scandalsarebroughtaboutbyethicalfailuresandunethicaldecisions.Thistextprovidesadecision-makingmodelthatcanhelpanalyzeavoidfutureethicalfailures.LevelsofEthicalDecisionMakingBusinessethicsinvolvesmakingdecisionsattheindividual,attheorganizational,andatabroadersocialandgovernmentallevel.Asindividuals,eachpersoninteractswithbusinessesascustomers,asemployees,andascitizensofthecountriesinwhichtheyoperate.Organizationalcultureandcorporateleadershiphaveimportantrolestoplayindecisionmaking.Individualbusinesses'andindustries'decisionsareinfluencedbysocial,economic,andpoliticalenvironments.GoalsofBusinessEthicsDevelopingtheknowledgebaseandskillsneededtoidentifyethicalissues.Understandinghowandwhypeoplebehaveunethically.Decidinghowoneshouldact,whatoneshoulddo,andthetypeofpersononeshouldbeasanindividual.Creatingethicalorganizations.Thinkingthroughthesocial,economic,andpoliticalpoliciesthatweshouldsupportascitizens.MakingtheCaseforBusinessEthicsSeparationthesis:

Assertsthatordinaryethicalstandardsshouldbekeptseparatefrom,andnotbeusedtojudge,businessdecisionsbecausebusinesshasitsownstandardsofgoodandbad.Remainscommoninbusinesscircles.Holdsthatbusinessoughttobegovernedbysomeethicsandsomevalues.Boththeexistenceofafirmandtheconditionsunderwhichitoperatesrequirethatdecisionmakersconsidertheimpactofthosedecisionsonawiderangeofstakeholders.Abusinessstakeholderisanyonewhoaffectsorisaffectedbydecisionsmadewithinthefirm,forbetterorworse.EthicsandBusiness2Ethicsisthenewcompetitiveenvironment.PeterRobinson,CEO,MountainEquipmentCo-op(2000to2007)EthicsandtheLaw1Decidingwhatoneshoulddoinbusinessdoesrequireconsiderationofwhatthelawrequires,expects,orpermits.Legalnormsandethicalnormsarenotidentical.Iscompliancewiththelawenoughtobehaveethically?Isthelawitselfethical?Thelawmaypreventharm,butdoesitpromote"good"?Onlycomplyingwiththelawmayleadtomoreregulation.Lawsmaynotbeinplacefornewsituations.Lawsmaybeambiguous.EthicsandtheLaw2Ethicalconsiderationsdemonstratethatbusinesscannotavoidmakingethicaljudgments,evenifitisfullycommittedtoobeyingthelaw.Manycorporationsestablishethicsprogramsandhireethicsofficerswhoareresponsibleformanagingcorporateethicsprograms.Lawsoffergeneralrulesclarifiedbylegalprecedent.Thereisnounambiguousanswerforthosewishingonlytoobeythelaw.EthicsandtheLaw3Riskassessmentisaprocesstoidentifypotentialeventsthatmayaffecttheentity,andmanagerisktobewithinitsriskappetite.Toprovidereasonableassuranceregardingtheachievementofentityobjectives.Whentherisksinvolvepotentialharmsandbenefitstoavarietyofstakeholders,itisajudgmentthatinvolvesethicsaswell.Businessmusttakeethicsintoaccountandintegrateethicsintoitsorganizationalstructure.Butwhatisethics?BusinessEthicsasEthicalDecisionMakingResponsibledecisionmakinganddeliberationwillresultinmoreresponsiblebehavior.Here,ethics

referstohowhumanbeingsshouldproperlylivetheirlives.Theauthors’fundamentalassumptionisthataprocessofrationaldecisionmakingcanandwillresultinbehaviorthatismorereasonable,accountable,andethical.Teachingethicsmustchallengestudentstothinkforthemselves.BusinessEthicsasPersonalIntegrityandSocialResponsibility1Ethicsinvolvesaskinganimportantquestion—howshouldwelive?Philosophersemphasizethatethicsisnormative,dealingwithourreasoningabouthowweshouldact.Socialsciencesalsoexaminehumandecisionmakingandactions.Butthesesciencesaredescriptiveratherthannormative.Theyprovideanaccountofhowandwhypeopledoactthewaytheydo–theydescribe.Asanormativediscipline,ethicsseeksanaccountofhowandwhypeopleshouldactacertainway,ratherthanhowtheydoact.HowShouldWeLive?1Ifdefining"We"individually:Ethicsisbasedonourvaluestructures:Definedbyourmoralsystems;and,sometimesreferredtoasmorality.Or"personalintegrity."Ifmoralsrefertotheunderlyingvaluesonwhichdecisionsarebasedethicsreferstotheapplicationofthosemoralstothedecisionsthemselves.HowShouldWeLive?2Ifdefining"We"collectively:Referstohowwelivetogetherinacommunity.Thisareaissometimesreferredtoassocialethics.Here,wejudgecompaniesfromasocialperspective;fortheirsocialresponsibility.Managerialdecisionsinvolvethefollowingaspectsofethics:Personalintegrity.Socialresponsibilities.BusinessEthicsasPersonalIntegrityandSocialResponsibility2Distinguishingethicsfromotherpracticaldecisionsfacedwithinbusinessinvolvestwoapproaches.Social-scientificapproach:Examinesthesituationandthedecisionbyexploringthefactorsthatledtoonedecisionratherthananotherorbyaskingwhythemanageractedinthewaythathedid.Normativeapproachstepsbackfromthefactstoask:WhatshouldIdo?Whatrightsandresponsibilitiesareinvolved?Whatgoodwillcomefromthissituation?AmIbeingfair,just,virtuous,kind,loyal,trustworthy?BusinessEthicsasPersonalIntegrityandSocialResponsibility3Ethicsisanormativedisciplineasitdealswithnorms.Norms:Thosestandardsofappropriateandproper(or"normal")behavior.Normsestablishtheguidelinesorstandardsfordeterminingwhatweshoulddo,howweshouldact,andwhattypeofpersonweshouldbe.Normativedisciplinespresupposesomeunderlyingvalues.DistinctionBetweenValuesandEthicsValuesaretheunderlyingbeliefsthatcauseustoactortodecideonewayratherthananother.Manydifferenttypesofvaluescanberecognized.Individualshavetheirownpersonalvaluesandinstitutionsalsohavevalues—showninthecompany’sculture.Anindividual’soracorporation’ssetofvaluesmayleadtoeitherethicalorunethicalresults.Onewaytodistinguishvaluesisintermsoftheendsorgoalstheyserve.Ethicalvaluesservetheendsofhumanwell-being.Thosepropertiesoflifethatcontributetohumanwell-beingandalifewelllived.EthicsasPracticalReasonEthicsisavitalelementofpracticalreasoning—reasoningaboutwhatweshoulddo.Distinguishedfromtheoreticalreasoning,whichisreasoningaboutwhatweshouldbelieve.Theoreticalreasonisthepursuitoftruth.Thereisnosinglemethodologyforethicsthatworksinallsituations,butguidelinesprovidedirectionandcriteriafordecisions.Ethicaltheoriesexplainanddefendvariousnorms,standards,values,andprinciplesusedinethicaldecisionmaking.Thenextchapterintroducesamodelformakingethicallyresponsibledecisions.EthicsandBusiness3Nosnowflakeinanavalancheeverfeelsresponsible.Voltaire1694to1778ChapterTwo:EthicalDecisionMaking:PersonalandProfessionalContextsCopyright?2021McGraw-HillEducation.Allrightsreserved.NoreproductionordistributionwithoutthepriorwrittenconsentofMcGraw-HillEducation.ChapterObjectivesAfterreadingthischapter,youwillbeableto:Describeaprocessforethicallyresponsibledecisionmaking.Applythismodeltoethicaldecisionpoints.Explainthereasonswhy"good"peoplemightengageinunethicalbehavior.Exploretheimpactofmanagerialrolesonthenatureofourdecisionmaking.EthicalDecisionMaking1Itisveryimportanttoknowwhoyouare.Tomakedecisions.Toshowwhoyouare. MalalaYousafzaiADecision-MakingProcessforEthics1Aninitialsketchofanethicaldecision-makingprocess.Thefirststepistodeterminethefactsofthesituation.Perceptualdifferencessurroundinghowindividualsexperienceandunderstandsituationscanexplainmanyethicaldisagreementsinasituation.Anethicaljudgmentmadeinlightofadiligentdeterminationofthefactsisamorereasonableethicaljudgmentthanonemadewithoutregardforthefacts.Asecondsteprequirestheabilitytorecognizeanethicaldecisionoranethicalissue—thenidentifytheethicalissuesinvolved.Thefirstandsecondstepsmayariseinareverseorderinsomecircumstances.Economicdecisionsandethicaldecisionsarenotmutuallyexclusive.Anethicaldecisionshouldbemadebasedonhowitwouldaffectthewell-beingofallthepeopleinvolved.ADecision-MakingProcessforEthics2Somecalltheinabilitytorecognizeethicalissuesasnormativemyopia,orshortsightednessaboutvalues.Otherswarnofinattentionalblindness,whichisaresultoffocusingontoonarrowarangeofquestions.Whenwefocusonthewrongthing,orfailtofocus,wemayfailtoseekeyinformationthatwillleadustosuccessorpreventunethicalbehavior.Changeblindnessoccurswhengradualchangegoesunnoticedovertime.Thirdstepistoidentifyandtoconsiderallofthepeopleaffectedbyadecision,thepeopleoftencalledstakeholders.Manyperspectivesandinterestsatstakemeansthatethicaldecisionsofteninvolveconflictsanddilemmas.Figure2.1:StakeholderMapThethirdstepinvolvedinethicaldecisionmakingrequiresdecisionmakestoidentifyandtoconsiderallofthepeopleaffectedbyadecision,thepeopleoftencalledstakeholders.Accessthetextalternativeforslideimage.AnEthicalDecision-MakingProcess1Determinethefacts.Identifytheethicalissuesinvolved.Identifystakeholdersandconsiderthesituationfromtheirpointofview.Considertheavailablealternatives—alsocalledusingmoralimagination.AnEthicalDecision-MakingProcess2Compareandweighthealternatives,basedon:Consequences(forallstakeholders).Duties,rights,principles.Implicationsforpersonalintegrityandcharacter.Makeadecision.Monitorandlearnfromtheoutcomes.ADecision-MakingProcessforEthics3Thefourthstepistoconsidertheavailablealternatives.Whenfacinganethicaldecision,moralimaginationistheabilitytoenvisionvariousalternativechoices,consequences,resolutions,benefits,andharms.Thefifthstepinthedecision-makingprocessistocompareandweighthealternativesoneachstakeholderyoudefined.Thepointofthisexerciseistorecognizethataresponsibleandethicaldecisionshouldbeexplainable,defensible,andjustifiabletoallstakeholdersinvolved.Somealternativesmightconcernprinciples,rights,ordutiesthatoverrideconsequences.Decisionmakingrequiresconsiderationoftheeffectsofadecisiononone’sownintegrity,virtue,andcharacter.ADecision-MakingProcessforEthics4Oncethevariablesareexplored,thesixthstepistomakeadecision.Makingadecisioninbusinessusuallymeansformulatingaplanandcarryingitout.Thefinalstepistoevaluatetheimplicationsofthedecisions,tomonitorandlearnfromtheoutcomes,andtomodifyactionsaccordinglywhenfacedwithfuturesimilarchallenges.EthicalDecisionMaking2Onanimportantdecisiononerarelyhas100%oftheinformationneededforagooddecisionnomatterhowmuchonespendsorhowlongonewaits.And,ifonewaitstoolong,hehasadifferentproblemandhastostartallover.Thisistheterribledilemmaofthehesitantdecisionmaker.RobertGreenleafWhenEthicalDecisionMakingFails1Somestumblingblockstoresponsibledecisionmakingareintellectualorcognitive.Ignorance.Consideringonlylimitedalternatives.Findingcomfortinsimplifieddecisionrules.Selectingthealternativethatsatisfiestheminimumdecisioncriteria,alsoknownassatisficing.WhenEthicalDecisionMakingFails2Otherstumblingblockstodecisionmakingaremore