英語語法系統(tǒng)化總結(jié)

英語語法系統(tǒng)化總結(jié)1.英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)總結(jié)：1）簡單句：主+謂+賓（主干）輔助成分——狀語（副詞，或詞組），定語（形容詞，或詞組）補(bǔ)語：（主補(bǔ)、賓補(bǔ)）I’mateacher(主補(bǔ)).Thesunrisesred.(主補(bǔ))WecallherMary.(賓補(bǔ))Isawhimintheclassroomjustnow.(賓補(bǔ))Hemademehappy.(賓補(bǔ))Iseeherwalkinginthestreet.(賓補(bǔ))Isawhimbeatenbyhisfather.(賓補(bǔ))Ihopeyoutobeadoctor.(賓補(bǔ))2）復(fù)雜句：⑴并列句：（由連詞連接的兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的句子）連詞:and,but,or,both…and…,either…or…,neither…nor…,notonly…butalso…,nosooner…than,not…until…,as…as…,more…than,nomore…than…,etc.⑵主從句：（主句+從句）從句：名詞性從句—（主語從句，賓語從句，表語從句，同位語從句，）引導(dǎo)詞that形容詞性從句—（定語從句,引導(dǎo)詞:that,which,who,whom,when,where副詞性從句—（狀語從句）引導(dǎo)詞:when,as,while,before,after,because,so,since,if,evenif,although,though,assoonas,aslongas,nowthat,incasethat,lestthat,forfearthan,nomatter+wh-,etc.doingorbeing作為現(xiàn)在分詞引導(dǎo)伴隨狀語從句獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)例句：1)Usually(being)veryagreeable,henowquitspeakingaltogetherandonamountofwordscouldpenetratethevacantexpressionheworeonhisface.2)CaringforsomeonewholovesasdeeplyandappreciatesmyeffortsasmuchasJimmydoeshasenrichedmylifemorethananythingelseevercouldhave.3)Whensomeonedoessthforyou,nomatterhowsmallandnomatterwhetherheissuperiororinferior,itispropertosay“Thankyou”.4)Theironcontentoftomatosaucecookedinanironpotforthreehoursshowedastrikingincrease,thelevelgoingupnearly30times.5)Athletesinhigh-impactsports(suchasrunning)mayalsoloseironthroughaphenomenonwhere(=inwhich可看成為引導(dǎo)定語從句)smallbloodvesselsinthefeetleakblood.2.非謂語動(dòng)詞：1）動(dòng)名詞(動(dòng)詞當(dāng)名詞用)：（doingorbeing）可作主語、賓語（動(dòng)詞+doing）2）分詞：現(xiàn)在分詞（動(dòng)詞的ing形式:doingorbeing）過去分詞（動(dòng)詞的ed形式:doneorbeen）可作定語、賓補(bǔ)、表語和引導(dǎo)狀語從句例句：LearningEnglishonlineisquitedifficulttome.(主語)Iwantgoingshoppingnow.（賓語）Doyoumindmysmoking?（賓語）Ihearyoucursingatyourbrotherjustnow.（賓補(bǔ)）Thelittlegirlplayingthereismysister.（定語）Ivisitedthesitenamedaftertheman.（定語）Playingbasketballisinteresting.（表語）I’minterestedinsports.（表語）Istandhere,watchingyou.（引導(dǎo)伴隨狀語從句）Followedbyastrangeman,Iwasscaredandwentaheadquickly.（引導(dǎo)伴隨狀語從句）3）動(dòng)詞不定式（todo或不帶to的不定式）可作賓語、賓補(bǔ)、定語、狀語（1）作賓語和賓補(bǔ)v.+(to)doornot(to)do（賓語）不帶to的動(dòng)詞多數(shù)為感官動(dòng)詞，還有（make,let,have,leave,etc）v.+wh-+todo（賓語）v.+sb+(to)do（賓補(bǔ)）v.+it+adj.+todo（賓補(bǔ)）v.+n.+(to)do（賓補(bǔ)）（2）作定語：Heisthelastonetoleave.Ihavealottolearn.（3）作狀語：（目的、結(jié)果、原因、adj.+todo—beready/glad/..todo….）3.虛擬語氣：1）wish(=ifonly)后的that從句（虛擬）Eg.Iwish(that)Ihaddone…..Iwish(that)Iwere……Iwish(that)Iwould……2)wouldrather+that從句（過去時(shí)）表示不是事實(shí)（虛擬）It’s(high)timethat從句（過去時(shí)）3）asif虛擬：Hetalkedasifheknewtheaddress.事實(shí)：Helooksasifheisgoingtobeill.4)could/should/oughtto+havedone①本可以做，實(shí)際沒做。Must/might/may+havedone②對過去行為的推測。5）有條件句的虛擬語氣（注意時(shí)態(tài)的混用）Eg.IfIhadhadthehouse,Iwouldhavedone…..IfIhadthehouse,Iwoulddo…..Ifhewere….,hewoulddo…..注：If的代用語及省略4.情態(tài)：1）總體分類在傳統(tǒng)語法中，情態(tài)就是一系列情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞所表達(dá)的意義。系統(tǒng)功能語言學(xué)認(rèn)為情態(tài)一般由下列方式來表達(dá)：（1)情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞，(如:may,can,must,shall,will,could,might,should,would,need,dare等）（2）情態(tài)附加成分，(如:already,still,yet,soon等與時(shí)態(tài)有關(guān),not,so,yes,no與歸向極有關(guān),ofcourse,surely,absolutely,actually等與語氣有關(guān)，以及評注性附加成分：unfortunately,hopefully等）（3）謂語的擴(kuò)展，(如:besupposedto,beobligedto,beanxiousto）（4）情態(tài)隱喻：第一人稱代詞為載體，(如:Ithink,Iguess,Ibelieve,I’msure等)非第一人稱代詞載體，（如:It’sobvious,It’srequired,Everyoneadmitsthat…等）（5）情態(tài)名物化結(jié)構(gòu)，(如:There’sapossibilitythat…,There’sacertaintythat…等）（6）介詞短語，(如:inmyopinion,tomymind,inallprobability,tosomedegree等）2）情態(tài)詞值高低所有的情態(tài)表達(dá)方式都存在值高值低的問題。就情態(tài)助動(dòng)詞來說，可以根據(jù)其所表示意義的強(qiáng)弱程度將它們歸入不同的類型。主情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，如will,shall,can,may比其“過去形式”表示的意義要強(qiáng)烈一些，其值就相應(yīng)高一些；而must和haveto沒有過去形式，則不存在這樣的劃分，但它們的意義最強(qiáng)烈，因而所含的值最高。高中低MustHavetoWillshallWouldShould/oughttoCanmayCouldmight情態(tài)隱喻也存在值高低的問題，比如在我們常用的表達(dá)方式中，Ithink的情態(tài)值居