國(guó)際交流英語(yǔ)視聽(tīng)說(shuō)B3U8聽(tīng)力原文

RadioHost:WelcomebacktoTalkRadiotenninety-four.I’myourhost,NancyMorales,andwe’retalkingtodaywithDr.EugeneBateman,apsychologistfromtheNationalUniversity.Goodmorning,Dr.Bateman.Guest:Goodmorning,Nancy.Thankyouforhavingme.RadioHost:Thankyouforbeinghere.Now,yourresearchareaisthehumanfearresponse,ormorespecifically,thequestionofwhetherwelearntobeafraidofcertainthings,orifweinheritsomethingfromourancestorsthattriggersourfear.Tobecontinued>>>Listening1Guest:That’sright,Nancy,andwe’retalkingaboutourdistant,distantancestors—peoplewholivedalongtimeago—tensofthousandsofyearsago.Backthen,reactingquicklytosomethinglikea,likeafallingrockorahungrylionwasagoodqualityinahumanbeing.Itmeantthatheorshewasmorelikelytosurvive,morelikelytolivelongenoughtohavechildren,andmorelikelytopassontheirgenestotheirchildren.RadioHost:OK,butpeopletodaydon’thavetodealwithhungrylionsveryoften.So,whatdoesthefearresponsedoforus?Tobecontinued>>>Listening1Guest:Well,itstillkeepsusoutoftroubleandhelpsustosurvive.Imaginethatyou’redrivingacar,andthecarinfrontofyousuddenlystops.There’saseriesofeventsthattakesplaceinourbrainsthatmakesourbodiesreact—inthiscase,byputtingourfootonthebrakes—thattakesplacebeforeweevenrealizewhatishappening.Itallhappensmuchfasterthanourconsciousthoughtprocesses.RadioHost:Thatsoundslikeaprettyusefulphenomenon.Doesitconfirmthatwedoinheritourknowledgeofwhattofearfromourancientancestors?Guest:Yes,andno.Someinterestingexperimentswereconductedwithmonkeysthatwereraisedinalaboratory.Thesemonkeyshadzeroexperiencewithbeingoutdoors,right?Sothey—theresearchers—showedthemonkeyssomesnakes.Tobecontinued>>>Listening1RadioHost:Andwerethelabmonkeysafraidofthesnakes?Guest:Notatall,atleast—notatfirst.Thentheresearchersshowedthemonkeysvideosofwildmonkeyshavingafearfulreactiontosnakes.Afterthat,thelabmonkeysbecameafraidofsnakestooastheylearnedtoassociatethesightofasnakewithafearfulreaction.RadioHost:Sotheylearnedthefearfromthewildmonkeys,inasense.Guest:That’sright,buthere’stheinterestingpart.Whentheresearcherschangedthevideossothatthewildmonkeysappearedtobeafraidofflowers,thelabmonkeysdevelopednofearofflowersatall!RadioHost:Huh...smartmonkeys.Tobecontinued>>>Listening1Guest:Exactly,andthat’swheretheinheritedaspectoffearcomesintothepicture.Whatweinheritisatendencytofearcertainthings—thesamethingsourancientancestorsfeared.Ontheotherhand,wehavetolearnfromothersaroundusaswell;otherwise,thefearresponsedoesn’toccur.RadioHost:Thatisveryinteresting.Fearseemslikesuchabasicresponse.Itwouldn’thaveoccurredtomethatwewouldneedtolearnitfromanyone.Andisitthesameforpeopleasformonkeys?Guest:Itseemstobe,yes,butthat’sexactlythequestionthatmyresearchishopingtoanswer.RadioHost:ThenIwishyouluckwithyourresearch.Ladiesandgentlemen,Dr.EugeneBateman.Guest:Thankyou.Thanksverymuch,Nancy.Listening1Leo:So,didyouenjoytheparty?Reba:Idid.Itwasreallynicetomeetallofthepeopleyouworkwith.They’reabigpartofyourlife,afterall.Leo:Yeah,sometimestoobigapart,maybe.Reba:Oh,comeon.Theyseemlikeprettynicepeople—especiallyGloria.Shesaid“hi”tomerightaway.Ithoughtshewasreallycharming.Ilovedthestoryshetoldusabouthercaraccident.Thatwasprettyfunny.Leo:Right...shecanmakeanythingseemfunny.Iguessallofmyco-workershavetheirpositiveattributes.Reba:Likeyourmanager.Whenyougotalittlebitupsetaboutthefoodarrivinglate,hemadesureeveryoneknewitwasn’tGloria’sfault.Imean,shemayhavechosenthecaterer,buttheybroughtthefoodlate,nother.Tobecontinued>>>Listening2Leo:Yeah,that’strue.He’salwaysdoingthingslikethat.He’sareallyniceguy.He’sprettyextroverted,sohelikestotalktoeveryone.Andifsomebodyisfeelingawkward,hesayssomethingtomakethemfeelcomfortable.He’sgotgreatsocialskills,whichIguessispartofthereasonwhyhe’ssuchagoodmanager.Reba:Thatisanimportantqualityinamanager.ButwhataboutToby?Itriedtotalktohimatonepoint,buthe,hejustwalkedaway.Itseemedlikehewasavoidinganykindofinteraction.Ishejustreallyshyorsomething?Leo:Yeah,Tobyisreallyintroverted,andIthinkheexperiencesalotofanxietywhenhe’saroundalotofpeople,especiallynewpeople.He’sreallyaniceguythoughandagoodco-worker,andhe’sfinewithsmallergroupsofpeople—likewhenwegooutforlunchtogether.He’sfinethen.Tobecontinued>>>Listening2Reba:Isee.Allinall,itwasagoodparty.Ihadfun.Leo:Good,I’mglad.Ihadfun,too.Andnowthatyou’vemetthepeopleIworkwith,maybewecandothingswiththemsometimes.Reba:Yeah,shouldweinvitesomeofthemoverfordinnersometime?Leo:Well,thatmightbetoomuch.ButI’denjoymeetingthematarestaurantfordinnerorgoingtoasoccergametogether,orsomethinglikethat.Reba:So,youdon’twantthemcomingtoourhouse?Leo:Yougotit.I’dratherkeepatleastalittledistancebetweenmyworklifeandmypersonallife.Listening2OnMay6th,1856,SigmundFreudwasborninwhatistodaytheCzechRepublic.And150yearslater...themanknownasthefoundingfatherofpsychotherapyisstillgeneratingcontroversy.It’sthecityofVienna,wherethefamilymovedwhenSigmundwasayoungchild,that’smostassociatedwithFreud.Hereceivedhismedicaldegreeherein1881andbeganstudyingthehumanbrain.Butovertime,Freudbecamefascinatedbysomethinghecouldn’tseeortouch—thehumanmind.Inthe1890s,Freudbegandevelopingthetheoriesbehindthepracticehenamedpsychoanalysis.Hebelievedthatallhumanbeingshaveanunconsciousportionofthemind.Intheunconscious,strongsexualandaggressivedrivesstruggleagainstthemind’sattemptstosuppressthem.Freudbelievedthatdreamswereonewaytolookintotheunconsciousandtodiscoveraperson’sdeepestdesiresandTobecontinued>>>fears.Usinghisowndreamsandthoseofhispatients,Freudpublishedwhatiswidelyconsideredhismasterpiece,TheInterpretationofDreams,in1899.Intheprocess,hehelpedmakepsychologyahallmarkofthenewcentury.In1938,whenFreudwas81,theNazisannexedAustria.TheyhadalreadyburnedFreud’sbooksinGermany,labelingthemtheproductofJewishscience.FreudfledtoEnglandthatsameyear,anddiedthenextautumn,onSeptember23rd,1939.Today,fewerthan5,000patientsintheU.S.aretreatedwithFreud’smethodofpsychoanalysis,atypeoftherapywherepatientsexploretheworkingsoftheirunconsciousoverthecourseoffivetosixyears.Hismethodsasadoctormaybeindecline,butasatheorist,SigmundFreudsucceededinchangingforeverthewaythatpeoplethinkaboutthehumanmind.AssessingtheCredibilityofaNewsArticleDoyouhavetroublehearingpeopletalkatparties?Trypracticingthepianobeforeyouleavethehouse.That’sbecausemusicians—fromkaraokesingerstoprofessionalcelloplayers—arebetterabletoheartargetedsoundsinanoisyenvironment.“Inthepast10yearsthere’sbeenanexplosionofresearchonmusicandthebrain,”AniruddhPatel,theEstherJ.BurnhamSeniorFellowattheNeurosciencesInstituteinSanDiego,saidtodayatapressbriefing.Mostrecently,brain-imagingstudieshaveshownthatmusicactivatesmanydiversepartsofthebrain,includingapartofthebrainthatprocessesbothmusicandlanguage.LanguageisanaturalTobecontinued>>>AssessingtheCredibilityofaNewsArticleaspecttoconsiderinlookingathowmusicaffectsthebrain,accordingtoPatel.Patelstatesthat,likemusic,languageis“universal,there’sastronglearningcomponent,anditcarriescomplexmeanings”.AccordingtostudyleaderNinaKraus,directoroftheAuditoryNeuroscienceLaboratoryatNorthwesternUniversityinIllinois,thebrainsofpeoplewithevencasualmusicaltrainingarebetterabletogeneratethebrainwavepatternsassociatedwithspecificsounds,whethermusicalorspoken.Inotherwords,musiciansareusedto“playing”soundsintheirheads,sothey’vetrainedtheirbrainstorecognizeselectivesoundpatterns,suchasspokenwords,evenasbackgroundnoisegoesup.AssessingtheCredibilityofaNewsArticleMax:What’sthematter?Youlooklikeyou’resad.Abigail:I’mreadinganewspaper.HowcanIlooksad?Max:I’mjustreadingyourfacialexpression.Ilearnedthatwhenpeopleexperiencebasicemotions,likesadnessorfear,youcanseeitintheirfaces.Abigail:ButI’mIndonesian,andyou’reCanadian.Maybewemakedifferentfacialexpressionstoexpressthesameemotions.Max:Well,that’stheinterestingthing.Backinthe1800s,CharlesDarwinspeculatedthatourfacialexpressions,likesmilingwhenwe’rehappy,areauniversalhumanphenomenon.Abigail:Sowasheright?Doweallmakethesamefacialexpressions?Tobecontinued>>>Listening1Max:Wedo.Around40yearsago,apsychologistnamedPaulEkmanconfirmedDarwin’stheory.Heconductedanexperiment,andtheresultsshowedthatpeopleacrossculturesmakethesamefacialexpressionstoexpressthesameemotions.Abigail:Soitdoesn’tmatterwhichculturewecomefrom?Max:Right.Healsowonderedwhetherthethingsthattriggerouremotionsmightbeuniversal.Abigail:Interesting.Soarethethingsthatcauseouremotionsthesameforeveryone?Max:Theansweris—yes,andno.Certainthingsareuniversal,likeasuddenmovementinourfieldofvisiontriggersfear,forexample.Tobecontinued>>>Listening1Abigail:Thatmakessense.Asuddenmovementcouldsignaldanger,somaybewereactbecauseofourinstincts.Max:Right,butsomethingsdon’ttriggerthesameemotion.Forexample,onepersoncouldassociatethesmelloftheseawithsomethingpositive,likeavacation.Abigail:Andanotherpersonmightassociatethesmellwithasadtimeintheirlives.Max:Exactly!Abigail:AndIsupposethatthoseemotionaltriggersmighthavetodowithpersonalityaswell.Max:You’reprobablyright.Listening1Ifyouwanttoclearyourheadaftermakingatoughdecision,researchsuggeststhatyoushouldwashyourhands.TheresearchwasconductedattheUniversityofMichiganintheU.S.bySpikeW.S.LeeandNorbertSchwarz,whoaskedstudentvolunteerstoparticipateinwhattheythoughtwasaconsumersurvey.Thestudentswereaskedtorank10musicCDsinorderofpreference.ThentheresearchersletthemchoosebetweenthefifthandthesixthCDtotakehomeasagift.Oncethevolunteershadmadeadecision,theywereaskedtoevaluatealiquidhandsoap.Somestudentschosetoevaluatethehandsoapbywashingtheirhands,whileothersjustlookedatthebottle.Thestudentswhodidn’twashtheirhandslaterrankedtheirchosenCDshigherthantheyhadbefore,butstudentswhodidwashuprankedthe10CDsinbasicallythesameorderasbefore.Listening2Tobecontinued>>>Aftermakinghardchoices,peoplewouldkeepthinkingaboutwhethertheyhadmadeawisechoice,whichmadethemquiteconflicted.Theytendtojustifytheirdecisionstomakethemselvesfeelbetter,Leeexplained.“Youwanttofeelthatyoumadetherightchoice,soyouju